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Electrical Era


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1938 - 44

1938 -- Hewlett-Packard is formed,planting seeds of the "Silicon Valley"

1940 -- George Stibitz at Bell Labs invents

what many consider to be the first digitalcomputer.

1940 -- The computer terminal is invented

1944 -- Turing and colleagues build"Collossus" -- a programmable computer


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1944 - 49

1946 -- Binac, the first computer to operate inreal time, rather than using punch cards, isinvented.

1944 IMB Mark I is created. 1946 -- ENIAC, 8 by 100 feet and 80 tons is

built for the University of Pennsylvania. It isphenominally slower than today's computers.


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America Enters the War (War Dept problems)

Howard Aiken, and IBM:

Mark I: Electromechanicaldigital computer.

J. Presper Eckert & John Mauchly ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator & Computer

Patented as 1st electronic,

general-purpose computer in 1946.

Patent later voided.

Ready afterthe war.

Limitations ... ?

Vacuum tubes

Relay


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Univac VACUUM TUBE

BOARD

Punched cards (from Univac)


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The Stored Program

Program : a sequence of instructions for thecomputer to follow Also called software

Hardware : the chips, wires, switches, etc. onwhich the software instructions are executed

Primitive example: the Jacquard Loom The loom was the hardware

The weaving pattern cards was the software The program was stored on punched cards


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The Stored-Program Computer

John von Neumann (1903-1957)

joined ENIAC toward end

What he saw in the device (his "reading"):"First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC"(1945)


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British Efforts


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Manchester Mark I (1948)


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Manchester Mark I (1948)

Freddy Williams and Tom Kilburn

Developed an electrostatic memory

Prototype operational June 21, 1948 and machine toexecute a stored program

Memory: 32 words of 32 bits each

Storage: single Williams tube (CRT) Fully operational: October 1949

Ferranti Mark I delivered in February 1951


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The MARK 1 Computer

The MARK 1computer

The MARK series of computers were designed at Havard university

by Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper, the MARK 1 computer beingcompleted in 1944.

Wieghing 5 tons, it almost contained 760,000 seperate parts and took

about 3-5 seconds to complete a multiplication problem. It could also

calculate division, subtraction and addition. All output was on an

electric typewriter, and input was by pre-punched paper tape.

It was used by the US navy for gunnery and ballistic calculations,

and was in operation until 1959. It contained 500 miles of wire!

7


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1948 - 1956

1948 -- William Shockley and associatesinvent the Transistor at Bell Laboratories.

1953 - 1956 -- RCA develops Bizmac withiron core memory.


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EDSAC

Maurice Wilkes, University MathematicalLaboratory, Cambridge University

Moore School Lectures

Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator,EDSAC operationalMay, 1949

J. Lyons Company and the LEO, LyonsElectronic Office, operational fall 1951


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EDSAC, Cambridge University, 1949


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UNIVAC - 1951

First commerciallyavailable computer

sold to census bureau "a big pocket

calculator"

until 1970 was

standard computer,but very expensive


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1958

Seymour Cray builds the first fullytransistorized supercomputer for ControlData Corp.

Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments createsthe first integrated circuit.


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1960's

COBOL runs on several computers.

1960 -- Digital Equipmnet introduces the $120,000minicomputer (with monitor and keyboard)

1961 -- IBM creates the Stretch computer. It is thefirst to use eight-bit bytes.

1962 -- H. Ross Perot founds Electronic DataSystems (EDS).

1964 -- Tom Kurtz and John Kemeny invent a simplelanguage, BASIC.

1968 -- Gordon Moore, Robert Noyce found Intel.

1969 -- Intel's rival AMD is founded


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Other notes about the 60's

1960 -- Ted Nelson starts the Xanadu Project,proposing hypertext.

1960 -- Douglas Englebart invents the mouse.

1968 -- Douglas Englebart demonstrates asystem using a keyboard, keypad, mouse, andwindows. He uses a word processr, hypertextstystem, and remote connectivity.

1968 -- RAM is invented


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An early computer - 1961

Was a veryslowcomputer by modernstandards. It took:

2 seconds to add orsubtract 2 numbers

5 seconds to multiplytwo numbers

15 seconds to divide two

numbers.

It utilized a tape readerto work and giveresults.


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An early computer - 1969

General ElectricComputer

Terminal withpunch tape device,1969.

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