1 general and intro

GSAG Aviation

Introduction and General

Section: 1 Revision: Original Effective Date: April 22, 2015


Table of Contents 1. – INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL .............................................................................................................................. 7

FAR 119.1 APPLICABILITY ................................................................................................................................................. 7 FAR 119.3 RESERVED ...................................................................................................................................................... 7 FAR 119.7 OPERATIONS SPECIFICATIONS ............................................................................................................................. 7 FAR 119.9 USE OF BUSINESS NAMES .................................................................................................................................. 7

Company Legal Business Name ...................................................................................................................................... 7 FAR 119.21 COMMERCIAL OPERATORS ENGAGED IN INTRASTATE COMMON CARRIAGE AND DIRECT AIR CARRIERS ............................. 7 FAR 119.31 APPLICABILITY ................................................................................................................................................. 8 FAR 119.33 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................................................................. 8 FAR 119.35 CERTIFICATE APPLICATION ................................................................................................................................. 8 FAR 119.37 CONTENTS OF THE AIR CARRIER CERTIFICATE OR OPERATING CERTIFICATE .................................................................. 8 FAR 119.39 ISSUING OR DENYING A CERTIFICATE .................................................................................................................... 8 FAR 119.41 AMENDING A CERTIFICATE ................................................................................................................................. 9 FAR 119.45 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 9 FAR 119.47 MAINTAINING A PRINCIPAL BASE OF OPERATIONS, MAIN OPERATIONS BASE, AND MAIN MAINTENANCE BASE, CHANGE OF

ADDRESS 10 FAR 119.49 CONTENTS OF OPERATIONS SPECIFICATIONS........................................................................................................ 10 FAR 119.51 AMENDING OPERATIONS SPECIFICATIONS ........................................................................................................... 11 FAR 119.53 WET LEASING OF AIRCRAFT AND OTHER ARRANGEMENTS FOR TRANSPORTATION BY AIR ............................................. 12 FAR 119.55 OBTAINING DEVIATION AUTHORITY TO PERFORM OPERATIONS UNDER A U.S. MILITARY CONTRACT .............................. 12 FAR 119.57 OBTAINING DEVIATION AUTHORITY TO PERFORM AN EMERGENCY OPERATION .......................................................... 13 FAR 119.63 RECENCY OF OPERATION ................................................................................................................................. 13 FAR 119.73 EMPLOYMENT OF FORMER FAA EMPLOYEES ....................................................................................................... 13 FAR 135.1 APPLICABILITY ............................................................................................................................................... 14 FAR 135.4(B) APPLICABILITY OF RULES FOR ELIGIBLE ON DEMAND OPERATIONS ...................................................................... 14 FAR 137.7 APPLICABILITY OF RULES TO UNAUTHORIZED OPERATORS ...................................................................................... 15 FAR 135.21 MANUAL REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................................................................ 15 FAR 135.23(C) MANUAL CONTENTS / OPERATION SPECIFICATIONS ......................................................................................... 16 FAR 135.25 AIRCRAFT REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................................................... 16 FAR 135.41 CARRIAGE OF NARCOTIC DRUGS, MARIJUANA, AND DEPRESSANT OR STIMULANT DRUGS OR SUBSTANCES ...................... 16 FAR 135.43 CREW MEMBER CERTIFICATE: INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS: APPLICATIONS AND ISSUE .............................................. 17 FAR 135.21 OPERATIONS MANUAL / GENERAL OVERVIEW .................................................................................................... 17 FAR 135.23 MANUAL CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................................... 17

Manual Construction Defined ...................................................................................................................................... 18 GSAG Aviation’s Operations Manual Compliance Statement ...................................................................................... 19 Operational Instructions Compliance Statement ......................................................................................................... 19 Descriptions of GSAG Aviation’s Operations Manual Sections..................................................................................... 19 Definitions for Terms used in this Operations Manual ................................................................................................. 21

FAR 1 TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................................................ 21 Definitions of Terms and Words / Flight Operations .................................................................................................... 21

FAR 1 ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS .................................................................................................................................. 58 FAR 135.23 MANUAL CONTENTS / SYSTEM OF AMENDMENT AND REVISION .............................................................................. 65

Persons Responsible for Issuance of Amendments and Revisions to the Operations Manual ..................................... 65 Record of Amendments and Revisions with Insertion and Effective Dates .................................................................. 66

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Record of Revisions (Example) ..................................................................................................................................... 66 Record of Temporary Revisions (Example) ................................................................................................................................. 66

List of Effective Pages .................................................................................................................................................. 67 List of Effective Pages (Example) ................................................................................................................................................ 67

Handwritten Amendments or Revisions ...................................................................................................................... 67 System for Annotation of Pages and Effective Dates .................................................................................................. 67

Page Control (Example) .............................................................................................................................................................. 68 Annotations of Changes to Charts and or Diagrams ................................................................................................... 68 Temporary Revisions ................................................................................................................................................... 68 Distribution Systems of Operations Manuals .............................................................................................................. 68 Distribution Systems of Amendments and Revisions ................................................................................................... 69

Away from Home Base / Flight Crew Members ......................................................................................................................... 70 Index ............................................................................................................................................................................ 73

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RECORD OF REVISIONS The person incorporating the revision(s) into the manual shall complete the Record of Revisions page. The pages identified with a change bar are either replacement pages or new (original) issued pages. Remove corresponding old pages and replace or add new pages. Remove pages marked DELETED; there are no replacement pages for deleted pages.

Revision Number Date of Issue Page(s)

Revised Explanation of What has been Revised or

Removed. Date of Insert

Approved and Inserted

By Initials

Original

RECORD OF TEMP REVISIONS

Revision Number Date of Issue Page(s)

Revised Explanation of What has been Revised or

Removed. Date of Insert

Approved and Inserted

By Initials

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1. – Introduction and General

Title 14 / Aeronautics and Space Chapter / Federal Aviation Administration Subchapter G / Air Carriers and Operator for Compensation or Hire / Certifications and Operations Part 119 / Certifications / Air Carrier and Commercial Operators

FAR 119.1 Applicability

The Director of Operations, Chief Pilot, the Director of Maintenance, and all nominated post holders will ensure that GSAG Aviation conducts our on demand, VFR and IFR, passenger and if approved by the Authority, GSAG Aviation cargo operations, using Cessna Citation XLS and Bell Jet Ranger, 206 Helicopter, having nine (9) passenger seats or less, in compliance with our issued commercial operating certificate and Operations Specifications issued under FAR Part 135.

FAR 119.3 Reserved

Reserved

FAR 119.7 Operations Specifications

The Director of Operations, will ensure that GSAG Aviation maintains a current copy of all Operations Specifications that contain our authorizations, limitations, and procedures. GSAG Aviation will ensure that all employees have access to our Operations Specifications in a printed format or via the GSAG Aviation employee website.

FAR 119.9 Use of Business Names

The Director of Operations, will ensure that GSAG Aviation does not use any other business name than that identified in the Operations Specifications. The Chief Pilot and Director of Maintenance will ensure that GSAG Aviation displays the operating certificate number so that it is clearly visible and readable from the outside of GSAG Aviation aircraft to persons standing on the ground at any time except during flight time. Company Legal Business Name GSAG Aviation LLC is the Company’s legal business name: however, the acronym of GSAG Aviation shall be used in this Operations Manual when referring to GSAG Aviation LLC.

FAR 119.21 Commercial Operators Engaged in Intrastate Common Carriage and Direct Air Carriers

As a Direct Air Carrier the Director of Operations will ensure that at all times, GSAG Aviation complies with the requirements in Part 119, Subpart C and ensure that GSAG Aviation conducts our on-demand operations in accordance with the applicable requirements of Part 135 and our issued Operations Specifications.

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The Director of Operations will ensure that GSAG Aviation complies at all times with all applicable Part 135 regulations in Subpart C.

FAR 119.33 General Requirements

GSAG Aviation’s owner is a citizen of the United States, as defined by law. Documentation, such as our business incorporation, and other citizenship documents are available to the FAA. The owner is a citizen of the United States of America. The Chief Pilot has submitted a proving test flight plan for review and is awaiting approval.

FAR 119.35 Certificate Application

The Director of Operations has submitted an application to the Administrator for an Air Carrier Certificate under this part and in the specified time and at least 90 days before the date of intended operation.

FAR 119.37 Contents of the Air Carrier Certificate or Operating Certificate

GSAG Aviation will display our Air Carrier Certificate in a place that is visible to all persons. The following information will be visible to all persons: The GSAG Aviation's name; The location of the GSAG Aviation's principal base of operations; The certificate number; The certificate's effective date; and The name or the designator of the Certificate Holding District Office.

FAR 119.39 Issuing or Denying a Certificate

All nominated post holders understand that the administrator will issue an operating certificate and GSAG Aviation may continue to hold an operating certificate if, the administrator finds that GSAG Aviation initially and continually: Meets the requirements of this part. Holds the economic Authority applicable to the kinds of operations to be conducted Is properly and adequately equipped to conduct safe operations under Part 135 Have never held an operating certificate that was revoked. Have never filled a key management position listed in 119.69(a), as applicable, with an individual who

exercises control over or has held the same or a similar position with a certificate holder whose certificate was revoked, or is in the process of being revoked, where that individual materially contributed to the circumstances causing the revocation process;

Have no individuals who will have control over or have a substantial ownership interest in the applicant, had the same or similar control or interest in a certificate holder whose certificate was revoked, or is in the

GSAG Aviation




process of being revoked, and that individual materially contributed to the circumstances causing revocation or causing the revocation process.

Is financially able to conduct a safe operation.

FAR 119.41 Amending a Certificate

The Director of Operations understands the Administrator may amend GSAG Aviation’s operating certificate if: The Administrator determines, under 49 U.S.C. 44709 and part 13 , that safety in air commerce and the

public interest requires the amendment; or GSAG Aviation applies for the amendment and the Certificate Holding District Office determines that safety in

air commerce and the public interest allows the amendment. The Administrator must use the procedure in Part 13.19 to amend, suspend or revoke all or part of any

certificate. When GSAG Aviation applies for an amendment of its certificate, the following procedure applies: GSAG Aviation will file an application to amend its certificate with the Certificate Holding District Office at

least 15 days before the date proposed by the applicant for the amendment to become effective, unless the administrator approves filing within a shorter period; and

All applications will be submitted to the Certificate Holding District Office in the form and manner prescribed by the Administrator.

GSAG Aviation understands that reconsideration of a decision from the Certificate Holding District Office will be made to the Director, Flight Standards Service within 30 days after the notice of denial.

The Director of Operations will ensure that the appropriate sections of the Operations Manual and or Training Program are amended or revise as applicable.

FAR 119.45

Reserved

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FAR 119.47 Maintaining a Principal Base of Operations, Main Operations Base, and Main Maintenance Base, Change of Address

GSAG Aviation meets the meets the prescribed requirements applicable to the operations of civil aircraft for the purpose of the commercial air transportation as GSAG Aviation’s principal place of business and offices are located in a Member State.

GSAG Aviation Information

Principle Base of Operations GSAG Aviation 12150 Emergency Way,

Denver, Colorado, 80012

Phone: 720.690.0400

Main Business Offices GSAG Aviation 12150 Emergency Way,

Denver, Colorado, 80012

Phone: 720.690.0400

Main Maintenance Offices

GSAG Aviation Address, City, State and Zip Code GSAG Aviation 12150

Emergency Way, Denver, Colorado, 80012

Phone: 720.690.0400

The Director of Operations will notify the FAA in writing 30 days before moving the Principle Base of Operations, the Main Base of Operations or the main Maintenance Base of Operations to a new location.

FAR 119.49 Contents of Operations Specifications

The Director of Operations will ensure that GSAG Aviation on-demand operations and Operations Specifications contain the following: The specific location of the GSAG Aviation's principal base of operations, and if different, the address that

shall serve as the primary point of contact for correspondence between the FAA and the name and mailing address of the GSAG Aviation's agent for service.

Other business names under which the GSAG Aviation may operate. Reference to the economic Authority issued by the Department of Transportation, if required. Kind and area of operations authorized. Category and class of aircraft that may be used in those operations. The Director of Maintenance will ensure that the type of aircraft, registration markings, and serial number of each aircraft that is subject to an airworthiness maintenance program required by 135.411(a)(2). The Director of Maintenance will ensure that registration markings of each aircraft that is to be inspected under an approved aircraft inspection program under 135.419.

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The Director of Maintenance will ensure that time limitations or standards for determining time limitations, for overhauls, inspections, and checks for airframes, engines, appliances, and emergency equipment of aircraft that are subject to an airworthiness maintenance program required by 135.411(a)(2). The Director of Maintenance will ensure that additional maintenance items required by the Administrator under 135.421. The Director of Maintenance will ensure that GSAG Aviation has notified and received any authorization from the Authority for any deviation or exemption from any requirement before executing any work. GSAG Aviation will seek authorization permitting, or a prohibition against, accepting, handling, and transporting materials regulated as hazardous materials in transport under 49 CFR parts 171 through 180 if we decide to carry Hazardous Materials. We do not carry Hazardous Materials at this time.

FAR 119.51 Amending Operations Specifications

GSAG Aviation understands that the Administrator may amend GSAG Aviation’s Operations Specifications if: The Administrator determines that safety in air commerce requires it. GSAG Aviation may apply for an amendment, and the Administrator determines that safety in air commerce

and the public interest allows the amendment. GSAG Aviation understands the Administrator will follow the guidance in this section to amend GSAG

Aviation’s Operations Specifications. When GSAG Aviation applies for an amendment to its Operations Specifications, the Director of Operations will oversee the amendment process and the following procedures will apply: The Director of Operations will file an application to amend its Operations Specifications: At least 90 days before the date proposed by the applicant for the amendment to become effective, unless a

shorter time is approved, in cases of mergers; acquisitions of airline operational assets that require an additional showing of safety (e.g., proving tests); changes in the kind of operation as defined in CFR, Title 14, Part 110, FAR 110.2, Definitions; resumption of operations following a suspension of operations as a result of bankruptcy actions; or the initial introduction of aircraft not before proven for use in air carrier or commercial operator operations.

At least 15 days before the date proposed by the applicant for the amendment to become effective in all other cases.

The Director of Operations will submit the application to the Certificate Holding District Office in a form and manner specified by the Administrator. GSAG Aviation understands that the he Certificate Holding District Office notifies GSAG Aviation of: The adoption of the applied for amendment; The partial adoption of the applied for amendment; or If the Administrator denies an amendment. GSAG Aviation understands that we may petition for reconsideration of a denial. GSAG Aviation understands that when GSAG Aviation seeks reconsideration of a decision from the Certificate Holding District Office concerning the amendment of Operations Specifications, the following procedure applies:

GSAG Aviation




GSAG Aviation will petition for reconsideration of that decision within 30 days of the date that the GSAG Aviation receives a notice of denial of the amendment to its Operations Specifications, or of the date it receives notice of an FAA-initiated amendment to its Operations Specifications, whichever circumstance applies.

GSAG Aviation will address its petition to the Director, Flight Standards Service. GSAG Aviation understands that a petition for reconsideration, if filed within the 30-day period, suspends the

effectiveness of any amendment issued by the Certificate Holding District Office unless the Certificate Holding District Office has determined that an emergency exists requiring immediate action with respect to safety in air transportation or air commerce.

If a petition for reconsideration is not filed within 30 days, the procedures 119.51 (c) apply. If the Certificate Holding District Office approves the amendment, following coordination with GSAG Aviation regarding its implementation, the amendment is effective on the date the Administrator approves it. GSAG Aviation understands that if the Certificate Holding District Office finds that an emergency exists requiring immediate action with respect to safety in air commerce or air transportation that makes the procedures set out in this section impracticable or contrary to the public interest: The Certificate Holding District Office amends the Operations Specifications and makes the amendment

effective on the day the GSAG Aviation receives notice of it. In the notice to the GSAG Aviation, the Certificate Holding District Office articulates the reasons for its finding

that an emergency exists requiring immediate action with respect to safety in air transportation or air commerce or that makes it impracticable or contrary to the public interest to stay the effectiveness of the amendment.

FAR 119.53 Wet Leasing of Aircraft and Other Arrangements for Transportation by Air

GSAG Aviation does not have any plans to wet lease aircraft at this time. Note: See the Leasing section for specific details regarding the leasing of aircraft by GSAG Aviation.

