1 drilling rig
TRANSCRIPT
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RudarskoRudarsko--geologeološškoko --naftni fakultetnaftni fakultet
DRILLING TECHNIQUEDRILLING TECHNIQUE
Prof. dr. Davorin MatanovićProf. dr. Davorin Matanović
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Drilling rig
• The purpose of drilling rig is-to
enable drilling the hole.
•The difference to stationary
facilities is that such rigs aremobile, because they have to
be moved frequently.
•That requirement can not limitthe ability of the rig to drill
desired hole.
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Drilling rigCROWN BLOCK
WIRE ROPE
TRAVELING BLOCK
HOOK
SWIVEL
ROTARY TABLE
DRAWWORK AND
BRAKES
MUD PUMP
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Drilling rig
• The hole is a “mining object” that has minor diameter compared to the
length.
•It serves as the conduit for hydrocarbons from the layer to the surface.
•Drilling of the hole is accomplished by:
- connecting the bit and drill string,- adding the pipes as the bit progresses,
- work of bit or crown at the bottom of the hole (drilling), along
with circulating mud to take out drilled particles
- withdrawing the drill string (e.g. to change worn bit).
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1. Bit
2. Sub: bit – drill collar 3. Drill collars
4. Drill pipes
5. Sub: drill pipe - kelly
6. Kelly7. Preventer stuck
8. Rotary hose
9. Swivel
10. Rotary table11. Draw work
12. Power engines and transmission
13. Mud pumps
14. Mud tanks
15. Hook and traveling block16. Mast/derrick
17. Wire rope/drilling line
18. Crown block
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Drilling rig
• To drill the hole it is necessary to:
- rotate the bit or crown,
- put weight on bit,- remove drilled formation from the bottom of the
hole, to enable bit contact with clean surface of intact
formation.
• Drilling is unique mechanical and hydraulically processthat defines drilling rig construction and energy
transmission.
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Bit rotation
• There are three ways to rotate
the bit:
- with rotary table,- top drive and
- down hole motor.
•When rotation is generated
from the surface, all drill pipes
and drill collars with the bit arerotated:
• by the use of rotary table
(needs kelly),
• or by top drive (no kelly).
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Weight on the bit
• To penetrate with destructing
elements of the bit, certain
amount of the weight must beobtained on the bit.
•The weight is achieved by the
use of the weight of the part of drill collar, and the rest of the
weight of the bit, drill pipes,
kelly, swivel, traveling block
and hook are suspended onthe drill line and the draw work
through friction effect of the
brake.
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Removing parts of drilled formation
from the bottom of the hole• When bit rotates and is
weighted with certain axial force
his teeth or inserts crush or cutthe rock.
•Formation cuttings have to be
removed from the bottom holeimmediately.
•That enables bit contact with
intact rock and prevents pipestacking.
•That is the third component that
completes the term drilling in
basic sense.
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Derrick (mast)
•Derrick is trussed steel construction, that
serves as a carrying structure while drilling.
• Sheave blocks suspended on the drilling line
in such structure, carry drill stem during
drilling process or maneuver.
•A standard derrick is a structure with four
supporting legs situated on the picks of the
square supporting base.
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Derrick (mast)
•There are two different ways of
installing the derrick on the workingplace (location):
- first is to assembly the derrick of the segments in stand up position,
- second is to assembly thesegments when laying on the ground
and that erect the mast by the use of
own draw work and transmission.
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• Substructure supports full
derrick load, rotary table load,and the load of the drill stem that
can be suspended in the hole by
the slips, on the hook, or rests ifinger.
•When lowering casing in the hole
special spider serves toaccommodate pipes of large
diameter.
• Working floor also
accommodates draw work, rotary
table, control panels and auxiliary
equipment.
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Power• On a diesel electric rig diesel
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Power
transmission
• On a diesel-electric rig, diesel
engines, which on land rigs are located
at ground level, away from the rig floor,
drive electric generators.
• Produced electricity is sent through
cables to electric switch and control
station.
• Thereof, through additional cables
electricity goes to electric motors that
are attached directly to the drive shaftof the user; mud pumps, draw work,
rotary table .
• Main advantage of such energy
transmission is in avoiding complicated
mechanical compound, that needs
precise aligning.
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Pipe manipulation system – Hoisting
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Pipe manipulation system – Hoisting
system
•Draw work is a huge piece of
machinery that consists of adrum with spooled wire rope,
additional drum called cathead
spool with catheads on either end.
• To facilitate speed anddirection change, several other
shafts, clutches, chain-and-gear
drives are used.
