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Future Wireless Systems: Mobile Networks, Pervasive Computing, Testbeds, and Security

Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey

www.winlab.rutgers.edu

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Introduction: IT & Telecom Evolution (1)

PapyrusScroll(B.C.)

PaperFiles

(until ~1950)

MainframeComputing

(~1950)

PC/local area network(~1985)

GlobalInternet(~2000)

Time-sharing(~1970)

AnalogTelephone

(~1880)

DigitalTelephone

(ESS)(~1965)

Cellular Systems(~1985)

Cell PhonesEverywhere

(~2000)

Telecom

Information TechBroadband Switching

(~1990)

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Introduction: IT & Telecom Evolution (2)

GlobalInternet(~2000)

Cell PhonesEverywhere

(~2000)

Telecom

Information Tech

DigitalMedia

Convergence(2000-2010)

Internet + Telecom

The Physical World virtualized via sensors & actuators

Global Internet fordata & telecom

The Virtual World

Wireless Sensor Nets

PervasiveComputing

(2015-)

datacontrol

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Introduction: IT & Telecom Evolution (3) Some observations:

The first wave of telecom connected places/devices rather than people Cellular phones changed the paradigm to connecting people anytime-anywhere Consumers demonstrate a strong preference for cellular over wired services –

cellular long-distance call minutes now >> wired telephones The Internet connected people to the “virtual world” of information (books,

documents, tickets, money,…) Ongoing convergence of the telecom network with the Internet will provide

anytime-anywhere access to people and information the Mobile Internet

The technology challenge is that of migrating from today’s separate Internet + mobile networks (GSM, CDMA, etc.) to a unified Mobile Internet

Core technologies (high-speed radio, wireless data, VOIP, etc.) Network architectures (3G, mobile IP, 4G, …)

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Introduction: IT & Telecom Evolution (4) Observations (contd.):

The next major IT wave will be about expanding the Internet to process and manage information from the physical world (objects, events, places…)

This will facilitate tighter integration of computing and communication with people’s daily lives….

Smart environments with embedded intelligence, access to location- and context-sensitive information in real-time, increased control of the physical world

The technology challenge is that of creating sensor nets and pervasive computing environments that permit integration of physical & virtual worlds

Core technologies (sensors, embedded wireless, low-power circuits,..) Network & software architectures (ad-hoc sensor nets, pervasive systems)

Even a modest ~5% gain in physical world efficiency would result in a huge cost savings for the economy.... potential productivity impact of 100’s of B$ per year

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WINLABandFuture Wireless Networks

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Wireless Information Network Laboratory Cooperative industry-university research center at Rutgers

University, focused on wireless technology In operation since 1989, with a strong track record of research

contributions to wireless data networking Research program a mix of core R&D, focus projects and

industry collaboration ~15-20 Industry sponsors, NSF, NJCST, … ~20 faculty/staff + ~40-50 students Starting in Fall 2001, WINLAB has executed a strategic

growth plan that has significantly increased research scope/activity and taken the center into new areas such as sensor technology and ad-hoc networking…

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WINLAB Activity Model

Core Research Areas

DARPA

Projects

(e.g. Infostations)

Major NSF

Projects

(e.g. ORBIT)

Major NSF

Projects

(e.g. ORBIT)

NJCST

Project

(NJ Center for Wireless

Comm)

Focus Project(s)

with Sponsor Companies

Focus Project(s)

with Sponsor Companies

Tech Transfer Center (Planned)

Tech Reports,Sponsor meetings,Software tools,etc.

Sponsor Fees,RU & Governmentresearch funds

AdditionalProjectSupport

New system concepts, IPR, …

Pre-commercial technology

RU, NJCST..(TBD)

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WINLAB Overview: Industry Sponsors

*

*Research Partners

Aruba Networks *Panasonic

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WINLAB Prototypes: Medical Sensor with 802.11 WLAN First system-level MUSE

prototype completed 11/03 New ECG interface board CerfCube platform with 802.11b (off-

the shelf components) WINLAB drivers & networking software

Next steps Make this prototype available to

BioMed and UMDNJ collaborators Integrate with ZnO devices Continue work towards MUSE sensor

SoP/SoC with low-power 802.11b

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Future Wireless: “4G” Network Scenario

Internet (IP-based)

Infostation cache

WLANAccess Point

WLANHot-Spot

VOIP(multi-mode)

Low-tier clusters(e.g. low power 802.11 sensor)

Ad-hocnetwork

extension

Public Switched Network(PSTN)

BTS

High-speed data & VOIP

Broadband Media cluster(e.g. UWB or MIMO)

BTS

BSC

MSC

CustomMobileInfrastructure(e.g. GSM, 3G)

CDMA, GSMor 3G radio access network

Generic mobile infrastructure

Today Future

GGSN,etc.