FAR 119.55 Obtaining Deviation Authority to Perform Operations under a U.S. Military Contract

GSAG Aviation understands that the Administrator may authorize us to conduct supplemental or on-demand operations that deviate from the applicable requirements of this part, Part 135 (121 does not apply to us) in order to perform operations under a military contract. We do not have any such contracts so this is only informational to us at this time. GSAG Aviation does not have any such military contracts at this time. We understand the processes for gaining approval if we seek approval for a military contract in the future. GSAG Aviation understands that if deviations were authorized for a military contract that our Operations Specifications would have to be amended. GSAG Aviation understands the Administrator may, if we were granted deviations, terminate any deviation at any time.

GSAG Aviation




FAR 119.57 Obtaining Deviation Authority to Perform an Emergency Operation

GSAG Aviation understands that in emergency conditions, the Administrator may authorize deviations if: Those conditions necessitate the transportation of persons or supplies for the protection of life or property;

and The Administrator finds that a deviation is necessary for the expeditious conduct of the operations. When the Administrator authorizes deviations for operations under emergency conditions: The Administrator will issue an appropriate amendment to GSAG Aviation's Operations Specifications; or If the nature of the emergency does not permit timely amendment of the Operations Specifications: The Administrator may authorize the deviation orally; and The Director of Operations shall provide documentation describing the nature of the emergency to the

Certificate Holding District Office within 24 hours after completing the operation.

FAR 119.63 Recency of Operation

The Director of Operations and will notify the Administrator if it does not conduct operations that we have been approved to conduct within the preceding 90 days. The Director of Operations will notify the Certificate Holding District Office at least 5 consecutive calendar days before resumption of that kind of operation and will ensure that they are available and accessible to the Administrator in those 5 days.

FAR 119.73 Employment of former FAA Employees

Note: For the purpose of this section, an individual shall be considered to be acting as an agent or representative for GSAG Aviation in a matter before the agency if the individual makes any written or oral communication on behalf of GSAG Aviation to the agency (or any of its officers or employees) in connection with a particular matter, whether or not involving a specific party and without regard to whether the individual has participated in, or had responsibility for, the particular matter while serving as a Flight Standards Service aviation safety inspector. GSAG Aviation will not employ or make a contractual arrangement which permits an individual to act as an agent or representative for GSAG Aviation in any matter before the Federal Aviation Administration if the individual, in the preceding 2 years: Served as, or was directly responsible for the oversight of, a Flight Standards Service aviation safety

inspector; and Had direct responsibility to inspect, or oversee the inspection of, the operations of the GSAG Aviation. Note: This does not prohibit a GSAG Aviation from knowingly employing or making a contractual arrangement which permits an individual to act as an agent or representative for GSAG Aviation in any matter before the Federal Aviation Administration if the individual was employed by the GSAG Aviation before October 21, 2011.

GSAG Aviation




Title 14 / Aeronautics and Space Chapter / Federal Aviation Administration Subchapter G / Air Carriers and Operator for Compensation or Hire / Certifications and Operations Part 135 / Operating Requirements / Commuter and On Demand Operations and Rules Governing Persons on Board such Aircraft Subpart A / General


GSAG Aviation understands that Part 135 prescribes the rules governing our On-Demand Operations and the following GSAG Aviation operations: Each person employed or used by GSAG Aviation conducting operations under this part including the

maintenance, preventative maintenance and alteration of an aircraft; Each person who is on board an aircraft being operated by GSAG Aviation; Each person who is an applicant for an Air Carrier Certificate or an Operating Certificate under 119, when

conducting proving tests. GSAG Aviation will not use persons not covered by an FAA-approved anti-drug and alcohol misuse prevention program to perform: Aircraft maintenance or preventive maintenance on our aircraft if we would otherwise be required to transport

the aircraft more than 50 nautical miles further than the repair point closest to our principal place of operations to obtain these services; or

Emergency repairs on our aircraft if the aircraft cannot be safely operated to a location where an employee subject to FAA-approved programs can perform the repairs.

FAR 135.4(b) Applicability of Rules for Eligible On Demand Operations

GSAG Aviation understands that the Administrator may authorize deviations for Flight Crew Experience or Flight Crew pairing of this section if the Flight Standards District Office that issued GSAG Aviation Operations Specifications finds that the Crew Member has comparable experience, and can effectively perform the functions associated with the position in accordance with the requirements. The Administrator may, at any time, terminate any grant of deviation Authority issued under this paragraph. Grants of deviation under this paragraph may be granted after consideration of the size and scope of the operation, the qualifications of the intended personnel and the following circumstances: If GSAG Aviation does not employ any pilots who meet the minimum requirements for Flight Crew Experience

or Flight Crew pairing; If GSAG Aviation adds to its fleet a new category and class aircraft not used before in its operation. If GSAG Aviation establishes a new base to which it assigns pilots who will be required to become qualified

on the aircraft operated from that base.

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FAR 137.7 Applicability of Rules to Unauthorized Operators

GSAG Aviation will hold and maintain a certificate issued under Part 119 as an authorized operator.

FAR 135.21 Manual Requirements

The Director of Operations , Chief Pilot, and Director of Maintenance, will ensure that GSAG Aviation’s Operations Manual is current and up to date with GSAG Aviation's flight, ground, and maintenance policies and procedures and any applicable revised FAR’s. The Director of Maintenance shall ensure that one copy of GSAG Aviation’s Operations Manual is kept at the principle operations base and is available to all operations personnel and representatives of the Administrator assigned to the GSAG Aviation. The Director of Maintenance shall ensure that one copy of GSAG Aviation’s Operations Manual is kept at GSAG Aviation’s Base of Maintenance Operations. The Director of Maintenance shall ensure that at all times, a copy of the Operations Manual, or appropriate portions of the manual (and changes and additions) is available to maintenance and ground operations personnel. The Chief Pilot shall ensure that a copy of GSAG Aviation’s operation manual is issued to all flight crew members. The Chief Pilot shall keep a list of all Operations Manuals that have been issued to flight crew members. The Pilot in Command of each aircraft shall ensure that a copy of GSAG Aviation’s Operations Manual is onboard the aircraft prior to engine start. GSAG Aviation understands that the Administrator may authorize a deviation from this paragraph if the Administrator finds that, because of the limited size of the operation, all or part of the manual is not necessary for guidance of flight, ground, or maintenance personnel. GSAG Aviation will elect to maintain an Operations Manual. The Director of Operations, Chief Pilot, and Director of Maintenance, shall ensure that GSAG Aviation’s Operations Manual is not contrary to any applicable Federal regulations, foreign regulation applicable to the GSAG Aviation's operations in foreign countries, or the GSAG Aviation's operating certificate or Operations Specifications. Each employee of the GSAG Aviation to whom manual or appropriate portions of GSAG Aviation’s Operations Manual shall keep it up to date with the changes and additions furnished to them. GSAG Aviation understands that we may furnish the persons listed therein with all or part of its manual in printed form or other form, acceptable to the Administrator that is retrievable in the English language. If GSAG Aviation furnishes all or part of the manual in an electronic format, the Director of Operations will ensure there is a compatible reading device available to those persons that provides a legible image of the information and instructions, or a system that is able to retrieve the information and instructions in the English language. GSAG Aviation understands that if we conduct aircraft inspections or maintenance at locations other than GSAG Aviation’s Principle Base of Operations or Principle Maintenance Base, and a the approved inspection program manual is available at that location, that the Operations Manual is not required to be aboard the aircraft en route to those stations. However it is GSAG Aviation’s policy that the Pilot in Command ensure that a current copy of GSAG Aviation’s Operations Manual and appropriate maintenance manuals(s) if required, are onboard the aircraft prior to engine start.

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FAR 135.23(c) Manual Contents / Operation Specifications

Note: See Section FAR 135.23 (c) for GSAG Aviation's Operations Specifications.

FAR 135.25 Aircraft Requirements

GSAG Aviation will use aircraft registered as a civil aircraft and ensure that the aircraft is kept in airworthy condition and meet all applicable airworthiness requirements. GSAG Aviation has exclusive use of at least one aircraft, for at least six months that meets the requirements for the kind of operations authorized in GSAG Aviation's operations specification. The aircraft is in an airworthy condition and meets the applicable airworthiness requirements of FAR 135. Company// will not operate foreign registered aircraft.

Aircraft Manufacturer Aircraft Model N Registration Number(s)

Cessna Citation XLS N12150

Bell Jet Ranger 206 N444MG

FAR 135.41 Carriage of Narcotic Drugs, Marijuana, and Depressant or Stimulant Drugs or Substances

GSAG Aviation's pilots will not carry illegal narcotic drugs, marijuana, depressants or stimulants in company aircraft. Any crew members that violate the policy will be terminated from GSAG Aviation. If any GSAG Aviation pilot is caught carrying or transporting illegal narcotic drugs, marijuana, depressants or stimulants at any time, they will be immediately terminated from their duties as pilot.

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FAR 135.43 Crew Member Certificate: International Operations: Applications and Issue

This is not applicable to GSAG Aviation operations. We are not seeking approval to conduct international flights that are subject to FAR 43 (a) and (b).

FAR 135.21 Operations Manual / General Overview

FAR 135.23 Manual Contents

GSAG Aviation's Operation Manual and Training Programs were written with the aid of the faa.gov, the fsims.faa.gov, NTSB, DOT, SKYBrary websites and various aircraft manufactures websites. This Operations Manual meets the FAA 8900.1 Volume 2, Chapter 4, Phase 1, Section 2-348 Part 39, FAR Part 43, Part 91, FAR Part 119, FAR Part 135, requirements and the guidelines established by International Business Aviation Council (IBAC) and International Standard for Business Aircraft operations (IS-BAO). However; there are some procedures that are not contained in this Operations Manual due to the specific nature of the procedures, such as specific aircraft flight operation procedures or specific maintenance procedures for a GSAG Aviation aircraft. In this case the specific procedure will always default to the manufacturers approved Aircraft Flight Manual or Maintenance Program. In either case these manuals are kept under a separate cover and may be reviewed by the Authority at any time. Note: the FAA 8900.1 Volume 2, Chapter 4, Phase 1, Section 2-348 link takes approximately 30 seconds to load. This Operations Manual contains all instructions and information necessary for operations personnel to perform their duties safely and efficiently. The Chief Pilot shall ensure that all operations personnel have easy access to a copy of each part of the Operations Manual which is relevant to their duties. The Chief Pilot shall supply crew members with a personal copy of the Operations Manual for their personal study and knowledge. The Chief Pilot will keep a log of the number of Operations Manuals that have been issued to what department or whom and in what form, printed or electronically. GSAG Aviation understands that it may issue an Operations Manual in separate volumes. With the approval of the Authority, copies of the Operations Manual may be distributed to Company personnel in an electronic format which may be accessed through GSAG Aviation’s employee’s website. The Director of Operations shall ensure that the Operations Manual is amended or revised so that the instructions and information contained therein is the most current and up to date. The Safety Manager shall ensure that all operations personnel are made aware of such changes or revisions to the OM that are relevant to their duties via the employee website, email or an issued hard copy memo. Note: For detailed policies and procedures on the issuance of revisions, see section, System Amendment and Revision, FAR 135.23.

http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title14/14tab_02.tpl

http://fsims.faa.gov/PICResults.aspx?mode=EBookContents&restricttocategory=all~menu

http://www.ntsb.gov/publications/Pages/default.aspx

http://www.dot.gov/

http://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Main_Page

http://fsims.faa.gov/PICDetail.aspx?docId=8900.1,Vol.2,Ch4,Sec1

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Manual Construction Defined The following are examples of the different formatting used throughout this Operations Manual: Reference to the Title, Chapter, Subchapter and Part of the Federal Aviation Regulations that the regulation

can be found is depicted below (Example) Title 14 / Aeronautics and Space (Example) Chapter / Federal Aviation Administration (Example) Subchapter A / Definitions Reference to a Federal Aviation Regulation(s) (FAR) below. (Example) FAR 135.23 Subjects are depicted in Bold or within a Bold Border as shown below. Subject Subject Note are depicted in italics.

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GSAG Aviation’s Operations Manual Compliance Statement This Operations Manual was written with the aid of the Federal Aviation Administration, the ICAO and other qualified agencies web sites and document libraries. This Operations Manual complies with all applicable regulations of FAR Part 119 and FAR Part 135. Operational Instructions Compliance Statement This Operations Manual contains operational instructions that are to be adhered to by the relevant GSAG Aviation personnel and employees. This Operations Manual also describes specific GSAG Aviation Standard Operating Procedures, (SOP) that have been developed with the experience of GSAG Aviation’s required organization managers, Flight Crew Members, Cabin Crew Members, Maintenance Employees and GSAG Aviation’s contractors and vendors. Descriptions of GSAG Aviation’s Operations Manual Sections This Operations Manual is divided into various Sections that are divided into Sections. Each Section has its own List of Effective Pages and Record of Revisions Table. The Record of Revisions Table includes Insertion Dates, Effective Dates Revision Number and a cell for a brief explanation of the Revision. The following section gives a brief description of the Operations Manuals various parts and their components: Section 91.703 Operations of Civil Aircraft of U.S. Registry Outside of the United States (if applicable); Section 135.3 Rules Applicable to Operations Subject to this Part; Section 135.23(a) Management Personnel and Responsibilities; Section135.23(b) Weight and Balance (W&B) Procedures; Section 135.23(c) Operation Specifications; Section 135.23(d) Accident Notification Procedures; Section 135.23(e) Procedures for Pilot knowledge of Airworthiness Status; Section 135.23(f) Procedures for Recording Mechanical Irregularities; Section 135.23(g) Procedures for Determining Maintenance Corrective action; Section 135.23(h) Procedures for Obtaining Maintenance without Previous Arrangements; Section 135.23(i) Procedures for Release of and or Continuing a Flight with Required Equipment Inoperable; Section 135.23(j) Procedures for Refueling; Section 135.23(k) Passenger Briefing Procedures; Section 135.23(l) Flight Locating Procedures; Section 135.23(m) Procedures for Ensuring Compliance with Emergency Procedures; Section 135.23(n) Pilot En route Qualifications Procedures (when applicable); Section 135.23(o) Approved Aircraft Inspection Program (when applicable); Section 135.23(p) Procedures and Instructions Regarding Hazardous Materials; Section 135.23(q) Procedures for the Evacuation of Persons Requiring Assistance;

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Section 135.23(r) Destination Airport Analysis (when applicable); Section 135.23(s) Other Procedures and Policy Instructions Regarding Operations; Section 135.183 Performance Requirements and Aircraft Operated Over Water; Section 135.223(a),(b) Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Alternate Airport Requirements (Fuel); Section 135.427 (a) (b) (c) Maintenance and Maintenance Record Keeping

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Title 14 / Aeronautics and Space Chapter I / Federal Aviation Administration / Department of Transportation Subchapter A / Definitions Definitions for Terms used in this Operations Manual For the purposes of the clarification GSAG Aviation personnel are aware and understand that: Accepted / Acceptable means not objected to by the Authority as suitable for the purpose intended; Approved, (by the Authority) means documented, (by the Authority) as suitable for the purposes intended; Master minimum equipment list (MMEL), means a master list (including a preamble) appropriate to an aircraft

type which determines those instruments, items of equipment or functions that, while maintaining the level of safety intended in the applicable airworthiness certification specifications, may temporarily be inoperative either due to the inherent redundancy of the design, and/or due to specified operational and maintenance procedures, conditions and limitations, and in accordance with the applicable procedures for Continued Airworthiness;

Minimum equipment list (MEL), means a list (including a preamble) which provides for the operation of aircraft, under specified conditions, with particular instruments, items of equipment or functions inoperative at the commencement of flight. This list is prepared by the operator for his own particular aircraft taking account of their aircraft definition and the relevant operational and maintenance conditions in accordance with a procedure approved by the Authority.

These definitions are covered during the employees new hire training and recurrent training when required.