Pipe manipulation system – Hoisting
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Pipe manipulation system – Hoisting
system
•Two main purposes of the
drawworks are:
• to lift pipes out of the hole,
and
• to lower the pipes back in the
hole.
•Work of hoisting system is done
by spooling (wrapping) wire rope
on the drum.
•When lowering, the gravitation is
used to initiate pipe movement.
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Drawworks - Catheads
• Another feature of the drawworks
is achieved through cat shafts and
catheads.
•The makeup or spinning, cathead
on driller’s side is used to spinand tighten drill pipe joints.
•The other on opposite side –breakout cathead is used to
loosen the drill pipe when pulled
from the hole
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Bl k
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Blocks
• The traveling block, crown block, and
drilling line are the three components are
essential in pipe manipulation.
• Their function is to support the load of
pipe in the derrick or mast as it is lowered
into or withdrawn from the hole.
• During drilling operations, this loadconsists of the hook, swivel, kelly, drill pipe,
drill collars, and a bit attached to the bottom
of the drill collars.
• During cementing operations, a string of
special pipe called casing, often a heavier
load than the drill pipe and collars, has to
be lowered into the hole and cemented.DRUM
BRAKE
FASTLINE
CROWN
BLOCK
DEADLINE
TRAVELINGBLOCK
WIREROPE
α
Blocks and drilling
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Blocks and drilling
line• Three main parts of the
system are:•traveling block
•crown block, and
•drilling line
• The purpose of the system is
to accept all pipe loadssuspended on hook and
transfer them to the drawworks.
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Drilling line – wire rope
• One end of the rope is
suspended in the brake crest.
•The other end is fixed in the
dead line anchor
Blocks
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Blocks
• Large pulleys or sheaves mounted
on a framework through which thedrilling line is fitted are up to 1,32 m
(52”) in diameter, and their axes up
to 0,3048 m (1ft).
•Number of sheaves in traveling
block is always for one sheave les
than in crown block (dead linesheave).
Blocks
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oc s
•The hook is suspended on the
traveling block.
-Hook can be an integral part of the
traveling block or can be hung on
the bail.
-Bail is also used to hung up the
swivel on the hook.
-On both sides of the hook are two
additional bails that bear elevator,
that serves in pipe manipulation.
The rotating
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gequipment
• The rotating equipment from topto bottom consists of the:1. swivel,
2. the kelly,3. the rotary table,4. the drill stem and5. the bit.
The rotating
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gequipment
• The drill stem is the assembly of equipment between the swiveland the bit; including the:- kelly,- drill pipe, and- drill collars.
• The term drill string simply refers
to the drill pipe and drill collars;however, in the oil patch drill string is often used to mean the
whole works.
Swivel
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Swivel
• A swivel is a remarkablemechanical device.
• It is attached to thetraveling block by a largebail .
• The swivel has three main
functions:1. it supports the weight of the drill
stem;2. it allows the drill stem to rotate;
and3. it provides a pressure-tight seal
and passageway for the drillingmud to be pumped down theinside of the drill stem.
Swivel
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Swivel
• The drilling fluid is underextreme pressure -
sometimes exceeding 21 MPa(3,000 pounds per squareinch (psi)).
• The fluid comes in through
the gooseneck , a curved pipethat connects the swivel to ahose carrying the drilling fluidfrom the mud pump.
• The fluid then passes throughthe washpipe , a vertical tubein the center of the swivelbody, and into the kelly and
drill string.
Kelly and Rotary Table
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Kelly and Rotary Table
• The kelly is a three-, four-, orsix-sided length of pipe, about12,19 m (40 feet) long, that is
the upper part of the drill stem. – It serves as a passageway for thedrilling fluid on its way into the holeand transmits the rotary movement
to the drill pipe and bit.
K ll d R t T bl
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Kelly and Rotary Table
• The kelly's upper end isconnected to the swivel,
and its lower end isconnected to the drillpipe.
• The drill pipe screws ontoa device called a kelly saver sub , or a saver sub .
• The sub is a short,
connecting fitting thatscrews onto the bottomof the kelly.
K ll d R t T bl
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Kelly and Rotary Table
• The kelly fits into acorresponding square or
hexagonal opening in adevice called a kelly, ordrive, bushing . – The kelly bushing fits into a
part of the rotary tablecalled the master, orrotary, bushng .
– As the master bushing
rotates, the kelly rotates;and as the kelly rotates,the drill string and bitrotate.