Voice(legacy)

High-speed data & VOIP

Relay node

Increasing use of fast, low-cost short-range radiosHeterogeneous systems with multiple radio standards (3G, 4G, WLAN, UWB..)Uniform IP core networkSelf-organizing ad-hoc access networksNew broadband servicesNew embedded devices (sensors)Wide range of applications ( “pervasive computing systems”

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WINLAB Testbeds:ORBIT

Ivan Seskar

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ORBIT: Project Rationale Shared multi-user facility for stimulating experimental wireless networking research across

entire community Platform for reproducible evaluation of future wireless network protocols Facilitate large-scale wireless system experiments not feasible via simulation or case-by-

case prototyping Gain experimental experience and skills in building large scale wireless/mobile networks

with open API, etc. Progress on system emulation, modeling, measurements Research advances in future wireless network protocols via experimental projects &

collaboration…

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WINLAB Prototypes: ORBIT Testbed Open-access next-generation wireless network testbed being developed at Rutgers for NSF network

research testbeds (NRT) program Large scale “radio grid emulator” for evaluating new concepts for future wireless networks, e.g. ad-hoc

sensor nets, pervasive systems... Also, outdoor “field trial network” covering RU Busch & NB campuses for real-world application work

Mobile node(robotic control)

Static radio node

Radio link emulation

1. Radio Grid for Lab Emulation

Dual-mode Radio device

2. Field Trial Network

“Open” APIAccess Point(802.11b)

End-user devices

Ad-hoclink

3Gaccess

link

HighSpeed

Net

Firewall

MobilityServer

Wiredrouters

EmulatorMapping

“Open” API

3G BTS

Global Internet Global Internet

ns-2+ scripts &

code downloads

ResearchUser of Testbed

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ORBIT: Testbed Facilities Simulation (Cluster)

Compute facility to run simulations (NS) Extensions to ns-2 PHY modules for improved realism and cross-layer

Emulation Grid 802.11a radio nodes (~25x25 @ 1m spacing) Mapping of various “typical” wireless net scenarios Open API for complete flexibility of OS/protocol software; Linux libraries

Field Trial System Outdoor system for greater realism in protocol testing & for application

development, live demos, etc. 3G base station with IP interface ~50 open API 802.11a AP’s covering RU NB campus, some downtown areas… Mobile AP’s on buses, etc.

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ORBIT Testbed: Radio Grid

80 ft ( 20 nodes )

70

ft

( 2

0 n

od

es

)

Control switch

Data switch Application Servers

(User applications/ Delay nodes/

Mobility Controllers / Mobile Nodes)

Internet VPN Gateway / Firewall

Back-end servers

Front-endServers

Gigabit backboneVPN Gateway to Wide-Area Testbed

SA1 SA2 SAP IS1 IS2 ISQ

RF/Spectrum Measurements Interference Sources

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ORBIT Radio Node

ORBIT Radio Nodewith integrated Chassis Manager

Non-Grid Node Chassis Manager

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Experiment Patterns

WAN CommunicationMultiple Radios

Peer to peer

Multiple Access Points

Access Point WAN Retrieval

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ORBIT: Physical Facilities

•~12,000 sq ft (Grid + Lab. space + Offices)

•Rt 1 South @ Technology Center of NJ

•“Move in” Fall/Winter 2004

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ORBIT Testbed: Field Trial System

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ORBIT: UMTS Base Station Router (BSR)

Courtesy of Sanjoy Paul, Bell Labs

Lucent Technologies

Bell Labs Innovations

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Pervasive Computing

Yanyong Zhang

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Future Wireless: Pervasive Systems

Mobile Internet (IP-based)

Overlay Pervasive Network Services

Compute & StorageServers

User interfaces forinformation & control

Ad-Hoc Sensor Net A

Ad-Hoc Sensor Net B

Sensor net/IP gatewayGW

3G/4GBTS

PervasiveApplication

Agents

Relay Node

Virtualized Physical WorldObject or Event

Sensor/Actuator

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(Frictionless Capitalism)**2 Find goods and services on your PDA as you walk through town Walk into your dept store and pick up what you need (no cashier!)

“Smart” Transportation systems get routed around traffic jams in real-time receive collision avoidance feedback, augmented reality displays be guided to an open parking spot in a busy garage

Airport logistics and security Walk on to your plane (except for physical security check) Find your (lost) bags via RFID sensors Airport authorities can screen passenger flows and check for unusual patterns

Smart office or home Search for physical objects, documents, books Migrate your electronic media and documents between devices Maintain a “lifelog” that stores a history of events by location know where your co-workers and family members are

Future Wireless: Pervasive Applications

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Sensors Tiny, low-power, integrated wireless sensors (hardware) Embedded OS and networking capabilities (software)

Ad-hoc wireless networks Self-organizing sensor networks Scalable, capable of organic growth Interface to existing 3G/4G cellular and WLAN Power efficient operation

Pervasive computing software Dynamic binding of application agents and sensors Real-time orchestration of sensor net resources Robust, secure and failsafe systems

Augmented reality, new displays, robotics, control, information processing...