FAR 1 Terminology and Definitions

Definitions of Terms and Words / Flight Operations Note: The following definitions include the definitions contained in FAR Part 1 that are applicable to GSAG Aviation operations and definitions of other words that are used throughout this Operations Manual. Accelerate Stop Distance Available, ASDA The ASDA is length of the take-off run available plus the length of stopway, if such stopway is declared available by the Country of the airport and is capable of bearing the mass of the aircraft under the prevailing operating conditions. Acceptance Checklist Means a document used to assist in carrying out a check or checks on the external appearance of packages of dangerous goods and their associated documents to determine that all appropriate requirements have been met with. Adequate Airport Means an airport on which the aircraft can be operated, taking account of the applicable performance requirements and runway characteristics. Administrator

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Administrator means the Federal Aviation Administrator or any person to whom he has delegated his Authority in the matter concerned. Advisory Airspace This is airspace of defined dimensions, or designated route, within which air traffic advisory service is available. Aerodynamic Coefficients Aerodynamic coefficients means non-dimensional coefficients for aerodynamic forces and moments. Aerial Work An aircraft operation in which an aircraft is used for specialized services such as agriculture, construction, photography, surveying, observation and patrol, search and rescue, aerial advertisement. Air Commerce Air commerce means interstate, overseas, or foreign air commerce or the transportation of mail by aircraft or any operation or navigation of aircraft within the limits of any Federal airway or any operation or navigation of aircraft which directly affects, or which may endanger safety in, interstate, overseas, or foreign air commerce. Aircraft Aircraft means a device that is used or intended to be used for flight in the air. Aircraft Engine Aircraft engine means an engine that is used or intended to be used for propelling aircraft. It includes turbo superchargers, appurtenances, and accessories necessary for its functioning, but does not include propellers. Aircraft Flight Log A form signed by the Pilot in Command or PF of each flight. The Aircraft Flight Log records the aircraft’s registration, Crew Member names and duty assignments, the type of flight, date, place, time of arrival, departure and any discrepancies. Aircraft Maintenance Log Aircraft maintenance log is specific to every aircraft which details the maintenance status of that aircraft. It must be carried on board an aircraft whenever it flies. Airframe Airframe means the fuselage, booms, nacelles, cowlings, fairings, airfoil surfaces (including rotors but excluding propellers and rotating airfoils of engines), and landing gear of an aircraft and their accessories and controls. Airport Airport means an area of land or water that is used or intended to be used for the landing and takeoff of aircraft, and includes its buildings and facilities, if any. Airplane Airplane means an engine-driven fixed-wing aircraft heavier than air that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its wings. Airship Airship means an engine-driven lighter-than-air aircraft that can be steered.

GSAG Aviation




Air Traffic Air traffic means aircraft operating in the air or on an airport surface, exclusive of loading ramps and parking areas. Air Traffic Clearance Air traffic clearance means an authorization by air traffic control, for the purpose of preventing collision between known aircraft, for an aircraft to proceed under specified traffic conditions within controlled airspace. Air Traffic Control Air traffic control means a service operated by appropriate Authority to promote the safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of air traffic. Air Traffic Service (ATS) Route Air Traffic Service (ATS) route is a specified route designated for channeling the flow of traffic as necessary for the provision of air traffic services. The term “ATS route” refers to a variety of airways, including jet routes, area navigation (RNAV) routes, and arrival and departure routes. An ATS route is defined by route specifications, which may include: An ATS route designator; The path to or from significant points; Distance between significant points; Reporting requirements; and The lowest safe altitude determined by the appropriate Authority. Air Transportation Air transportation means interstate, overseas, or foreign air transportation or the transportation of mail by aircraft. Agency “Agency” means the Authority that governs the certificate holders Operators Certificate. Aided Night Vision Imaging System, (NVIS) Aided night vision imaging system (NVIS) flight’ means, in the case of NVIS operations, that portion of a visual flight rules (VFR) flight performed at night when a Crew Member is using night vision goggles (NVG). Air Navigation Facility Any facility used to broadcast a navigational signal, or a facility designed for use in the aid of air navigation, including airports, lights, radio directional finding, radio or other communication, and any electronic guidance mechanism having a purpose for guiding and aircraft to a take-off, in-flight or a landing. Alert Area An alert area is established to inform pilots of a specific area wherein a high volume of pilot training or an unusual type of aeronautical activity is conducted. Alternate Airport Alternate airport means an airport at which an aircraft may land if a landing at the intended airport becomes inadvisable.

GSAG Aviation




Altitude Engine Altitude engine means a reciprocating aircraft engine having a rated takeoff power that is producible from sea level to an established higher altitude. Anti-Icing Anti-icing, in the case of ground procedures, means a procedure that provides protection against the formation of frost or ice and accumulation of snow on treated surfaces of the aircraft for a limited period of time (hold-over time). Appliances Means any instrument, equipment, mechanism, part, apparatus, appurtenance or accessory, including communications equipment, which is used or intended to be used in operating or controlling an aircraft in flight and is installed in or attached to the aircraft. It shall include parts of an airframe, engine or propeller. Area Navigation (RNAV) Area navigation (RNAV) is a method of navigation that permits aircraft operations on any desired flight path. Area Navigation (RNAV) Route Area navigation (RNAV) route is an ATS route based on RNAV that can be used by suitably equipped aircraft. ARM The command “ARM” means to arm a system or to push the specified push button to arm an approach guidance mode. Auto Throttle An auto throttle allows the pilot to control the power setting of an aircraft’s engines by specifying a desired flight characteristic, rather than manually controlling fuel flow. The auto throttle system can conserve fuel and extend engine life by metering the precise amount of fuel required to attain a specific target indicated air speed or the assigned power for different phases of flight. Brake Horsepower Brake horsepower means the power delivered at the propeller shaft (main drive or main output) of an aircraft engine. Cabin Crew Member Cabin Crew Member means an appropriately qualified Crew Member, other than a Flight Crew or Technical Crew Member, who is assigned by an operator to perform duties related to the safety of passengers and flight during operations. Calendar Day A calendar day is the period of elapsed time, using Coordinated Universal Time or local time which begins at midnight and ends 24 hours later at the next midnight. Calendar Month or (Month) The definition of a Calendar Month, for the purposes of this Operations Manual, is a specific date during a specified month in addition to the remaining days of the specified month. Example; if a Flight Crew Member satisfactory completes a License Proficiency Check on 18 December of any year, the Flight Crew Member is License Proficiency Recurrent Check is not due until 31 December the following year.

GSAG Aviation




Calibrated Airspeed Calibrated airspeed means the indicated airspeed of an aircraft, corrected for position and instrument error. Calibrated airspeed is equal to true airspeed in standard atmosphere at sea level. Canard Canard means the forward wing of a canard configuration and may be a fixed, movable, or variable geometry surface, with or without control surfaces. Canard Configuration Canard configuration means a configuration in which the span of the forward wing is substantially less than that of the main wing. Category: As used with respect to the certification, ratings, privileges, and limitations of airmen, means a broad

classification of aircraft. Examples include: airplane; rotorcraft; glider; and lighter-than-air; and As used with respect to the certification of aircraft, means a grouping of aircraft based upon intended use or

operating limitations. Examples include: transport, normal, utility, acrobatic, limited, restricted, and provisional. Category A / Rotorcraft Category A with respect to helicopters means a multi-engine helicopter designed with engine and system isolation features specified in the applicable airworthiness codes and capable of operations using take-off and landing data scheduled under a critical engine failure concept that assures adequate designated surface area and adequate performance capability for continued safe flight or safe rejected take-off in the event of engine failure. Category B / Rotorcraft Category B with respect to helicopters means a single-engine or multi-engine helicopter that does not meet category A standards. Category B helicopters have no guaranteed capability to continue safe flight in the event of an engine failure, and unscheduled landing is assumed. Category I, (CAT I) Approach Operation Category I (CAT I) approach operation means a precision instrument approach and landing using an instrument landing system (ILS), microwave landing system (MLS), GLS (ground-based augmented global navigation satellite system (GNSS/GBAS) landing system), precision approach radar (PAR) or GNSS using a satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS) with a decision height (DH) not lower than 200 ft and with a runway visual range (RVR) not less than 550 m for aircrafts and 500 m for helicopters. Category II, (CAT II) Operation Category II (CAT II) operation means a precision instrument approach and landing operation using ILS or MLS with: DH below 200 ft but not lower than 100 ft; and RVR of not less than 1000 ft. Category IIIA (CAT IIIA) Operation Category IIIA (CAT IIIA) operation means a precision instrument approach and landing operation using ILS or MLS with: DH lower than 100 ft; and

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RVR not less than 200 m. Category IIIB, (CAT IIIB) Operation Category IIIB (CAT IIIB) operation means a precision instrument approach and landing operation using ILS or MLS with: (DH lower than 100 ft, or no DH; and RVR lower than 200 m but not less than 75 m. Cargo Cargo is defined as any and or all goods or merchandise that is being transported for the purpose of commercial gain. Ceiling Ceiling means the height above the earth's surface of the lowest layer of clouds or obscuring phenomena that is reported as “broken”, “overcast”, or “obscuration”, and not classified as “thin” or “partial”. Certificate Means any approval, license or other document issued as the result of certification. Certification Specifications (CS) Certification specifications (CS) means technical standards adopted by the Agency indicating means to show compliance with Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 and its Implementing Rules and which can be used by an organization for the purpose of certification; Circling Circling is the visual phase of an instrument approach to bring an aircraft into position for landing on a runway / FATO which is not suitably located for a straight-in approach. Civil Aircraft Civil aircraft means aircraft other than public aircraft. Class: As used with respect to the certification, ratings, privileges, and limitations of airmen, means a classification

of aircraft within a category having similar operating characteristics. Examples include: single engine; multiengine; land; water; gyroplane; helicopter; airship; and free balloon; and

As used with respect to the certification of aircraft, means a broad grouping of aircraft having similar characteristics of propulsion, flight, or landing. Examples include: airplane; rotorcraft; glider; balloon; landplane; and seaplane.

Clearway: For turbine engine powered airplanes certificated after August 29, 1959, an area beyond the runway, not less

than 500 feet wide, centrally located about the extended centerline of the runway, and under the control of the airport authorities. The clearway is expressed in terms of a clearway plane, extending from the end of the runway with an upward slope not exceeding 1.25 percent, above which no object nor does any terrain protrude. However, threshold lights may protrude above the plane if their height above the end of the runway is 26 inches or less and if they are located to each side of the runway.

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For turbine engine powered airplanes certificated after September 30, 1958, but before August 30, 1959, an area beyond the takeoff runway extending no less than 300 feet on either side of the extended centerline of the runway, at an elevation no higher than the elevation of the end of the runway, clear of all fixed obstacles, and under the control of the airport authorities.

Climb out Speed Climbout speed, with respect to rotorcraft, means a referenced airspeed which results in a flight path clear of the height-velocity envelope during initial climb out. Cloud Base Cloud base means the height of the base of the lowest observed or forecast cloud element in the vicinity of an airport or operating site or within a specified area of operations, normally measured above airport elevation or, in the case of offshore operations, above mean sea level. Cockpit Cockpit refers to smaller aircraft that have an area for the pilot or a 2 pilot Flight Crew which is not large enough for a person to stand a walk around in. Code Share Code share means an arrangement, under which an operator places its designator code on a flight operated by another operator, and sells and issues tickets for that flight. Commercial Operation Commercial operator means a person who, for compensation or hire, engages in the carriage by aircraft in air commerce of persons or property, other than as an air carrier or foreign air carrier or under the Authority of Part 375 of this title. Where it is doubtful that an operation is for “compensation or hire”, the test applied is whether the carriage by air is merely incidental to the person's other business or is, in itself, a major enterprise for profit. Complex Motor-Powered Aircraft Airplane: Maximum certificated take-off mass exceeding 12,500 lb, or Certificated for a maximum passenger seating Configuration of more than nineteen, or Certificated for operation with a minimum crew of at least two pilots, or Equipped with one or more turbojet engine(s) equipped with one or more turboprop engine(s). Helicopter: Maximum take-off mass exceeding 7000 lb, or A maximum passenger seating configuration of more than nine, or Certified for operations with a minimum crew of at least two pilots, or A tilt rotor aircraft.

GSAG Aviation




Congested Area Congested area means in relation to a city, town or settlement, any area which is substantially used for residential, commercial or recreational purposes. Contaminated Runway Contaminated runway means a runway that is more than 25% of any runway surface area within the required length and width being used is covered by the following: Surface water more than 0.125 in, (3 mm) deep, or by slush, or loose snow, equivalent to more than 0.125

in, (3 mm) of water; Snow which has been compressed into a solid mass which resists further compression and will hold together or

break into lumps if picked up (compacted snow); Ice, including wet ice. Contingency Fuel Contingency fuel means the fuel required to compensate for unforeseen factors that could have an influence on the fuel consumption to the destination airport. Continuing Oversight Continuing Oversight means the tasks to be conducted to verify that the conditions under which a certificate has been granted continue to be fulfilled at any time during its period of validity, as well as the taking of any safeguard measure. Continuous Descent Final Approach (CDFA) A specific technique, consistent with stabilized approach procedures, for flying the final-approach segment of a non-precision instrument approach procedure as a continuous descent, without level-off, from an altitude/height at or above the final approach fix altitude/height to a point approximately 15 m (50 ft) above the landing runway threshold or the point where the flare maneuver shall begin for the type of aircraft flown. Controlled Airspace Controlled airspace means an airspace of defined dimensions within which air traffic control service is provided to IFR flights and to VFR flights in accordance with the airspace classification. Note: Controlled airspace is a generic term that covers Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, and Class E airspace. Controlled Firing Area A controlled firing area is established to contain activities, which if not conducted in a controlled environment, would be hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft. Controlled Flight Any flight which is subject to an Air Traffic Services, (ATS) control clearance. Converted Meteorological Visibility (CMV) Is a value, equivalent to an RVR, which is derived from the reported meteorological visibility.

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Crew Member Crew Member means the following GSAG Aviation personnel assigned to perform duty in an aircraft during flight time: Cabin Attendant; Cabin Assistant. Critical Engine The critical engine is the engine that most adversely affects the performance or handling qualities of an aircraft when inoperative. Critical Altitude Critical altitude means the maximum altitude at which, in standard atmosphere, it is possible to maintain, at a specified rotational speed, a specified power or a specified manifold pressure. Unless otherwise stated, the critical altitude is the maximum altitude at which it is possible to maintain, at the maximum continuous rotational speed, one of the following: The maximum continuous power, in the case of engines for which this power rating is the same at sea level

and at the rated altitude; The maximum continuous rated manifold pressure, in the case of engines, the maximum continuous power of

which is governed by a constant manifold pressure. Critical Engine Critical engine means the engine whose failure would most adversely affect the performance or handling qualities of an aircraft. Critical Phases of Flight, (Airplane) Those portions of operations involving taxiing, take-off, landing, and all flight operations below 10,000 ft, (3050 m), except cruise flight. Critical Phases of Flight, (Helicopters) Critical phases of flight in the case of helicopters means taxiing, hovering, take-off, final approach, missed approach, the landing and any other phases of flight as determined by the Pilot-in-Command or commander. Dangerous Goods, (DG) Dangerous goods (DG) means articles or substances which are capable of posing a risk to health, safety, property or the environment and which are shown in the list of dangerous goods in the technical instructions or which are classified according to those instructions. Dangerous Goods Accident Dangerous goods accident means an occurrence associated with and related to the transport of dangerous goods by air which results in fatal or serious injury to a person or major property damage Dangerous Goods Incident Dangerous goods incident means: An occurrence other than a dangerous goods accident associated with and related to the transport of

dangerous goods by air, not necessarily occurring on board an aircraft, which results in injury to a person,

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property damage, fire, breakage, spillage, leakage of fluid or radiation or other evidence that the integrity of the packaging has not been maintained, or

Any occurrence relating to the transport of dangerous goods which seriously jeopardizes an aircraft or its occupants.

Damp Runway A damp runway means a runway where the surface is not dry, but when the moisture on it does not give it a shiny appearance. Deadhead Transportation Time spent in transportation on aircraft (by the schedule, or request of the Operators Certificate holder) to or from a Crew Member’s home airport. Decision Altitude (DA) Decision altitude (DA) is a specified altitude in an instrument approach procedure at which the pilot must decide whether to initiate an immediate missed approach if the pilot does not see the required visual reference, or to continue the approach. Decision altitude is expressed in feet above mean sea level. Decision height (DH) Decision height (DH) is a specified height above the ground in an instrument approach procedure at which the pilot must decide whether to initiate an immediate missed approach if the pilot does not see the required visual reference, or to continue the approach. Decision height is expressed in feet above ground level. Decision Point The decision point is a pre-determined point along the planned flight route at which the Pilot in Command will decide to continue the flight to the destination or divert the flight to the alternate airport due to weather or other factors. The decision point is determined with the aid of forecast weather along the route and at the destination. Defined Point After Takeoff, (DPATO), Helicopter Defined point after take-off (DPATO) means the point, within the take-off and initial climb phase, before which the helicopter’s ability to continue the flight safely, with the critical engine inoperative, is not assured and a forced landing may be required. Defined Point Before Landing, (DPBL) Helicopter Defined point before landing (DPBL) means the point within the approach and landing phase, after which the helicopter’s ability to continue the flight safely, with the critical engine inoperative, is not assured and a forced landing may be required. De-Icing, (Ground Procedures) De-icing, in the case of ground procedures, means a procedure by which frost, ice, snow or slush is removed from an aircraft in order to provide uncontaminated surfaces. Dispatch Dispatch occurs when the Pilot in Command releases the brakes to taxi for the purpose of flight. Distance (DR), Helicopter Distance DR, means the horizontal distance that the helicopter has travelled from the end of the take-off distance available.