K ll d R t T bl
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Kelly and Rotary Table
• The bottom threads onthe sub are temporarily
joined with threads onthe top of each length of drill pipe that is added tothe stem.
• The sub saves wear onthe threads of the kelly;when the threads of the
sub become worn, thesub is replaced orrethreaded.
Uppe kell cock
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Upper kelly cock
• An upper kelly cock is a specialvalve that can often be
recognized as a bulge on theupper part of the kelly. – The kelly cock can be closed to
shut off well pressure coming upfrom inside the drill stem.
– Most kelly cocks require a specialwrench to operate the closing
valve, and the driller should makesure that the kelly cock wrench iskept in one place and that every
crew member knows where tofind it.
Lower kelly cock
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Lower kelly cock
• A lower kelly cock (also called a drill pipe safety valve or a drill stem
valve ) is usually made up betweenthe lower end of the kelly and the top joint of drill pipe.
– When the kelly is pulled up high abovethe rotary table, as it usually is when a joint of pipe is being added to the drillstem (i.e., when a connection is being
made), the upper kelly cock cannot bereached easily should it be necessary toclose in the drill stem.
– However, the lower kelly cock is readilyaccessible when the kelly is raised.
Rotary table
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Rotary table
• Rotary drilling derives its name
from the rotary table. – The rotary table is powered by the
compound or by its own electricmotor.
– The rotary table also accommodatesthe slips - a tapered device lined withstrong, teeth like gripping elementsthat hold the pipe suspended in the
hole when the kelly is disconnected.
Rotary table
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Rotary table
– The rotary table alsoaccommodates the slips - a tapered device lined withstrong, teeth like grippingelements that hold the pipesuspended in the holewhen the kelly isdisconnected.
Drill String• The drill string is made
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Drill Stringe d st g s adeup of the drill pipe andspecial, heavy-walledpipe called drill collars. – Each length of drill pipe is
about 9,14 m (30 feet)long and is called a jointof pipe.
– Each end of each joint isthreaded.
– The end of the joint withthe interior threads isknown as the box , andthe end of the joint withthe exterior threads is
called a pin .
Drill String
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Drill String
– When pipe is made up(joined together), the pin is
stabbed into the box and theconnection is tightened.
– The threaded ends of the
pipe are called tool jointsand are actually separateparts that are welded ontothe outside of the drill pipe
body by the manufacturerwho cuts the threads toindustry specifications.
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Bits
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• Two main types of bits have beendeveloped through the years for more
efficient drilling. – Roller cone , or rock bits have cone-shaped
steel devices called cones that are free to
turn as the bit rotates. – Most bits have three cones, although
some have two and some have four.
– Bit manufacturers either cut teeth out of the cones or insert very hard tungstencarbide buttons into the cones.
Bits
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• The teeth are responsiblefor actually cutting or
gouging out the formationas the bit is rotated. – All bits have passages drilled
through them to permitdrilling fluid to exit.
– Most bits have nozzles that
direct a high-velocity streamor jet of drilling fluid to thesides and bottom of eachcone so that rock cuttings are
swept out of the way as thebit drills.
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Polycrystalline
di d bit
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diamond bits
• PDC bit cutting elementshave polycrystalline diamond
cutter with transitional layer for strike absorption.
• They are embedded in bitbody and some
manufacturers make theminterchangeable.
• Are produced with steel
bodies or with impregnatedmatrix.
• PDC bits haveinterchangeable jet nozzlesmade of tungsten carbide.
Circulating System
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Circulating System
• One of the essentials of rotary
drilling is a circulating system. – For the rotary drilling system tofunction, fluid must be circulateddownward through the drill stem,around the bit, and upward in theannular space between the drill stemand the wall of the hole or the
casing. borehole.
Circulating System
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Circulating System
• The principal purposes of circulation
fluid are to:1. clean the bottom of the hole;
2. cool the bit;
3. flush cuttings from the hole;
4. support the walls of the well so that they do
not cave in; and5. prevent the entry of formation fluid into the
borehole.
Drilling Fluid
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Drilling Fluid
• The circulation fluid is usually a liquid
but can also be air or gas. (Remember,a fluid can be either a liquid or gas.)
– If the circulating, or drilling, fluid is a liquid,
it is made up mostly of water, althoughoccasionally oil is the major component.
– Both types of drilling fluids are called muds,or drilling muds, because that is what theyappear to be.
Drilling Fluid
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Drilling Fluid
• Nevertheless, some drilling muds are quite abit more than just muds; literally scores of
special chemical additives and weightingmaterials are put into them in order to achievetheir purpose with the greatest efficiency.