Future Wireless: Key Technologies for Pervasive Systems

emerging computer hardwarecategory, optimized for size/power

new type of wireless network withoutplanning or central control

fundamentally different software model- not TCP/IP Windows or Unix!!

...beyond the scope of this talk

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Pervasive Computing: Software Model Ubiquitous or pervasive computing scenarios require a

fundamentally new software model (…not TCP/IP or web!!): Large number of context-dependent sources/sensors with unknown IP address Content-driven networking (…not like TCP/IP client-server!) Distributed, collaborative computing between “sensor clusters” Varying wireless connectivity and resource levels

Pervasive/UbiquitousComputing SoftwareModel

Pervasive Computing ApplicationPervasive Computing Application

Agent 2Agent 1

Agent 3

SensorCluster A

SensorCluster B

Run-timeEnvironment(network OS)

ResourceDiscovery

Ad-hoc Routing

OS/ProcessScheduling

Overlay Network for Dynamic Agent <-> Sensor

Association

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Pervasive Computing: System Model

•••

•••

•••

•••

•••

•••

•••

<>

<>

<>

<>

<>

<>

<>

Sensors & Actuators

HierarchicalAd-Hoc Data Network

Content Network

Autonomous AgentsAffinityGroups

Courtesy of Prof. Max Ott

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Pervasive Computing: Process Orchestration Programming ad hoc control systems – Coordinated Flows

Dynamic binding of application with sensors & actuators Orchestration of computing and network resources in real-time

Campus Parking Service

Data Center

Check registration,Deduct parking fee

Allocate closest available space

Check parking space availability

Incoming Car ( check ID: Registered student/faculty/staff, guest reservation? Fee

deduction)

Look for parking space: subscribe (plate-num, car-type, IAB guest)

Look for parking space subscribe (plate-num, car-type, student)

Monitorincoming car

Monitoravailable space

Parking Center

courtesy of Prof. Manish Parashar

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Wireless Security

Wade Trappe

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What are the major wireless security risks? Easy to intercept and monitor wireless traffic!!! Weak factory-installed security! Intrusions Denial of service attacks Jamming attacks

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Drive By Hacking and War Driving

Access Port Switch

Ma

in C

orp

ora

te B

ack

bo

ne

Server

Server

Server

iPaq

Mobile Phone

Notebook

If the distance from the Access Point to the street outside is 1500 feet or less, then a Intruder could also get access – while sitting outside

Less than 1500ft *

PalmPilot

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Packet Sniffing

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Service Set Identifier (SSID) and their limits! Limits access by identifying the service area covered by the

access points. AP periodically broadcasts SSID in a beacon. End station listens to these broadcasts and chooses an AP to

associate with based upon its SSID. Use of SSID – weak form of security as beacon management

frames on 802.11 WLAN are always sent in the clear. A hacker can use analysis tools (eg. AirMagnet, Netstumbler,

AiroPeek) to identify SSID. Some vendors use default SSIDs which are pretty well known

(eg. CISCO uses tsunami)

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MAC Address Filtering

The system administrator can specify a list of MAC addresses that can communicate through an access point. Advantage :

Provides a little stronger security than SSIDDisadvantages :

Increases Administrative overhead Reduces Scalability Determined hackers can still break it

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Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) Designed to provide confidentiality to a wireless network similar to that of

standard LANs. WEP is essentially the RC4 symmetric key cryptographic algorithm (same key

for encrypting and decrypting). Transmitting station concatenates 40 bit key with a 24 bit Initialization Vector

(IV) to produce pseudorandom key stream. WEP has been broken! Walker (Oct 2000), Borisov et. al. (Jan 2001), Fluhrer-

Mantin -Shamir (Aug 2001). Unsafe at any key size : Testing reveals WEP encapsulation remains insecure

whether its key length is 1 bit or 1000 or any other size.

Message CRC

RC4(v,K)

Ciphertextv Transmit

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Jamming (Denial of Service) Broadcast radio signals at the

same frequency as the wireless Ethernet transmitters - 2.4 GHz for 802.11b/g!

To jam, you just need to broadcast a radio signal at the same frequency but at a higher power.

Waveform Generators and the Microwave Oven!

Yes, heating up your lunch aggravates your system administrator!

What can one do? WINLAB’s solution, from Sun

Tze’s Art of War: “He who can’t defeat his enemy should retreat!”

Answers: Change your channel allocation Move your location!

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Where to go from here? The future of communications is wireless! New Jersey has a proud history of innovation in wireless. Collaboration between university, government and industry will keep

NJ as a leader in wireless!

ResearchIdeas

CoreFocusAreas

CollaborationWith Industry and

GovernmentAdds Understanding

Result: Synthesize aStatewide

Portfolio of Innovations