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Dry Lease Agreement Dry lease agreement means an agreement between undertakings pursuant to which the aircraft is operated under the air Operators Certificate of the lessee using the lessee’s Flight Crews. Dry Operating Mass The dry operating mass is the total mass of an aircraft ready for a specific type of operation excluding fuel and traffic load. Dry Runway A dry runway is one which is neither wet nor contaminated, and includes those paved runways which have been specially prepared with grooves or porous pavement and maintained to retain effectively dry braking action even when moisture is present. Duty Time Duty time is the time that a Crew Member reports for their scheduled duty day after a rest period or time off. Early ETOPS Early ETOPS means ETOPS type design approval obtained without gaining non-ETOPS service experience on the candidate airplane-engine combination certified for ETOPS. Effective Length of the Runway The distance for landing from the point at which the obstruction clearance aircraft associated with the approach direction and the physical length of the runway less the displaced threshold at that approach end. Electronic Flight Bag An electronic display system intended primarily for flight deck or cabin use. EFB devices can display a variety of aviation data or perform basic calculations (e.g., performance data, fuel calculations, etc.). In the past, some of these functions were traditionally accomplished using paper references or were based on data provided to the flight crew by an operator’s “flight dispatch” organization. The scope of the EFB system functionality may also include various other hosted databases and applications. Physical EFB displays may use various technologies, formats, and forms of communication. These devices are sometimes referred to as auxiliary performance computers (APC) or laptop auxiliary performance computers (LAPC). Elevated Final Approach and Takeoff Area, (Elevated FATO) Elevated final approach and take-off area (elevated FATO) means that the FATO is at least 3m above the surrounding surface. ENGAGE The command “engage” means to “PUSH-IN and ACTIVATE” a specified button on a designated piece of equipment. Enhanced Flight Visibility (EFV) Enhanced flight visibility (EFV) means the average forward horizontal distance, from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight, at which prominent topographical objects may be clearly distinguished and identified by day or night by a pilot using an enhanced flight vision system.

GSAG Aviation




Enhanced Fight Vision System (EFVS) Enhanced flight vision system (EFVS) means an electronic means to provide a display of the forward external scene topography (the natural or manmade features of a place or region especially in a way to show their relative positions and elevation) through the use of imaging sensors, such as a forward looking infrared, millimeter wave radiometry, millimeter wave radar, low light level image intensifying. En-route Alternate Airport En-route alternate (ERA) airport means an adequate airport along the route, which may be required at the planning stage. Equivalent Airspeed Equivalent airspeed means the calibrated airspeed of an aircraft corrected for adiabatic compressible flow for the particular altitude. Equivalent airspeed is equal to calibrated airspeed in standard atmosphere at sea level. ETOPS Significant System ETOPS Significant System means an airplane system, including the propulsion system, the failure or malfunctioning of which could adversely affect the safety of an ETOPS flight, or the continued safe flight and landing of an airplane during an ETOPS diversion. Each ETOPS significant system is either an ETOPS group 1 significant system or an ETOPS group 2 significant system. An ETOPS group 1 Significant System: Has fail-safe characteristics directly linked to the degree of redundancy provided by the number of engines on

the airplane; Is a system, the failure or malfunction of which could result in an IFSD, loss of thrust control, or other power

loss; Contributes significantly to the safety of an ETOPS diversion by providing additional redundancy for any

system power source lost as a result of an inoperative engine; Is essential for prolonged operation of an airplane at engine inoperative altitudes. An ETOPS group 2 significant system is an ETOPS significant system that is not an ETOPS group 1 significant system. Extended Operations (ETOPS) Extended Operations (ETOPS) means an airplane flight operation, other than an all-cargo operation in an airplane with more than two engines, during which a portion of the flight is conducted beyond a time threshold identified in part 121 or part 135 that is determined using an approved one-engine-inoperative cruise speed under standard atmospheric conditions in still air. Extended Over Water Operation With respect to aircraft other than helicopters, an operation over water at a horizontal distance of more than

50 nautical miles from the nearest shoreline; and With respect to helicopters, an operation over water at a horizontal distance of more than 50 nautical miles

from the nearest shoreline and more than 50 nautical miles from an off-shore heliport structure.

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Examiner An examiner is a person who is qualified to conduct a pilot evaluation in a particular type aircraft for an Operators Certificate holder. External Load Attaching External-load attaching means the structural components used to attach an external load to an aircraft, including external-load containers, the backup structure at the attachment points, and any quick-release device used to jettison the external load External Load External load means a load that is carried, or extends, outside of the aircraft fuselage. Fail / Flight Control System The failure of aircraft controls or systems which include all flight control surfaces, flight control linkages, flight controls in the cockpit and any other mechanisms which include mechanical or computerized systems that assists in controlling the aircraft. Fail / Operational Hybrid Landing System A system which consists of a primary fail-passive automatic landing system and a secondary independent guidance system enabling the pilot to complete a landing manually after failure of the primary system. Final Approach Fix (FAF) Final approach fix (FAF) defines the beginning of the final approach segment and the point where final segment descent may begin. Final Approach Take-Off Area, (FATO), Helicopter Final approach and take-off area (FATO) means a defined area for helicopter operations, over which the final phase of the approach maneuver to hover or land is completed, and from which the take-off maneuver is commenced. In the case of helicopters operating in performance class 1, the defined area includes the rejected take-off area available. Final Takeoff Speed Final takeoff speed means the speed of the airplane that exists at the end of the takeoff path in the en route configuration with one engine inoperative. Flap Extended Speed Flap extended speed means the highest speed permissible with wing flaps in a prescribed extended position. Flight Crew Compartment This is a term used for a larger aircraft or airliner that has a cockpit large enough for a person to stand and walk around in. Flight Crew Member Flight Crew member means the following personnel assigned to duty in a GSAG Aviation aircraft during flight time: A Pilot; Pilot in Command;

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Commander; Captain; Second in Command; Co-Pilot; Flight Engineer; Flight Navigator. Flight Control System Aircraft systems which include all flight control surfaces, flight control linkages, flight controls in the cockpit and any other mechanisms which include mechanical or computerized systems that assists in controlling the aircraft. Flight Data Monitoring, (FDM) Flight data monitoring (FDM)’ means the proactive and non-punitive use of digital flight data from routine operations to improve aviation safety Flight Duty Period The total time from the moment a Flight Crew Member commences duty, immediately subsequent to a rest period and prior to making a flight or a series of flights, to the moment the Flight Crew Member is relieved of all duties having completed such flight or series of flights. Flight Level Flight level means a level of constant atmospheric pressure related to a reference datum of 29.92 inches of mercury. Each is stated in three digits that represent hundreds of feet. For example, flight level 250 represents a barometric altimeter indication of 25,000 feet; flight level 255, an indication of 25,500 feet. Flight Plan Specified information provided to Air Traffic Services (ATS) units, relative to the intended flight or portion of a flight of an aircraft. The term "flight plan” is used to mean variously, full information on all items comprised in the flight plan description, covering the whole route of a flight, or limited information required when the purpose is to obtain a clearance for a minor portion of a flight such as to cross an airway, to take off from, or to land at a controlled airport. Flight Simulation Training Device, (FSTD) Flight simulation training device (FSTD) means a training device which is: In the case of aircrafts, a full flight simulator (FFS), a flight training device (FTD), a flight and navigation

procedures trainer (FNPT), or a basic instrument training device (BITD); In the case of helicopters, a full flight simulator (FFS), a flight training device (FTD) or a flight and navigation

procedures trainer (FNPT). Flight Time Flight time means a pilot’s time that commences when an aircraft moves under its own power for the purpose of flight and ends when the aircraft comes to rest after landing.

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Flight Training Device (FTD) Flight training device (FTD) means a replica of aircraft instruments, equipment, panels, and controls in an open flight deck area or an enclosed aircraft cockpit replica. It includes the equipment and computer programs necessary to represent aircraft (or set of aircraft) operations in ground and flight conditions having the full range of capabilities of the systems installed in the device as described in part 60 and the qualification performance standard (QPS) for a specific FTD qualification level. Flight Visibility Flight visibility means the average forward horizontal distance, from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight, at which prominent unlighted objects may be seen and identified by day and prominent lighted objects may be seen and identified by night. FM Immunity FM Immunity refers to a problem where commercial FM radio communications combine to create a negative effect on the VOR and ILS receivers in our aircraft, causing them to display inaccurate information. The real difficulty with FM Immunity is that aircrews in aircraft equipped with receivers are unlikely to know the information displayed by their flight instruments is inaccurate. Forward Wing Forward wing means a forward lifting surface of a canard configuration or tandem-wing configuration airplane. The surface may be a fixed, movable, or variable geometry surface, with or without control surfaces. Free Seating Free seating is when a sea is guaranteed on the aircraft, but not a specific one, passengers may choose on a first come, first choice basis. Freight Freight is defined as any and or all goods or merchandise that is being transported for the purpose of commercial gain. Full Flight Simulator (FFS) Full flight simulator (FFS) means a replica of a specific type; or make, model, and series aircraft cockpit. It includes the assemblage of equipment and computer programs necessary to represent aircraft operations in ground and flight conditions, a visual system providing an out-of-the-cockpit view, a system that provides cues at least equivalent to those of a three-degree-of-freedom motion system, and has the full range of capabilities of the systems installed in the device as described in part 60 and the qualification performance standards (QPS) for a specific FFS qualification level. GBAS Landing System, (GLS) GBAS landing system (GLS)’ means an approach landing system using Ground Based Augmented Global navigation satellite system (GNSS/GBAS) information to provide guidance to the aircraft based on its lateral and vertical GNSS position. It uses geometric altitude reference for its final approach slope. General Aviation Operation An aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport operation or an aerial work operation. GNSS Landing System (GLS)

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An approach operation using augmented GNSS information to provide guidance to the aircraft based on its lateral and vertical GNSS position. Note: The system uses geometric altitude reference for its final approach slope. Ground Emergency Service Personnel, ( HEMSs / Helicopter) Ground emergency service personnel’ means any ground emergency service personnel (such as policemen, firemen, etc.) involved with helicopter emergency medical services (HEMSs) and whose tasks are to any extent pertinent to helicopter operations. Grounding Grounding’ means the formal prohibition of an aircraft to take-off and the taking of such steps as are necessary to detain it. Ground Visibility Ground visibility means prevailing horizontal visibility near the earth's surface as reported by the United States National Weather Service or an accredited observer. Go Around Power or Thrust Setting Go-around power or thrust setting means the maximum allowable in-flight power or thrust setting identified in the performance data. Heads-Up Display (HUD) A display system which presents flight information into the pilots forward external field of view and which does not significantly restrict the external view. Heads-Up Guidance Landing System (HUDLS) The total airborne system that provides head-up guidance to the pilot during the approach and landing and/or missed approach procedure. It includes all sensors, computers, power supplies, indications and controls. HEMS Crew Member HEMS Crew Member means a technical Crew Member who is assigned to a HEMS flight for the purpose of attending to any person in need of medical assistance carried in the helicopter and assisting the pilot during the mission HEMS Flight HEMS flight means a flight by a helicopter operating under a HEMS approval, the purpose of which is to facilitate emergency medical assistance, where immediate and rapid transportation is essential, by carrying: Medical personnel; Medical supplies (equipment, blood, organs, drugs); or Ill or injured persons and other persons directly involved. HEMS Operating Base HEMS operating base means an airport at which the HEMS Crew Members and the HEMS helicopter may be on stand-by for HEMS operations.

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HEMS Operating Site HEMS operating site means a site selected by the commander during a HEMS flight for helicopter hoist operations, landing and take-off. Helicopter Helicopter means a heavier-than-air aircraft supported in flight chiefly by the reactions of the air on one or more power-driven rotors on substantially vertical axes. Helicopter Hoist Operation (HHO) Crew Member Helicopter hoist operation (HHO) Crew Member’ means a technical Crew Member who performs assigned duties relating to the operation of a hoist. Helideck Helideck means a FATO located on a floating or fixed offshore structure. Heliport Heliport means an area of land, water, or structure used or intended to be used for the landing and takeoff of helicopters. HHO Flight HHO flight means a flight by a helicopter operating under an HHO approval, the purpose of which is to facilitate the transfer of persons and/or cargo by means of a helicopter hoist. HHO Offshore HHO offshore means a flight by a helicopter operating under an HHO approval, the purpose of which is to facilitate the transfer of persons and/or cargo by means of a helicopter hoist from or to a vessel or structure in a sea area or to the sea itself. HHO Passenger HHO passenger means a person who is to be transferred by means of a helicopter hoist. HHO Site HHO site means a specified area at which a helicopter performs a hoist transfer. Heliport An airport or defined area on a structure intended to be used wholly or in part for the arrival, departure, and surface movement of helicopters. Helicopter Take-off Decision Point The point used in determining take-off performance of a helicopter from which, an engine failure occurring at this point, either a rejected take-off may be made or a take-off safely continued. Hold Over Time (HoT) Hold-over time (HoT) means the estimated time the anti-icing fluid will prevent the formation of ice and frost and the accumulation of snow on the protected (treated) surfaces of an aircraft. Hostile Environment Hostile environment’ means:

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a) An environment in which: b) A safe forced landing cannot be accomplished because the surface is inadequate; c) The helicopter occupants cannot be adequately protected from the elements; d) Search and rescue response/capability is not provided consistent with anticipated exposure; or e) There is an unacceptable risk of endangering persons or property on the ground.

In any case the following areas: a) For overwater operations, the open sea areas north of 45N and south of 45S designated by the

Authority of the Country concerned b) Those parts of a congested area without adequate safe forced landing areas.

Hybrid Heads-up Display Landing System (Hybrid HUDLS) A Hybrid HUDL System consists of a primary fail-passive automatic landing system and a secondary independent HUD/HUDLS enabling the pilot to complete a landing manually after failure of the primary system. Note: Typically, the secondary independent HUD /HUDLS provides guidance which normally takes the form of command information, but it may alternatively be situation (or deviation) information. Incomplete Maintenance Incomplete maintenance may occur at the end of a Maintenance Engineers shift or if a Maintenance Engineer needs to leave the job for illnesses, an emergency or if redirected by the Director of Maintenance. Idle Thrust Idle thrust means the jet thrust obtained with the engine power control level set at the stop for the least thrust position at which it can be placed. IFR Conditions IFR conditions means weather conditions below the minimum for flight under visual flight rules. IFR Over-the-Top IFR over-the-top, with respect to the operation of aircraft, means the operation of an aircraft over-the-top on an IFR flight plan when cleared by air traffic control to maintain “VFR conditions” or “VFR conditions on top”. Indicated Airspeed Indicated airspeed means the speed of an aircraft as shown on its pitot static airspeed indicator calibrated to reflect standard atmosphere adiabatic compressible flow at sea level uncorrected for airspeed system errors. In-Flight Shutdown (IFSD) In-flight shutdown (IFSD) means, for ETOPS only, when an engine ceases to function (when the airplane is airborne) and is shutdown, whether self induced, Flight Crew initiated or caused by an external influence. The FAA considers IFSD for all causes: for example, flameout, internal failure, Flight Crew initiated shutdown, foreign object ingestion, icing, inability to obtain or control desired thrust or power, and cycling of the start control, however briefly, even if the engine operates normally for the remainder of the flight. This definition excludes the airborne cessation of the functioning of an engine when immediately followed by an automatic engine relight and when an engine does not achieve desired thrust or power but is not shutdown. In-House Training

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In-House Training is conducted by a qualified GSAG Aviation staff member at the Company’s offices for the Company’s employees. If approved by the Authority, In-House Training may cover subjects such as Basic Indoctrination, Flight Training, and Maintenance Training as examples. INMARSAT INMARSAT enables a diverse range of applications for both the cockpit and the cabin and offers communications for weather, flight-plan updates, and email, internet and phone services. Instrument Instrument means a device using an internal mechanism to show visually or aurally the attitude, altitude, or operation of an aircraft or aircraft part. It includes electronic devices for automatically controlling an aircraft in flight. Instrument Approach Procedure (IAP) Instrument approach procedure (IAP) is a series of predetermined maneuvers by reference to flight instruments with specified protection from obstacles and assurance of navigation signal reception capability. It begins from the initial approach fix, or where applicable, from the beginning of a defined arrival route to a point: From which a landing can be completed; or If a landing is not completed, to a position at which holding or en route obstacle clearance criteria apply. Interstate Air Commerce Interstate air commerce means the carriage by aircraft of persons or property for compensation or hire, or the carriage of mail by aircraft, or the operation or navigation of aircraft in the conduct or furtherance of a business or vocation, in commerce between a place in any State of the United States, or the District of Columbia, and a place in any other State of the United States, or the District of Columbia; or between places in the same State of the United States through the airspace over any place outside thereof; or between places in the same territory or possession of the United States, or the District of Columbia. Interstate Air Transportation Interstate air transportation means the carriage by aircraft of persons or property as a common carrier for compensation or hire, or the carriage of mail by aircraft in commerce: Between a place in a State or the District of Columbia and another place in another State or the District of

Columbia; Between places in the same State through the airspace over any place outside that State; or Between places in the same possession of the United States; Whether that commerce moves wholly by aircraft of partly by aircraft and partly by other forms of

transportation.