– Special clays are used to give body to the mud, andbarite -a heavy mineral- is added to increase thedensity of the mud.
– Chemicals are used to control the thickness, orviscosity, of the mud and to improve the ability of the solid particles in the mud to deposit a layer, orcake, on the wall of the hole.
Drilling Fluid
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Drilling Fluid
• In perhaps 1 percent of all oilwells drilled,compressed air or natural gas is used as thecirculating fluid instead of mud.
– Conditions are usually such that air drilling,although a very efficient drilling method, cannot beused.
– Circulating with a liquid is less efficient but offersthe advantages of hydraulic lift (such as its ability
to lift cuttings made by the bit), pressure buildupas depth increases, and so on.
Mud Tanks and Pumps
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Mud Tanks and Pumps• The mud is mixed in the
mud tanks (often calledmud pits) with the helpof a mud hopper intowhich most of the dryingredients for the mud
are poured. (It is veryimportant to note thatsome dry ingredients,
especially one calledcaustic, should never beadded to the mud
through the hopper.
Mud Tanks and Pumps
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Mud Tanks and Pumps• The hopper works in such a
way that it often throwsout a little of the
ingredients being added toit. Since caustic is just that-caustic- one can easily
receive a severe burn fromsuch ejected particles.)
– The tanks contain agitators
(paddle like projections) and jets that mix the mud.
– The mud is mixed with eitheroil or water, depending onthe mud properties needed.
Mud• The mud pump is the
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Pumpsprimary component of anyfluid-circulating system. – Pumps are either powered by
electric motors attacheddirectly to them, or driven bythe compound.
– The pumps for rotary drilling
rigs have high ratings andare capable of moving largevolumes of fluid at very highpressures.
– When circulating with air orgas, the pump is replaced bycompressors, and mud tanks
are not required.
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The Mud Cycle
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• The rotary hose isconnected to the swivel.
– The mud enters the swivel ,flows down through the kelly ,drill pipe and drill collars , and
exits at the bit . – It then does a sharp U-turnand heads back up the holethrough the annulus , a space
between the outside of thedrill string and wall of thehole.
The Mud Cycle
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• Finally, the mud leaves thehole through a steel pipe or
trough, called the mud return line , and falls over avibrating, screen like device
called the shale shaker . – The shaker screens out the
cuttings and dumps them into
a reserve pit . – The mud then drains back into the mud tanks and isrecycled back down the hole
by the mud pump.
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• If fine silt or sand is beingdrilled, devices calleddesilters and desanders aremounted on the mud pits toremove these very small
particles. – Recirculating silt and sand
back down the hole makes the
mud heavier than desired andmight erode the drill string andother components.
Mud-Gas Separator
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p
• A mud-gas separator isan essential item of rig
equipment for handling agas kick. – The mud-gas separator
saves the usable mudcoming out of the wellwhile a kick is beingcirculated out and
separates the flammablegas so it can be burned ata safe distance from the
rig.
Mud-Gas Separator
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• Most mud-gas separators are made of a length of large-diameter pipe.
– Interior baffles are used to slow down the mud-gasstream, and a gooseneck arrangement at the bottompermits the mud to flow to the shaker tank whilemaintaining a fluid head to hold the gas at the top.
– The gas vent pipe at the top permits the gas to be flaredwithout too much back-pressure on the mud.
• And, if a formation containing small amountsof gas is encountered, a degasser is often
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employed to remove the gas from the mudbefore it is recirculated into the hole.
– Mud containing gas (gas-cut mud) should not be
recirculated because it decreases the density of themud, which could lead to a blowout.
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Well Control Equipment
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• Fluid (either liquid or gas)erupts from the well, usually
with great force, and oftenignites into a roaring inferno,especially if the fluid is gas.
– The trouble arises when thepressure in the formation ishigher than that in the well.
– The pressure in the well ismaintained by the type andamount of drilling fluid beingcirculated through it.
Well Control Equipment
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• Ordinarily, the drilling mud prevents the formationfluid from getting into the borehole and blowingout, but under certain conditions fluid sometimesenters the hole and causes difficulties. – The well kicks-that is, formation fluid enters the hole,
and some of the drilling mud is forced from the hole. – If the crew does not take prompt and proper action at
the first indications of a kick, then eventually all of the
mud could be spewed out of the hole, allowing theformation fluid to flow uncontrolled to the surface.
– The result is a blowout .
Blowout Preventers
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• Blowout preventers (BOPs),in conjunction with otherequipment and techniques,
are used to close the well inand allow the crew to controla kick before it becomes a
blowout. – The two basic types of
blowout preventers on a
drilling rig are annular preventers and ram preventers .