Intrastate Air Transportation

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Intrastate air transportation means the carriage of persons or property as a common carrier for compensation or hire, by turbojet-powered aircraft capable of carrying thirty or more persons, wholly within the same State of the United States. Landing Distance Available (LDA) The length of the runway which is declared available by the Country of the airport and suitable for the ground run of an aircraft landing. Landing Decision Point, (LDP) The point used in determining landing performance from which, an engine failure having been recognized at this point, the landing may be safely continued or a balked landing initiated. Landing Gear Extended Speed Landing gear extended speed means the maximum speed at which an aircraft can be safely flown with the landing gear extended. Landing Gear Operating Speed Landing gear operating speed means the maximum speed at which the landing gear can be safely extended or retracted. Landplane Landplane means a fixed wing aircraft which is designed for taking off and landing on land and includes amphibians operated as landplanes. Large Aircraft Large aircraft means aircraft of more than 12,500 pounds, maximum certificated takeoff weight. Last Minute Change (LMC) A required change to the mass and balance of the aircraft, either by additional passengers, baggage, cargo or fuel is added or removed from the aircraft after the final mass and balance calculations have been made. The addition or removal passengers, baggage, cargo or fuel requires that the mass and balance of the aircraft be recalculated prior to take-off. Load Factor Load factor means the ratio of a specified load to the total weight of the aircraft. The specified load is expressed in terms of any of the following: aerodynamic forces, inertia forces, or ground or water reactions. Long Haul Flights A Long Haul Flight is a flight that consists of more than 8 hours of continuous flight from take-off to landing at the original destination. Long-Range Communication System (LRCS) Long-range communication system (LRCS) is a system that uses satellite relay, data link, high frequency, or another approved communication system which extends beyond line of sight. Long-range navigation system (LRNS)

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Long-range navigation system (LRNS) is a electronic navigation unit that is approved for use under instrument flight rules as a primary means of navigation, and has at least one source of navigational input, such as inertial navigation system, global positioning system, Omega/very low frequency, or Loran C. Lower than Standard Category I Operation A Category I instrument approach and landing operation using category I DH, with an RVR lower than would normally be associated with the applicable DH but not lower than 400 m. Low Visibility Procedures (LVP) Procedures applied at an airport for the purpose of ensuring safe operations during lower than standard category I, other than standard category II, category II and III approaches and low visibility take-offs. Low Visibility Take-Off (LVTO) A take-off with an RVR lower than 400 m but not less than 75 m. Mach Number Mach number means the ratio of true airspeed to the speed of sound. Main Rotor Main rotor means the rotor that supplies the principal lift to a rotorcraft. Manifold Pressure Manifold pressure means absolute pressure as measured at the appropriate point in the induction system and usually expressed in inches of mercury. Maintenance Inspections Maintenance Inspections include daily preflight, segment, safety, service, special, and numbered inspections. These inspections vary in scope and frequency of performance according to types of aircraft. Master Minimum Equipment List (MMEL) The MMEL is a generic MEL that is produced by the aircraft manufacturer. The MMEL list equipment that may be inoperative before a flight is dispatched. The list must have the approval of the Authority. The MMEL provides the basis for a person to develop an aircraft specific MEL that will be submitted to the Authority for review, and approval for the specific aircraft. Maximum Approved Passenger Seating Configuration The maximum number of approved passenger seats of an aircraft, excluding pilot seats, cockpit seats, flight crew compartment seats and cabin crew seats. This information is specified in the AFM and approved by the Authority. Maximum Certified Take-Off Weight, (MCTOW) The aircrafts maximum take-off weight as certified by the manufacturer. Maximum Engine Overtorque Maximum engine overtorque, as it applies to turbopropeller and turboshaft engines incorporating free power turbines for all ratings except one engine inoperative (OEI) ratings of two minutes or less, means the maximum torque of the free power turbine rotor assembly, the inadvertent occurrence of which, for periods of up to 20 seconds, will not require rejection of the engine from service, or any maintenance action other than to correct the cause. Maximum speed for stability characteristics, VFC/MFC means a speed that may not be less than a speed

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midway between maximum operating limit speed (VMO/MMO) and demonstrated flight diving speed (VDF/MDF), except that, for altitudes where the Mach number is the limiting factor, MFC need not exceed the Mach number at which effective speed warning occurs. Maximum Operational Passenger Seating Configuration, (MOPSC) Maximum operational passenger seating configuration (MOPSC) means the maximum passenger seating capacity of an individual aircraft, excluding crew seats, established for operational purposes and specified in the Operations Manual. Taking as a baseline the maximum passenger seating configuration established during the certification process conducted for the type certificate (TC), supplemental type certificate (STC) or change to the TC or STC as relevant to the individual aircraft, the MOPSC may establish an equal or lower number of seats, depending on the operational constraints. Maximum Structural Take-Off Mass The maximum structural take-off mass is the maximum permissible total aircraft mass at the start of the take-off run. Maximum Zero Fuel Mass The maximum mass of an aircraft which includes useable fuel, full oil and full operating fluids. Medical Certificate Medical certificate means acceptable evidence of physical fitness on a form prescribed by the Administrator. Medical Passenger Medical passenger means a medical person carried in a helicopter during a HEMS flight, including but not limited to doctors, nurses and paramedics. Military Operations Area Military operations area is a military operations area (MOA) is airspace established outside Class A airspace to separate or segregate certain nonhazardous military activities from IFR Traffic and to identify for VFR traffic where these activities are conducted. Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA) Minimum descent altitude (MDA) is the lowest altitude specified in an instrument approach procedure, expressed in feet above mean sea level, to which descent is authorized on final approach or during circle-to-land maneuvering until the pilot sees the required visual references for the heliport or runway of intended landing. Minimum Equipment List (MEL) The MEL is developed to be aircraft specific and lists all equipment on the aircraft that may be inoperative of deferred before a flight is dispatched provided the correct actions are takes. The list must have the approval of the Authority. National Defense Airspace National defense airspace means airspace established by a regulation prescribed, or an order issued under, 49 U.S.C. 40103(b)(3). Navigable Airspace

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Navigable airspace means airspace at and above the minimum flight altitudes prescribed by or under this chapter, including airspace needed for safe takeoff and landing.

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Net Take-Off Flight Path The Net Take-off Flight Path (NTOFP) is the vertical profile of an aircraft beyond the take-off point, giving the minimum height that will be attained by an aircraft flown in accordance with the AFM following failure of the most critical power unit. Aircraft Performance calculations prior to take-off must establish that the aircraft will clear all significant obstacles in the obstacle domain (see below) by at least 35 ft. The NTOFP is calculated taking into account possible deviations from the ideal due to circumstances such as weather, wind, and below average engine performance. Figure 1-Typicl Net Take-Off Flight Path Figure 1 illustrates a typical example with four segments in the NTOFP. In the first segment, the landing gear is retracted and the aircraft accelerates to the appropriate speed. During the second segment, the aircraft climbs to the height selected for flap retraction, which may not be less than 400 ft. In the third segment the flap is retracted and the aircraft accelerates to the fourth segment climb speed. In the fourth segment, the aircraft climbs to 1500 ft or until it is clear of significant obstacles. In this case, the two obstacles must be cleared by at least 35 ft. If this is not possible, the take-off weight must be reduced until it is. Other solutions are sometimes available but discussion of them is beyond the scope of this article.

http://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/AFM

http://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Aircraft_Performance

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Net Take-Off Flight Path, (Continued) Figure 2 Illustrates the Obstacle Domain. This is calculated so as to ensure that an aircraft operating in accordance with the AFM will not encounter any other significant obstacle. Calculations take into account likely deviations from the runway center-line due to circumstances such as weather, wind and below average pilot performance. 1 and 2 Engine Inoperative En-Route Multi-Engine Aircraft Net Flight Path Prior to take-off the Pilot in Command shall consult the aircraft AFM and ensure that the aircraft will be able to maintain the following: A positive gradient of at least 1000ft above all terrain and obstructions along the route within (9.3km / 5NM ) on either side of the intended track and a positive gradient at 1500ft above an acceptable airport. Or;

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The net flight path must permit the aircraft to continue flight from cruising altitude to an acceptable airport clearing vertically by at least 2000ft all terrain and obstructions along the route within (9.3km / 5NM ) on either side of the intended track in accordance with: Engine failure at most critical point of the route; Wind effect is taken; Fuel jettison permitted; An acceptable airport provided. If the aircraft cannot meet the above criteria, the Pilot in Command will contact GSAG Aviation dispatch and consider: An alternate route of flight, or Lessen the weight of the aircraft to meet the criteria. The Authority may impose additional requirements or restrictions if the Authority finds that the definition under which the aircraft was certified is inadequate for showing compliance with the performance operating limitations. The following verbs are used throughout the Operations Manual and their meaning is defined below: Singular references include both the singular and the plural; “Will” indicates instructions, now issued, which bear continuing future intent and obligation; “May” is used in the permissive sense. “Shall” and “Must” are mandatory commands for a necessary action, with “Shall” involving legal or supreme

accountability; “Should” indicates duty and propriety or an expected or probable action or effect, but indicates judgment is

expected. Night Night means the time between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight, as published in the Air Almanac, converted to local time. Night Vision Goggles, (NVG) Night vision goggles (NVG) means a head-mounted, binocular, light intensification appliance that enhances the ability to maintain visual surface references at night Night Vision Imaging System, (NVIS) Night vision imaging system (NVIS) means the integration of all elements required to successfully and safely use NVGs while operating a helicopter. The system includes as a minimum: NVGs, NVIS lighting, helicopter components, training and continuing airworthiness. Non-Hostile Environment

a) Non-hostile environment means an environment in which: b) A safe forced landing can be accomplished; c) The helicopter occupants can be protected from the elements; and d) Search and rescue response/capability is provided consistent with the anticipated exposure.

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In any case, those parts of a congested area with adequate safe forced landing areas shall be considered non-hostile. Non-Precision Approach, (NPA) Non-precision approach procedure means a standard instrument approach procedure in which no electronic glide slope is provided. NVIS Crew Member NVIS Crew Member means a technical Crew Member assigned to an NVIS flight. NVIS Flight NVIS flight means a flight under night visual meteorological conditions (VMC) with the flight crew using NVGs in a helicopter operating under an NVIS approval. Off-Shore Operations Offshore operations means operations which routinely have a substantial proportion of the flight conducted over sea areas to or from offshore locations. Operate Operate, with respect to aircraft, means use, cause to use or authorize to use aircraft, for the purpose (except as provided in 91.13 ) of air navigation including the piloting of aircraft, with or without the right of legal control (as owner, lessee, or otherwise). Operating Site Operating site means a site, other than an airport, selected by the operator or Pilot-in-Command or commander for landing, take-off and/or external load operations. Operation in Performance Class 1 Operation in performance class 1 means an operation that, in the event of failure of the critical engine, the helicopter is able to land within the rejected take-off distance available or safely continue the flight to an appropriate landing area, depending on when the failure occurs. Operation in Performance Class 2 Operation in performance class 2 means an operation that, in the event of failure of the critical engine, performance is available to enable the helicopter to safely continue the flight, except when the failure occurs early during the take-off maneuver or late in the landing maneuver, in which cases a forced landing may be required. Operation in Performance Class 3 Operation in performance class 3 means an operation that, in the event of an engine failure at any time during the flight, a forced landing may be required in a multi-engine helicopter and will be required in a single-engine helicopter. Operational Control The responsibility for the initiation, continuation, termination or diversion of a flight in the interest of safety. Operational Flight Control System Failure

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A flight control system is fail-operational if, in the event of a failure below alert height, the approach, flare and landing, can be completed automatically. In the event of a failure, the automatic landing system will operate as a fail-passive system. Overseas Air Transportation Overseas air transportation means the carriage by aircraft of persons or property as a common carrier for compensation or hire, or the carriage of mail by aircraft, in commerce: Between a place in a State or the District of Columbia and a place in a possession of the United States; or Between a place in a possession of the United States and a place in another possession of the United

States; whether that commerce moves wholly by aircraft or partly by aircraft and partly by other forms of transportation.

Over-the-Top Over-the-top means above the layer of clouds or other obscuring phenomena forming the ceiling. P-RNAV Precision – Area Navigation (P-RNAV) automatically determines aircraft desired flight path by a series of way points held in a database. P-RNAV procedures are designed to a common set of design principles specific to RNAV equipped aircraft. P-RNAV accuracy equates to cross track accuracy of RNP1 (+/- 1NM). Parts Means any instrument, equipment, mechanism, part, apparatus, appurtenance or accessory, including communications equipment, which is used or intended to be used in operating or controlling an aircraft in flight and is installed in or attached to the aircraft. It shall include parts of an airframe, engine or propeller. Passenger Classification Passengers are classified as follows: Adults are considered male and female and are defined as persons of an age of 12 years and above; Children are defined as persons of an age of 2 years and above but who are less than 12 years of age; Infants are a person under the age of two years. Passenger Exit Seats Those seats having direct access to an exit, and those seats in a row of seats through which passengers would have to pass to gain access to an exit, from the first seat inboard of the exit to the first aisle of the exit. Passive Flight control System Failure A system failure is passive failure if an automatic flight control system fails and the pilot assumes control of the aircraft after a failure. Person Person means an individual, firm, partnership, corporation, company, association, joint-stock association, or governmental entity. It includes a trustee, receiver, assignee, or similar representative of any of them. Pilotage Pilotage means navigation by visual reference to landmarks.

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Pilot-in-Command Has final authority and responsibility for the operation and safety of the flight; Has been designated as pilot in command before or during the flight; and Holds the appropriate category, class, and type rating, if appropriate, for the conduct of the flight. Pilot Flying, (PF) When two pilots fly a fixed-wing aircraft which requires a two-person flight crew, the aircraft commander, who must be appropriately qualified and hold the rank of Captain, (Pilot in Command), occupies the left hand seat and the First Officer or Co-Pilot occupies the right hand seat. Before the commencement of each flight sector, the aircraft commander decides which pilot will take direct responsibility for flying the aircraft for the complete flight or for particular parts of it such as the Descent/Approach and Landing and they become 'Pilot Flying' (PF) for that sector or the specified part of it. Pilot Not Flying or Pilot Monitoring, (PNF or PM) The Pilot Not Flying,(PNF) or Pilot Monitoring, (PM) is designated by the Pilot in Command for that sector or relevant parts of it as PNF or PM and in that role must monitor the flight management and aircraft control actions and carry out support duties such as communications and check-list reading and other tasks assigned by the PF or Pilot in Command. Pitch Setting Pitch setting means the propeller blade setting as determined by the blade angle measured in a manner, and at a radius, specified by the instruction manual for the propeller. Pre-Flight Briefing The objective of a preflight briefing is for the Pilot in Command or Flight Crew to gather meteorological and aeronautical information necessary for the conduct of a safe and efficient flight. In other words to avoid an accident the key is familiarizing yourself with useful information (i.e. airport and weather information) and knowing not to exceed the limitations of the aircraft and the pilot’s skill set. Principal Place of Business Principal place of business means the head office or registered office of the organization within which the principal financial functions and operational control of the activities referred to in this Regulation are exercised Prioritization of Ramp Inspections Prioritization of ramp inspections means the dedication of an appropriate portion of the total number of ramp inspections conducted by or on behalf of a Authority on an annual basis as provided in Part-ARO. Point A to Point A Flights A flight to and from the same airport without a landing at another airport during the flight. Point A to Point B Flights A flight from an airport with a landing at an airport other than the departure airport. Positive Control Positive control means control of all air traffic, within designated airspace, by air traffic control. Precision Approach Procedure

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Precision approach procedure means a standard instrument approach procedure in which an electronic glide slope is provided, such as ILS and PAR. Preventive Maintenance Preventive maintenance means simple or minor preservation operations and the replacement of small standard parts not involving complex assembly operations. Prohibited Area A prohibited area is airspace designated under part 73 within which no person may operate an aircraft without the permission of the using agency. Propeller Propeller means a device for propelling an aircraft that has blades on an engine-driven shaft and that, when rotated, produces by its action on the air, a thrust approximately perpendicular to its plane of rotation. It includes control components normally supplied by its manufacturer, but does not include main and auxiliary rotors or rotating airfoils of engines. Public Interest Site, (PIS) Public interest site (PIS) means a site used exclusively for operations in the public interest. Qualified Flight Crew Member A Flight Crew Member, Pilot in Command of Co-Pilot that is currently qualified in the aircraft. Rating Means a statement entered on a license, setting forth privileges, special conditions or limitations. Ramp Inspection Ramp inspection means the inspection of aircraft, of flight and cabin crew qualifications and of flight documentation in order to verify the compliance with the applicable requirements. Rectification Interval Rectification interval means a limitation on the duration of operations with inoperative equipment. Reference Landing Speed Reference landing speed means the speed of the airplane, in a specified landing configuration, at the point where it descends through the 50 foot height in the determination of the landing distance. Rejected Take-Off Distance Available, (RTODAH) Rejected take-off distance available (RTODAH) means the length of the final approach and take-off area declared available and suitable for helicopters operated in performance class 1 to complete a rejected take-off. Rejected Take-Off Distance Required Rejected take-off distance required (RTODRH) means the horizontal distance required from the start of the take-off to the point where the helicopter comes to a full stop following an engine failure and rejection of the take-off at the take-off decision point.

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Remote Area A Remote Area is an area over land that is more than 30 minutes flying time at normal cursing speed from a suitable landing area for the type of aircraft being operated. Reporting Point Reporting point means a geographical location in relation to which the position of an aircraft is reported. Restricted Area A restricted area is airspace designated under Part 73 within which the flight of aircraft, while not wholly prohibited, is subject to restriction. Rest Period A period that is free of all duty or responsibility from an Operators Certificate holder conducting commercial air transport operations. Repair Repair means the restoration of an item of equipment to a serviceable condition after fault detection. RNAV RNAV is a method of navigation which permits the operation of an aircraft on any desired flight path; it allows its position to be continuously determined wherever it is rather than only along tracks between individual ground navigation aids. RNAV includes Performance Based Navigation (PBN) as well as other RNAV operations that are not within the definition of PBN. RNP10 / Oceanic / Remote Note: May also be referred to as RNAV10 For an aircraft to operate in RNAV10 (RNP10) airspace it needs to be fitted with a minimum of two independent long range navigation systems (LRNSs). Each LRNS should in principle have a flight management system (FMS) that utilizes positional information from either an approved global navigation satellite system (GNSS) or an approved inertial reference system (IRS) or mixed combination. The mix of sensors (pure GNSS, pure IRS or mixed IRS/GNSS) determines pre-flight and in-flight operation and contingencies in the event of system failure. RNAV10 can support 50 NM track spacing. RNP4 / Oceanic / Remote RNP4 is the oceanic/remote navigation specification to support 30 NM track spacing with ADS-C and Chief Pilot DLC required. To meet this more accurate navigation requirement, two independent LRNS are required for which GNSS sensors are mandatory. Rotorcraft Rotorcraft means a heavier-than-air aircraft that depends principally for its support in flight on the lift generated by one or more rotors.

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Rotorcraft-Load Combination Rotorcraft-load combination means the combination of a rotorcraft and an external-load, including the external-load attaching means. Rotorcraft-load combinations are designated as Class A, Class B, Class C, and Class D, as follows: Class A rotorcraft-load combination means one in which the external load cannot move freely, cannot be

jettisoned, and does not extend below the landing gear. Class B rotorcraft-load combination means one in which the external load is jettisonable and is lifted free of

land or water during the rotorcraft operation. (Class C rotorcraft-load combination means one in which the external load is jettisonable and remains in

contact with land or water during the rotorcraft operation. Class D rotorcraft-load combination means one in which the external-load is other than a Class A, B, or C

and has been specifically approved by the Administrator for that operation. Route Segment Route segment is a portion of a route bounded on each end by a fix or navigation aid (NAVAID). Runway Visual Range, (RVR) Runway visual range (RVR) means the range over which the pilot of an aircraft on the center line of a runway can see the runway surface markings or the lights delineating the runway or identifying its center line. RVSM Reduced Vertical Separation Minima or Minimum (RVSM) is the reduction of the standard vertical separation required between aircraft flying between FL290 (29,000 ft) and FL410 (41,000 ft) inclusive, from 2,000 feet to 1,000 feet (or between 8,850 and 12,500 m from 600 m to 1000 ft). This therefore increases the number of aircraft that can safely fly in a particular volume of airspace. Safe Forced Landing Safe forced landing means an unavoidable landing or ditching with a reasonable expectancy of no injuries to persons in the aircraft or on the surface. Sea Level Engine Sea level engine means a reciprocating aircraft engine having a rated takeoff power that is producible only at sea level. Seaplane Seaplane means a fixed wing aircraft which is designed for taking off and landing on water and includes amphibians operated as seaplanes. Second in Command Second in Command means a pilot who is designated to be second in command of an aircraft during flight time. Sectors A flight that consists of a take-off, climb, cruise flight, decent, approach and landing to a full stop of not less than 50 nm.

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Separate Runways A separate runway means runways at the same airport that are separate landing surfaces. These runways may overlay or cross in such a way that if one of the runways is blocked, it will not prevent the planned type of operations on the other runway. Each runway shall have a separate approach procedure based on a separate navigation aid. Show Show, unless the context otherwise requires, means to show to the satisfaction of the Administrator. Small Aircraft Small aircraft means aircraft of 12,500 pounds or less, maximum certificated takeoff weight. Special VFR Conditions Special VFR conditions mean meteorological conditions that are less than those required for basic VFR flight in controlled airspace and in which some aircraft are permitted flight under visual flight rules. Special VFR Operations Special VFR operations means aircraft operating in accordance with clearances within controlled airspace in meteorological conditions less than the basic VFR weather minima. Such operations must be requested by the pilot and approved by ATC. Stabilized Approach (SAp) An approach which is flown in a controlled and appropriate manner in terms of configuration, energy and control of the flight path from a pre-determined point or altitude/height down to a point 50 ft, (15 m) above the threshold or the point where the flare maneuver is initiated if higher. Stopway Stopway means an area beyond the takeoff runway, no less wide than the runway and centered upon the extended centerline of the runway, able to support the airplane during an aborted takeoff, without causing structural damage to the airplane, and designated by the airport authorities for use in decelerating the airplane during an aborted takeoff. Suitable RNAV System Suitable RNAV system is an RNAV system that meets the required performance established for a type of operation, e.g. IFR; and is suitable for operation over the route to be flown in terms of any performance criteria (including accuracy) established by the air navigation service provider for certain routes (e.g. oceanic, ATS routes, and IAPs). An RNAV system's suitability is dependent upon the availability of ground and/or satellite navigation aids that are needed to meet any route performance criteria that may be prescribed in route specifications to navigate the aircraft along the route to be flown. Information on suitable RNAV systems is published in FAA guidance material. Synthetic Vision Synthetic vision means a computer-generated image of the external scene topography from the perspective of the flight deck that is derived from aircraft attitude, high-precision navigation solution, and database of terrain, obstacles and relevant cultural features.

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Synthetic Vision System Synthetic vision system means an electronic means to display a synthetic vision image of the external scene topography to the flight crew. Take-Off Alternate Airport Take-off alternate airport means an alternate airport at which an aircraft can land should this become necessary shortly after take-off and if it is not possible to use the airport of departure. Take-Off Decision Point, (TDP) Take-off decision point (TDP) means the point used in determining take-off performance from which, an engine failure having been recognized this point, either a rejected take-off may be made or a take-off Take-Off Distance Required Helicopters, (TODRH) Take-off distance required (TODRH) in the case of helicopters means the horizontal distance required from the start of the take-off to the point at which take-off safety speed (V TOSS ), a selected height and a positive climb gradient are achieved, following failure of the critical engine being recognized at the TDP, the remaining engines operating within approved operating limits. Take-Off Flight Path Take-off flight path means the vertical and horizontal path, with the critical engine inoperative, from a specified point in the take-off for aircrafts to 1 500 ft above the surface and for helicopters to 1 000 ft above the surface. Take-Off Mass The mass of the aircraft includes, including everything and everyone carried at the commencement of the take-off for helicopters and take-off run for aircrafts. Takeoff Power With respect to reciprocating engines, means the brake horsepower that is developed under standard sea

level conditions, and under the maximum conditions of crankshaft rotational speed and engine manifold pressure approved for the normal takeoff, and limited in continuous use to the period of time shown in the approved engine specification; and

With respect to turbine engines, means the brake horsepower that is developed under static conditions at a specified altitude and atmospheric temperature, and under the maximum conditions of rotor shaft rotational speed and gas temperature approved for the normal takeoff, and limited in continuous use to the period of time shown in the approved engine specification.

Take-Off Run Available (TORA) The length of runway that is declared available by the Country of the airport and suitable for the ground run of an aircraft taking off. Takeoff Safety Speed Takeoff safety speed means a referenced airspeed obtained after lift-off at which the required one-engine-inoperative climb performance can be achieved. Takeoff Thrust Takeoff thrust, with respect to turbine engines, means the jet thrust that is developed under static conditions at a specific altitude and atmospheric temperature under the maximum conditions of rotorshaft rotational speed and gas

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temperature approved for the normal takeoff, and limited in continuous use to the period of time shown in the approved engine specification. TCAS I TCAS I means a TCAS that utilizes interrogations of, and replies from, airborne radar beacon transponders and provides traffic advisories to the pilot. TCAS II TCAS II means a TCAS that utilizes interrogations of, and replies from airborne radar beacon transponders and provides traffic advisories and resolution advisories in the vertical plane. TCAS III TCAS III means a TCAS that utilizes interrogation of, and replies from, airborne radar beacon transponders and provides traffic advisories and resolution advisories in the vertical and horizontal planes to the pilot. Technical Crew Member Technical Crew Member means a Crew Member in commercial air transport HEMS, HHO or NVIS operations other than a flight or cabin Crew Member, assigned by the operator to duties in the aircraft or on the ground for the purpose of assisting the pilot during HEMS, HHO or NVIS operations, which may require the operation of specialized on-board equipment. Technical Instructions, (TI) Technical instructions (TI) means the latest effective edition of the ‘Technical instructions for the safe transport of dangerous goods by air’, including the supplement and any addenda, approved and published by the International Civil Aviation Organization. Time in Service Time in service, with respect to maintenance time records, means the time from the moment an aircraft leaves the surface of the earth until it touches it at the next point of landing. Traffic Pattern Traffic pattern means the traffic flow that is prescribed for aircraft landing at, taxiing on, or taking off from, an airport. Traffic Load Traffic load means the total mass of passengers, baggage, cargo and carry-on specialist equipment, including any ballast. Taxi Fuel The total amount of fuel consumed during taxi. Trip Fuel The total amount of fuel consumed for take-off, climb, descent and approach including the level flight. True Airspeed True airspeed means the airspeed of an aircraft relative to undisturbed air. True airspeed is equal to equivalent airspeed multiplied by (ρ0/ρ) 1⁄2 Type Rating Instructor (tri)

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A type rating instructor is a person who is qualified to instruct or conduct an evaluation in a particular type aircraft for an Operators Certificate holder. Unaided NVIS Flight Unaided NVIS flight’ means in the case of NVIS operations, that portion of a VFR flight performed at night when a Crew Member is not using NVG. Unforeseen Operational Circumstances Any event, such as un-forecast adverse weather, an equipment malfunction or, an air traffic service delay, that is beyond the control of GSAG Aviation. Undertaking Undertaking means any natural or legal person, whether profit-making or not, or any official body whether having its own personality or not. United States United States, in a geographical sense, means: The States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the possessions, including the territorial waters, and The airspace of those areas. VFR Over-the-Top VFR over-the-top, with respect to the operation of aircraft, means the operation of an aircraft over-the-top under VFR when it is not being operated on an IFR flight plan. V1 V 1 means the maximum speed in the take-off at which the pilot must take the first action to stop the aircraft within the accelerate-stop distance. V 1 also means the minimum speed in the take-off, following a failure of the critical engine at V EF , at which the pilot can continue the take-off and achieve the required height above the take-off surface within the take-off distance. VA means design maneuvering speed. VB means design speed for maximum gust intensity. VC means design cruising speed. VD means design diving speed. VDF/MDF means demonstrated flight diving speed. VEF means the speed at which the critical engine is assumed to fail during takeoff. VF means design flap speed. VFC/MFC means maximum speed for stability characteristics. VFE means maximum flap extended speed. VH means maximum speed in level flight with maximum continuous power. VLE means maximum landing gear extended speed. VLO means maximum landing gear operating speed.

GSAG Aviation




VLOF means lift-off speed. VMC means minimum control speed with the critical engine inoperative. VMO/MMO means maximum operating limit speed. VMU means minimum unstick speed. VNE means never-exceed speed. VNO means maximum structural cruising speed. VR means rotation speed. VS means the stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed at which the airplane is controllable. Visual Approach A visual approach is an approach when either part or all of an instrument approach procedure is not completed and the approach is executed with visual reference to the terrain. Visual Check Visual Check means checking an item of equipment for cleanliness need for lubrication or painting, and deterioration of parts or materials. Warning Area A warning area is airspace of defined dimensions, extending from 3 nautical miles outward from the coast of the United States, that contains activity that may be hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft. The purpose of such warning areas is to warn nonparticipating pilots of the potential danger. A warning area may be located over domestic or international waters or both. Weight-Shift-Control Aircraft Weight-shift-control aircraft means a powered aircraft with a framed pivoting wing and a fuselage controllable only in pitch and roll by the pilot's ability to change the aircraft's center of gravity with respect to the wing. Flight control of the aircraft depends on the wing's ability to flexibly deform rather than the use of control surfaces. Wet Lease Agreement Wet lease agreement means an agreement between air carriers pursuant to which the aircraft is operated under the Operators Certificate of the lesser with the lessons Flight Crews. Wet Runway A runway is considered wet when the surface is covered with water, or equivalent, less than specified by the contaminated runway’ definition or when there is sufficient moisture on the runway surface to cause it to appear reflective, but without significant areas of standing water. Winglet or Tip Fin Winglet or tip fin means an out-of-plane surface extending from a lifting surface. The surface may or may not have control surfaces.

GSAG Aviation




FAR 1 Abbreviations and Symbols

Acronyms Note: Abbreviations listed represent a selection of most common abbreviations but may not represent all possible abbreviations. AAL Above Airport Level AARM Aircraft Accident Response Manual ABM Abeam AC Advisory Circular A/C Aircraft ACARS Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting

System ACAS Airborne Collision Avoidance System ACN Aircraft Classification Number AD Airworthiness Directive ADI Attitude Director Indicator ADF Automatic Direction Finder ADFR Actual Daily Flight Records ADIRS Air Data Inertial Reference System ASDA Accelerate Stop Distance Available ADREP Accident / Incident Reporting System AFM Aircraft Flight Manual AGL Above Ground Level AH Alert Height ALT Altitude ALTN Alternate AMM Aircraft Maintenance Manual AMSL Above Mean Sea Level AOC Air Operator Certificate AP Auto-Pilot A/P Airport

APU Auxiliary Power Unit ASAP As Soon As Possible ASDA Accelerate-Stop Distance Available ASI Air Speed Indicator ASR Airport Surveillance Radar/Air Safety Report ATA Actual Time of Arrival ATA Aeronautical Transport Association ATC Air Traffic Control ATD Actual Time of Departure ATIS Automatic Terminal Information Service ATPL Airline Transport Pilot License ATS Air Traffic Service ATS Auto Thrust System AWO All Weather Operations AWY Airway BAL Blood Alcohol Level BAT Battery BKN Broken C Celsius, Centigrade CAPT Captain CAS Calibrated Airspeed CAT Clear Air Turbulence CATI Landing Category 1 CATII Landing Category 2 CATIII Landing Category 3 CAVOK Ceiling and Visibility OK

GSAG Aviation




CB Cumulonimbus C/B Circuit Breaker CDL Configuration Deviation List CFP Computerized Flight Plan CG Center of Gravity C/L Check List cm Centimeter CP Chief Pilot CPL Commercial Pilot License CPT Cockpit Procedure Training CRM Crew resource Management CRZ Cruise CSS Cockpit System Simulator CTA Control Area CTOT Calculated Take Off Time CWC Cross Wind Component CVR Cockpit Voice Recorder; Commander Voyage Report DA Decision altitude Dept. Department DEPO Deportee DEST Destination DFDR Digital Flight Data Recorder DGR Dangerous Goods Regulations DH Decision Height DHD Dead Head DIST Distance DME Distance Measuring Equipment Doc Document DOI Dry Operating Index DOM Director of Maintenance DOO Director of Maintenance DOW Dry Operating Weight EEP ETOPS Entry Point

EFIS Electronic Flight Instrument System EIS Electronic Instrument System EMER Emergency ENG Engine ETA Estimated Time of Arrival ETD Estimated Time of Departure ETOPS Extended Twin Operations F Fahrenheit FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAF Final Approach Fix FAR Federal Aviation Regulations FBS Fixed Base Simulator FCOM Flight Crew Operating Manual FD Flight Director FF Fuel Flow FFS Full Flight Simulator FIR Flight Information Region FL Flight Level FLT Flight FM Flight Manual FMA Flight Mode Enunciator FMGS Flight Management Guidance System FMS Flight Management System FNPT Flight Navigation Procedures Trainer F/O First Officer FOAP Flight Operations Assessment Panel FOB Fuel on Board FOP Flight Operations Panel FOQA Flight Operations Quality Assurance Program F-PLN Flight Plan FQI Fuel Quantity Indication ft Foot (Feet) FWD Forward

GSAG Aviation




G Gravity g Grams GA Go Around GD General Declaration GEN Generator GMT Greenwich Mean Time GOM General Operations Manual GPS Global Positioning System GPWS Ground Proximity Warning System GS Ground Speed G/S Glide Slope H Hour HDG Heading HF High Frequency (3 to 30 MHz) Hg Mercury HI High (altitude or intensity) HIALS High Intensity Approach Light System HIRL High Intensity Runway Edge Lights HP High Pressure hPa hecto Pascal HRS Hours Hz Hertz (cycles per second) IAS Indicated Air Speed IATA International Air Transport Association ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization ID Identity (Number) IDG Integrated Drive Generator IEM Interpretation/Explanation Material IFR Instrument Flight Rules IFSD In-Flight Shut down IFR Instrument Flight Rules IGN Ignition ILS Instrument Landing System

IMC Instrumental Meteorological Conditions in inche(s) INAD Inadmissible Passenger INOP Inoperative IR Instrument Rating IRS Inertial Reference System ISA International Standard Atmosphere ISO International Standard Organization Kg kilogram KHz kilohertz KIAS Knots Indicated Air Speed km kilometer kt(s) knot(s) lb pounds (weight) LCD Liquid Crystal Display LCN Load Classification Number LDA Landing Distance Available LDG Landing LEP List of Effective Pages LH Left Hand LMC Last Minute Change LO Low LOFT Line Oriented Flight Training LT Local Time LVTO Low Visibility Takeoff LVP Low Visibility Procedures M Mach m meter MABH Minimum Approach Break off Height MAC Mean Aerodynamic Chord MAG Magnetic MAP Missed Approach Procedure MAPT Missed Approach Point

GSAG Aviation




MAX Maximum mb Millibar MCDU Multifunction Control and Display Unit MDA/H Minimum Descent Altitude / Height MEA Minimum En-Route Altitude MEL Minimum Equipment List MET Meteorology METAR Aviation Routine Weather Report MHz Megahertz MID Middle Runway Portion MIALS Medium Intensity Approach Light System MIRL Medium Intensity Runway Edge Light MIL Military MLS Microwave Landing System MLW Maximum landing weight Mm Millimeter MEL Minimum Equipment List MMEL Master Minimum Equipment List MMO Maximum Operating Mach MNPS Minimum Navigation Performance Specification MOCA Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude MORA Minimum Off-Route Altitude MRVA Minimum Radar Vectoring Altitude MSA Minimum Safe (or Sector) Altitude MSL Mean Sea Level MTOW Maximum Take Off Weight MZFW Maximum Zero Fuel Weight NA Not Applicable NAT North Atlantic NAV Navigation NAVAID Navigational Aid NDB Non Directional Beacon NIL No Item Listed (Nothing)

NM Nautical Miles No. Number NOTAM Notice To Airmen NOTECHS Non-Technical NSC No Significant Clouds NSW No Significant Weather NTO No Technical Objection OAT Outside Air Temperature OCA/H Obstacle Clearance Altitude / Height OCC Operational Control Center OCL Obstacle Clearance Limit OFP Operational Flight Plan OEB Operations Engineering Bulletin OEW Operating Empty Weight OIT Operational Information Telex OM Outer Marker OPS Operations OPT Optimum OVC Overcast OTS Oceanic Track System PA Passenger Address System PAPI Precision Approach Path Indicator PAR Precision Approach Radar PAX Passenger PCN Pavement Classification Number PF Pilot Flying PFD Primary Flight Display PIREP Pilot Report PIC Pilot In Command PNR Point of No Return PM Pilot Monitoring PNF Pilot Not Flying PPR Prior Permission Required

GSAG Aviation




PRM Persons with Reduced Mobility PROB Probably PSI Pounds per Square Inch PVI Para visual Indicator QA Quality Assurance QDM Magnetic bearing to facility QDR Magnetic bearing from facility QFE Actual atmosphere pressure at airport elevation QFU Magnetic orientation of runway QGH Procedure or facility to be used QNE Sea level standard atmosphere (1013 hPa or 29.92’’

Hg) QNH Actual atmosphere pressure at sea level based on

local station pressure RA Radio Altitude / Radio Altimeter RCM Corrosive Material REF Reference Reg. Registration Rev Revision RFG Flammable Gas RFL Flammable Liquids RFS Flammable Solids RFW Substances which in contact with water emit

Flammable Gases RH Right Hand RIS Infectious Substances RMD Miscellaneous Dangerous Goods RNAV Area Navigation RNG Non-Flammable Non-Toxic Gas RNP Required Navigation Performance ROD Record of Operations Directives ROP Organic Peroxides ROR Record of Revision

ROX Oxidizing Substances RPB Poisonous (Toxic) Substances RPG Toxic Gas RPL Repetitive Flight Plan RPM Revolutions Per Minute RQRD Required RRW Radioactive Material RSC Substances liable to Spontaneous Combustion RTO Rejected Take Off RTOW Regulated Take Off Weight RVR Runway Visual Range RVSM Reduced Vertical separation Minima RWY Runway SAR Search and Rescue SAT Static Air Temperature SB Service Bulletin/Standby/Satisfactory with Briefing SCT Scattered SID Standard Instrument Departure SIGMET Significant Metrological condition SKC Sky Clear SM Statute Miles SNOWTAM Snow Notice to Airmen SOP Standard Operating Procedures SPECI Aviation selected special weather report SPD Speed SRA Surveillance Radar Approach SRE Surveillance Radar Element of precision approach

radar system SSR Secondary Surveillance Radar STAR Standard Terminal Arrival Route STD Standard STPD Standard Temperature Pressure Dry SYS System

GSAG Aviation




t tonne TA Traffic Advisory TACAN Tactical Air Navigation TAF Terminal Airport Forecast TAS True Air Speed TAT Total Air Temperature TBC To Be Confirmed TBD To Be Determined TCAS Traffic Collision Alert System TDZ Touch down Zone TEMP Temperature TEMPO Temporary TL Transition Level TMA Terminal Control Area T/O Take-Off TOC Top of Climb TOD Top of Descent TODA Take-Off Distance Available TOGA Take-Off / Go-Around TOGW Take-Off Gross Weight TORA Take-Off Run Available TOW Take-Off Weight TR Temporary Revision TRG Training TSA Transport Security Administration

TWC Tail Wind Component TWR Tower TWY Taxiway UHF Ultra High Frequency (300-3000 MHz) UM Unaccompanied Minor U/S Unserviceable UTC Coordinated Universal Time VASI Visual Approach Slope Indicator VDF Very High Frequency Direction Finding Station VFR Visual Flight Rules VHF Very High Frequency (30-300 MHz) VIP Very Important Person VIS Visibility VMC Visual Meteorological Conditions VOL Volume VOR VHF Omni-directional Range V/S Vertical Speed VSI Vertical Speed Indicator WBM Weight and Balance Manual WPT Way-point WX Weather

GSAG Aviation




Conversion Table

US to METRIC METRIC to US

Length

1 in = 25.4 mm 1 ft = 0.3048 m 1 yd = 0.914 m 1 NM = 1.852 km 1 statute mile = 1.609 km

1 mm = 0.0394 in 1 m = 3.281 ft 1 m = 1.094 yd 1 km = 0.540 NM 1 km = 0.6215 statute mile

Speed 1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s 1 kt = 1.852 km/h = 0.514 m/s

1 m/s = 3.281 ft/s = 1.944 kt 1 km/h = 0.54 kt

Weight 1 oz = 28.35 g 1 lb = 0.4536 kg 1 lb = 0.0004536 t

1 g = 0.353 oz 1 kg = 2.2046 lb 1 t (tonne) = 2 204.6 lb

Force 1 lb = 4.448 N 1 lb = 0.4448 daN

1 N = 0.2248 lb 1 daN = 2.248 lb

Pressure 1 PSI = 6892 Pa = 0.0689 bar 1 PSI = 68.92 hPa = 68.92 mbar 1 in Hg = 33.864 hPa = 33.864 mbar

1 bar = 14.505 PSI 1 mbar = 1 hPa = 0.0145 PSI 1 mbar = 1 hPa = 0.02953 in Hg

VOLUME 1 US Gallon = 3.785 l 1 US Gallon = 0.003785 m3 1 US Quart = 0.94635 l

1 l = 0.2642 US Gallon 1 m3 = 264.2 US Gallons 1 l = 1.0567 US Quart

Momentum 1 lb.in = 0.0113 m.daN 1 m.daN = 88.5 lb.in

Temperature °F = (°C x 1.8) + 32 °F = 9/5 (°C + 40) – 40

°C = 5/9 (°F - 32) °C = 5/9 (°F + 40) – 40

GSAG Aviation




FAR 135.23 Manual Contents / System of Amendment and Revision

Persons Responsible for Issuance of Amendments and Revisions to the Operations Manual The Director of Operations is responsible for overseeing and the issuance of ALL revisions and amendments. All nominated post holders will consult with the Director of Operations when they feel a revision is necessary to this Operations Manual. The following nominated post holders are responsible for any revisions to this Operations Manual for the department that they oversee: The Director of Operations will oversee revisions for GSAG Aviation’s Operations Manual regarding flight

support staff, administration and management; The Chief Pilot will oversee revisions for Pilot Flight Training; The Director of Maintenance will oversee revisions regarding Maintenance and Ground Operations.

GSAG Aviation




Record of Amendments and Revisions with Insertion and Effective Dates Each chapter has a List of Effective Pages, (see example) that lists each page in the chapter along with the revision number and effective date. Each chapter also has a Record of Revisions Table, (see example) that has a remarks section to explain what was revised with an effective date. Record of Revisions (Example) The person incorporating the revision(s) into the manual shall complete the Record of Revisions page. The pages identified with a change bar are either replacement pages or new (original) issued pages. Remove corresponding old pages and replace or add new pages. Remove pages marked DELETED; there are no replacement pages for deleted pages.

Revision Number Date of Issue Effective Page

Number(s) Remarks Date of Insert Approved

and Inserted By

Initials

Original

Record of Temporary Revisions (Example)

The person incorporating the revision(s) into the manual shall complete the Record of Revisions page. The pages identified with a change bar are either replacement pages or new (original) issued pages. Remove corresponding old pages and replace or add new pages. Remove pages marked DELETED; there are no replacement pages for deleted pages.

Revision Number Date of Issue Effective Page

Number(s) Remarks Date of Insert Approved

and Inserted By

Initials

Original

GSAG Aviation




List of Effective Pages Each Section has its own List of Effective Pages and Record of Revisions Table. The Record of Revisions Table includes Insertion Dates, Effective Dates Revision Number and a cell for a brief explanation of the Revision.

List of Effective Pages (Example)

Amendments and Revisions and Introduction and General Page

Number Revision Number Insertion Date Effective Date Page

Number Revision Number Insertion Date Effective Date








Handwritten Amendments or Revisions Handwritten revisions or amendments will not be issued except in situations requiring immediate action in the interest of safety. The Director of Operations is granted the responsibility of issuing a handwritten revision of amendments and shall use their best judgment when doing so. All other revisions or amendments will be in a printed format. System for Annotation of Pages and Effective Dates Permanent changes or revisions will be noted in the Record of Revisions along with the insertion date and the effective date. The List of Effective Pages will be updated and each revised page will be accompanied by a new “Effective Date” located at the bottom of each page of the Operations Manual. All text revisions will be indicated by a single black change bar located in the right margin of the page. Note: See the right margin for an example of the “Change Bar”. The revision change bar will be removed when the section is revised again. Only the most current revision will have the text border. Any text that has been deleted will be referenced in the Revisions Section of this Operations Manual along with a brief explanation of the text that was removed and why. Each holder of a GSAG Aviation Operations Manual, or appropriate parts of it, shall keep it up to date with the amendments or revisions supplied by the Company.

GSAG Aviation




GSAG Aviation shall supply the Authority with intended amendments and revisions in advance of the effective date. When the amendment concerns any part of the Operations Manual which must be approved in accordance with the regulations, this approval shall be obtained before the amendment becomes effective. GSAG Aviation shall ensure that information taken from approved documents and any amendment of such approved correctly reflected in the Operations Manual and that the Operations Manual contains no information contrary to any approved documentation. GSAG Aviation understands that this requirement does not prevent it from using more conservative data, policies or procedures.

Page Control (Example)

Located n the footer at the bottom of each page is the Page Control that list the most current revision number of the page and the Effective Date. Section: 01 Revision: Example Effective Date: April 22, 2015

Introduction and General Page 68

Annotations of Changes to Charts and or Diagrams All revisions or changes to diagrams, tables or images in this Operations Manual will be identified by a revision bar to the right of the diagram or chart. The changes or revisions to diagrams, tables or images will be noted in the Record of Revisions along with the insertion date and the effective date. The List of Effective Pages will be updated and each revised page will be accompanied by a new “Effective Date” located at the bottom of each page of the Operations Manual. Temporary Revisions The same process for permanent revisions will apply to temporary revisions. The temporary changes or revisions will be noted in the Record of Revisions along with the insertion date and the effective date. The List of Effective Pages will be updated and each revised page will be accompanied by a new “Effective Date” located at the bottom of each page of the Operations Manual. Temporary revisions will be printed and issued in the replacement of sections. If possible pages or sections will be replaced, and revision will be notated to show the revision list number and the portion of the text which has been revised. Each revision will be accompanied by a new “Effective Date” located at the bottom of each page of the Operations Manual and an updated list of effective pages with the new effective date. Distribution Systems of Operations Manuals GSAG Aviation shall provide an Operations Manual for the use and guidance to the following personnel: President; Director of Operations; Chief Pilot; Director of Maintenance; All Flight Crew Members; Flight Coordinator;

GSAG Aviation




All Cabin Crew Members (if applicable); All Supervisors of GSAG Aviation employees; FAA overseeing Office and GSAG Aviation FAA Management Team. The Director of Operations is responsible for ensuring the distribution of GSAG Aviation Operations Manuals, Amendments and Revisions. The Director of Operations will maintain an up-to-date list of manuals, together with copy numbers and locations or the name or title of the manual holder. It is the responsibility of the Director of Operations that sufficient additional copies will be provided to GSAG Aviation staff to ensure that all personnel have ready access to the Operations Manual when required. GSAG Aviation personnel, who hold a copy of this manual are responsible for and shall ensure that all revisions are incorporated, recorded. GSAG Aviation personnel who are issued with an Operations Manual will make the manual available for inspection when requested. Distribution Systems of Amendments and Revisions As soon as an “Approved Revision” has been released, all appropriate personnel will be notified by via personal e-mail and the Amendment or Revision will also posted on GSAG Aviation employee’s website for review. GSAG Aviation shall incorporate all amendments and revisions required by the regulations and the Authority into the Operations Manual. Flight Crew Members The Pilot in Command shall check the GSAG Aviation employee website and phone the Flight Coordinator at the beginning of the duty day and confirm the flights status and if there are any new revisions to the Operations Manual. If there is a new revision, the Pilot in Command and Flight Crew will print off a copy of the new revision and review it and sign the revision prior to engine start. A Flight Crew Member will contact the Chief Pilot if they have any questions regarding the new amendment or revision, The Chief Pilot is responsible for ensuring that all Flight Crew Members have signed all amendments and revisions that are applicable to the employee’s position. Flight Operations Support Employees Each Flight Support employee shall check their personal GSAG Aviation email to check if any new amendments or revisions have been issued since their last scheduled work day. If there is a new revision, the employee will print off a copy of the new amendment or revision, review it and sign the revision prior to starting their shift. The employee will turn in the signed copy of the amendment or revision to their immediate supervisor who will place the signed copy of into the Master Amendments and Revision folder. Flight Operations Support Employees will contact their immediate supervisor if they have any questions regarding the new amendment or revision, The Chief Pilot is responsible for ensuring that all Flight Support Employees have signed all amendments and revisions that are applicable to the employee’s position. Maintenance Employees

GSAG Aviation




Each Maintenance employee shall check their personal GSAG Aviation email to check if any new amendments or revisions have been issued since their last scheduled work day. If there is a new revision, the employee will print off a copy of the new amendment or revision, review it and sign the revision prior to starting their shift. Maintenance Employees will contact their immediate supervisor if they have any questions regarding the new amendment or revision, The Director of Maintenance is responsible for ensuring that all Flight Support Employees have signed all amendments and revisions that are applicable to the employee’s position.

Away from Home Base / Flight Crew Members

If away from the main base of operations, the Pilot in Command and all Flight Crew Members shall check the GSAG Aviation employee website and contact the Flight Coordinator at the beginning of the duty day and confirm the flights status and if there are any new revisions to the Operations Manual. If there is a new revision, the Pilot in Command and Flight Crew will print off a copy of the new revision and review it and sign the revision prior to engine start. The Pilot in Command shall ensure that a copy of all signed revision(s) are onboard the aircraft prior to engine start. The Pilot in Command will turn in all signed revisions to dispatch when returning to home base with the Aircraft Flight Log(s) and any other records or logs. The Operations Manuals will be in a printed format or distributed in an electronic format with the approval of the Authority. The Pilot in Command will ensure that a copy of the most current manual is aboard the aircraft before the aircraft departs on any flight. The Operations Manual may be carried onboard the aircraft in an electronic format with the approval of the Authority. Pilots in Commander and Flight Crew Members will contact the Chief Pilot if they have any questions regarding the new amendment or revision, The Chief Pilot is responsible for ensuring that all Flight Crew Members have signed all amendments and revisions that are applicable to the employee’s position.

GSAG Aviation




THIS PAGE HAS BEEN INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

GSAG Aviation




GSAG Aviation




Index

A

Accelerate Stop Distance Available, ASDA ................... 21 Acceptance Checklist .................................................... 21 Acronyms ...................................................................... 58 Adequate Airport .......................................................... 21 Administrator ............................................................... 21 Advisory Airspace ......................................................... 22 Aerial Work ................................................................... 22 Aerodynamic Coefficients ............................................ 22 Agency .......................................................................... 23 Aided Night Vision Imaging System, (NVIS) .................. 23 Air Commerce ............................................................... 22 Air Navigation Facility ................................................... 23 Air Traffic ...................................................................... 23 Air Traffic Clearance ..................................................... 23 Air Traffic Control ......................................................... 23 Air Traffic Service (ATS) Route ...................................... 23 Air Transportation ........................................................ 23 Aircraft .......................................................................... 22 Aircraft Engine .............................................................. 22 Aircraft Flight Log ......................................................... 22 Aircraft Maintenance Log ............................................. 22 Airframe ........................................................................ 22 Airplane ........................................................................ 22 Airport .......................................................................... 22 Airship ........................................................................... 22 Alert Area ..................................................................... 23 Alternate Airport .......................................................... 23 Altitude Engine ............................................................. 24 Annotations of Changes to Charts and or Diagrams .... 68 Anti-Icing ...................................................................... 24 Appliances .................................................................... 24 Area Navigation (RNAV) ............................................... 24 Area Navigation (RNAV) Route ..................................... 24 ARM .............................................................................. 24 Auto Throttle ................................................................ 24

B

Brake Horsepower ........................................................ 24

C

Cabin Crew Member ..................................................... 24 Calendar Day ................................................................ 24 Calendar Month or (Month) ......................................... 24 Calibrated Airspeed ...................................................... 25

Canard .......................................................................... 25 Canard Configuration ................................................... 25 Cargo ............................................................................ 26 Category A / Rotorcraft ................................................ 25 Category B / Rotorcraft ................................................ 25 Category I, (CAT I) Approach Operation ....................... 25 Category II, (CAT II) Operation ...................................... 25 Category IIIA (CAT IIIA) Operation ................................ 25 Category IIIB, (CAT IIIB) Operation ............................... 26 Category: ...................................................................... 25 Ceiling ........................................................................... 26 Certificate ..................................................................... 26 Certification Specifications (CS) .................................... 26 Circling .......................................................................... 26 Civil Aircraft .................................................................. 26 Class: ............................................................................. 26 Clearway: ...................................................................... 26 Climb out Speed ........................................................... 27 Cloud Base .................................................................... 27 Cockpit .......................................................................... 27 Code Share ................................................................... 27 Commercial Operation ................................................. 27 Company Legal Business Name ...................................... 7 Complex Motor-Powered Aircraft ................................ 27 Congested Area ............................................................ 28 Contaminated Runway ................................................. 28 Contingency Fuel .......................................................... 28 Continuing Oversight .................................................... 28 Continuous Descent Final Approach (CDFA) ................ 28 Controlled Airspace ...................................................... 28 Controlled Firing Area .................................................. 28 Controlled Flight ........................................................... 28 Converted Meteorological Visibility (CMV) .................. 28 Crew Member ............................................................... 29 Critical Altitude ............................................................. 29 Critical Engine ............................................................... 29 Critical Phases of Flight, (Airplane) ............................... 29 Critical Phases of Flight, (Helicopters) .......................... 29

D

Damp Runway .............................................................. 30 Dangerous Goods Accident .......................................... 29 Dangerous Goods Incident ........................................... 29 Dangerous Goods, (DG) ................................................ 29 Deadhead Transportation ............................................ 30 Decision Altitude (DA) .................................................. 30

GSAG Aviation




Decision height (DH) .................................................... 30 Decision Point .............................................................. 30 Defined Point After Takeoff, (DPATO), Helicopter ....... 30 Defined Point Before Landing, (DPBL) Helicopter ........ 30 Definitions of Terms and Words / Flight Operations ... 21 De-Icing, (Ground Procedures) .................................... 30 Dispatch ....................................................................... 30 Distance (DR), Helicopter ............................................. 30 Dry Lease Agreement ................................................... 31 Dry Operating Mass ..................................................... 31 Dry Runway .................................................................. 31 Duty Time ..................................................................... 31

E

Early ETOPS .................................................................. 31 Effective Length of the Runway ................................... 31 Electronic Flight Bag .................................................... 31 Elevated Final Approach and Takeoff Area, (Elevated

FATO) ...................................................................... 31 ENGAGE ....................................................................... 31 Engine Inoperative En-Route Multi-Engine Aircraft Net

Flight Path ............................................................... 45 Enhanced Fight Vision System (EFVS) .......................... 32 Enhanced Flight Visibility (EFV) .................................... 31 En-route Alternate Airport ........................................... 32 Equivalent Airspeed ..................................................... 32 ETOPS Significant System ............................................. 32 Examiner ...................................................................... 33 Extended Over Water Operation ................................. 32 External Load ............................................................... 33 External Load Attaching ............................................... 33

F

Fail - Flight Control System .......................................... 33 Fail-Operational Hybrid Landing System ..................... 33 FAR 1 Terminology and Definitions ............................. 21 Final Approach Fix (FAF) .............................................. 33 Final Approach Take-Off Area, (FATO), Helicopter ...... 33 Final Takeoff Speed ...................................................... 33 Flap Extended Speed ................................................... 33 Flight Control System ................................................... 34 Flight crew compartment ............................................ 33 Flight Crew Member .................................................... 33 Flight Data Monitoring, (FDM) ..................................... 34 Flight Duty Period ........................................................ 34 Flight Level ................................................................... 34 Flight Plan .................................................................... 34 Flight Simulation Training Device, (FSTD) .................... 34

Flight Time ................................................................... 34 Flight Training Device (FTD) ......................................... 35 Flight Visibility .............................................................. 35 FM Immunity ............................................................... 35 Forward Wing .............................................................. 35 Free Seating ................................................................. 35 Freight .......................................................................... 35 Full Flight Simulator (FFS) ............................................ 35

G

GBAS Landing System, (GLS) ........................................ 35 General Aviation Operation ......................................... 35 GNSS Landing System (GLS) ......................................... 35 Go Around Power or Thrust Setting ............................ 36 Ground Emergency Service Personnel, ( HEMSs /

Helicopter) .............................................................. 36 Ground Visibility .......................................................... 36 Grounding .................................................................... 36 GSAG Aviation’s Operations Manual Compliance

Statement ............................................................... 19

H

Handwritten Amendments or Revisions ...................... 67 Heads-Up Display (HUD) .............................................. 36 Heads-up guidance landing system (HUDLS) ............... 36 Helicopter .................................................................... 37 Helicopter Hoist Operation (HHO) Crew Member ....... 37 Helicopter Take-Off Decision Point .............................. 37 Helideck ....................................................................... 37 Heliport ........................................................................ 37 HEMS Crew Member ................................................... 36 HEMS Flight .................................................................. 36 HEMS Operating Base .................................................. 36 HEMS Operating Site ................................................... 37 HHO Flight .................................................................... 37 HHO Offshore .............................................................. 37 HHO Passenger ............................................................ 37 HHO Site ....................................................................... 37 Hold Over Time (HoT) .................................................. 37 Hostile Environment .................................................... 37 Hybrid Heads-up Display Landing System (Hybrid

HUDLS) .................................................................... 38

I

Idle Thrust .................................................................... 38 IFR Conditions .............................................................. 38 IFR Over-the-Top.......................................................... 38 Illustrates the Obstacle Domain. ................................. 45

GSAG Aviation




Incomplete Maintenance ............................................. 38 Indicated Airspeed ........................................................ 38 In-Flight Shutdown (IFSD) ............................................. 38 In-House Training ......................................................... 38 INMARSAT .................................................................... 39 Instrument .................................................................... 39 Instrument Approach Procedure (IAP) ......................... 39 Interstate Air Commerce .............................................. 39 Interstate Air Transportation........................................ 39 Intrastate Air Transportation ........................................ 39

L

Landing Decision Point, (LDP) ....................................... 40 Landing Distance Available (LDA) ................................. 40 Landing Gear Extended Speed ...................................... 40 Landing Gear Operating Speed ..................................... 40 Landplane ..................................................................... 40 Large Aircraft ................................................................ 40 Last Minute Change (LMC) ........................................... 40 List of Effective Pages ............................................... 4, 67 Load Factor ................................................................... 40 Long Haul Flights .......................................................... 40 Long-Range Communication System (LRCS) ................. 40 Long-range navigation system (LRNS) .......................... 40 Low Visibility Procedures (LVP) .................................... 41 Low Visibility Take-Off (LVTO) ...................................... 41 Lower than Standard Category I Operation .................. 41

M

Mach Number ............................................................... 41 Main Rotor .................................................................... 41 Maintenance Inspections ............................................. 41 Manifold Pressure ........................................................ 41 Master Minimum Equipment List (MMEL) ................... 41 Maximum Approved Passenger Seating Configuration 41 Maximum Certified Take-Off Weight, (MCTOW) ......... 41 Maximum Engine Overtorque ...................................... 41 Maximum Operational Passenger Seating Configuration,

(MOPSC) ................................................................... 42 Maximum Structural Take-Off Mass ............................. 42 Maximum Zero Fuel Mass ............................................ 42 Medical Certificate ....................................................... 42

Medical Passenger ....................................................... 42

Military Operations Area .............................................. 42 Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA) ............................... 42 Minimum Equipment List (MEL) ................................... 42

N

National Defense Airspace ........................................... 42 Navigable Airspace ....................................................... 42 Net Take-Off Flight Path ............................................... 44 Night ............................................................................. 46 Night Vision Goggles, (NVG) ......................................... 46 Night Vision Imaging System, (NVIS) ............................ 46 Non-Hostile Environment ............................................. 46 Non-Precision Approach, (NPA).................................... 47 NVIS Crew Member ...................................................... 47 NVIS Flight .................................................................... 47

O

Off-Shore Operations ................................................... 47 Operate......................................................................... 47 Operating Site ............................................................... 47 Operation in Performance Class 1 ................................ 47 Operation in Performance Class 2 ................................ 47 Operation in Performance Class 3 ................................ 47 Operational Control ...................................................... 47 Operational Flight Control System Failure ................... 47 Operational Instructions Compliance Statement ......... 19 Overseas Air Transportation ......................................... 48 Over-the-Top ................................................................ 48

P

Parts .............................................................................. 48 Passenger Classification................................................ 48 Passenger Exit Seats ..................................................... 48 passive Flight Control System Failure ........................... 48 Person ........................................................................... 48 Persons Responsible for Issuance of Amendments and

Revisions to the Operations Manual ....................... 65 Pilot Flying, (PF) ............................................................ 49 Pilot Not Flying or Pilot Monitoring, (PNF or PM) ........ 49 Pilotage ......................................................................... 48 Pilot-in-Command ........................................................ 49 Pitch Setting .................................................................. 49 Point A to Point A Flights .............................................. 49 Point A to Point B Flights .............................................. 49 Positive Control ............................................................ 49 Precision Approach Procedure ..................................... 49 Pre-Flight Briefing ......................................................... 49 Preventive Maintenance .............................................. 50 Principal Place of Business............................................ 49 Prioritization of Ramp Inspections ............................... 49 P-RNAV ......................................................................... 48

GSAG Aviation




Prohibited Area ............................................................ 50 Propeller ...................................................................... 50 Public Interest Site, (PIS) .............................................. 50

Q

Qualified Flight Crew Member ..................................... 50

R

Ramp Inspection .......................................................... 50 Rating ........................................................................... 50 Record of Amendments and Revisions with Insertion

and Effective Dates ................................................. 66 Rectification Interval .................................................... 50 Reference Landing Speed ............................................ 50 Rejected Takeoff Distance Available, (RTODAH) ......... 50 Rejected Take-Off Distance Required .......................... 50 Remote Area ................................................................ 51 Repair ........................................................................... 51 Reporting Point ............................................................ 51 Rest Period ................................................................... 51 Restricted Area ............................................................ 51 RNAV ............................................................................ 51 RNP10 / Oceanic / Remote .......................................... 51 RNP4 / Oceanic / Remote ............................................ 51 Rotorcraft ..................................................................... 51 Rotorcraft-Load Combination ...................................... 52 Route Segment ............................................................ 52 Runway Visual Range, (RVR) ........................................ 52 RVSM ........................................................................... 52

S

Safe Forced Landing ..................................................... 52 Sea Level Engine .......................................................... 52 Seaplane ...................................................................... 52 Second in Command .................................................... 52 Sectors ......................................................................... 52 Separate Runways ....................................................... 53 Show ............................................................................ 53 Small Aircraft ............................................................... 53 Special VFR Conditions................................................. 53 Special VFR Operations ................................................ 53 Stabilized Approach (SAp) ............................................ 53 Stopway ....................................................................... 53 Suitable RNAV System ................................................. 53 Synthetic Vision ........................................................... 53 Synthetic Vision System ............................................... 54 System for Annotation of Pages and Effective Dates .. 67

System of Amendment and Revision ........................... 65

T

Take-Off Alternate Airport ........................................... 54 Take-Off Decision Point, (TDP) ..................................... 54 Take-Off Distance Required Helicopters, (TODRH) ...... 54 Take-Off Flight Path ..................................................... 54 Take-Off Mass .............................................................. 54 Takeoff Power .............................................................. 54 Take-Off Run Available (TORA) .................................... 54 Takeoff Safety Speed ................................................... 54 Takeoff Thrust .............................................................. 54 Taxi Fuel ....................................................................... 55 TCAS I ........................................................................... 55 TCAS II .......................................................................... 55 TCAS III ......................................................................... 55 Technical Crew Member .............................................. 55 Technical Instructions, (TI) ........................................... 55 Temporary Revisions ................................................... 68 Time in Service ............................................................. 55 Traffic Load .................................................................. 55 Traffic Pattern .............................................................. 55 Trip Fuel ....................................................................... 55 True Airspeed ............................................................... 55 Type Rating Instructor (TRI) ......................................... 55 Typicl Net Take-Off Flight Path .................................... 44

U

Unaided NVIS Flight ..................................................... 56 Undertaking ................................................................. 56 Unforeseen Operational Circumstances ...................... 56 United States ............................................................... 56

V

V1 56 VFR Over-the-Top ........................................................ 56 Visual Approach ........................................................... 57 Visual Check ................................................................. 57

W

Warning Area ............................................................... 57 Weight-Shift-Control Aircraft ....................................... 57 Wet Lease Agreement ................................................. 57 Wet Runway ................................................................ 57 Winglet or Tip Fin ......................................................... 57

GSAG Aviation




1 general and intro

Documents

main operations base

principal base of operations

air carrier certificate

operating certificate

certificate application

general section

general page

general requirements