Blowout Preventers
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• An annular preventer has
a rubber sealing element that, when activated,closes tightly around the
kelly, drill pipe, or drillcollars; or, if no part of the drill stem is in the
hole, it closes on the open hole .
Blowout Preventers
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• Ram preventers consist of large, steel valves (the rams )that have sealing elements.
– One type of ram preventer iscalled a pipe ram because itcloses on the drill pipe and is
not able to affect a seal on anopen hole.
– Blind-ram preventers are usedto close an open hole.
– Shear rams , used mostly inoffshore drilling, cut the drillpipe completely, thus sealing
the hole.
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Accumulator
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“Koomey”• Blowout preventers are
opened and closed byhydraulic fluid, which isstored under pressure in a
device called an accumulator – Several bottle-shaped or ball-shaped containers are located
on the operating unit, andhydraulic fluid is stored inthese containers.
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Choke Manifold
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• When a kick is incurred, closing in the well
with one or more of the blowoutpreventers is only the first step that mustbe taken.
– In order to resume drilling, the kick must becirculated out, and mud of the proper weightmust be circulated in (i.e., the well must be
killed , or brought under control). – Therefore, a series of valves called the choke
manifold is installed as part of the system.
ChokeManifold
• The chokemanifold is
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connected to theblowoutpreventer stack
with a choke line . – When the well is
closed in with the
blowoutpreventers, themud and intrudedformation fluid
are circulated outthe choke lineand through thechoke manifold.
• A choke is simply avalve. Choke
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– There are adjustablechokes and fixedchokes.
– An adjustable choke isoperated pneumaticallyor hydraulically and
has an opening that iscapable of beingrestricted or pinchedin; it may be infinitelyvariable in sizebetween full open andclosed.
Choke – A fixed choke has a
flow restriction of
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permanent size. – In either case, the idea
is that the well can becirculated "through thechoke" and adequate
back-pressure held onthe well to prevent thefurther entry of
formation fluids whilewell-killing proceduresare being carried out.
Auxiliaries
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• In addition to the major assemblies of equipment that make up a drilling rig, a
great number of minor pieces of equipment are necessary to carry on thework. – Some of these auxiliaries are:
• generators,
• air compressors,• mud storage facilities, and
• various instruments.
Electricity Generators
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• Modern rotary rigs are provided with alternating-current generators, nearly always diesel powered.
– Most of these generators have capacities of 50 to 100kilowatts, although larger units are sometimes installed.
– They have enough capacity to carry the main power load
of the rig-excluding hoisting, pumping, and rotating-usingonly one unit.
– Alternating-current electricity is used for rig lighting, shale
shaker motors, mud pit agitators, centrifugal pumps, rig instruments, engine-cooling fans, and air conditioning forthe bunkhouses furnished on many large rigs.
Air Compressors
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• On mechanical rigs, a small compressor is usuallymounted on the engine compound to supply air for
the pneumatic controls and clutches. – The compressor has a volume tank to allow reserve
storage of compressed air.
– Diesel-electric rigs usually have an electrically poweredcompressor to furnish high-pressure air to pneumaticcontrols and for other purposes, including starting the
main engines and operating the air-powered hoists, airslips, air pumps on the BOP-operating equipment, waterwells, air-operated tools, and the like.
Mud Storage Facility
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• A complete mud system for a heavy-dutydrilling rig usually includes not only settling
tanks, or pits, but suction tanks, or pits, towhich the pump is connected.
– It also frequently includes a reserve or waste pitwhere surplus mud and cuttings are accumulatedas drilling progresses.
– Some form of storage for the dry and liquid mudmaterials that are to be added as the drillingprogresses is found on most rigs.
Mud Storage Facility
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• Dry mud storage bins, an oil tank, andcentrifugal pumps for mud mixing arenecessary for the circulating system. – If a rig is in a remote location, adequate storage
for the dry components of the drilling mud is
especially desirable so that the mud may betreated readily without waiting for a mud companyto deliver a supply from its warehouse.
– Sacked mud materials and chemicals are usuallystored under cover for protection from severeweather.
Drilling Instruments
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• An instrumentation system is akey part of almost all rigs today. – It may be no more than one simple
weight indicator , or it may include agreat variety of things such as a
mud level recorder , a mud density recorder , torque indicators and recorders , and logging devices tokeep a continuous graphic record of work being done on the rig,particularly the depth being drilled.
Drilling Instruments
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• Figure shows the instrumentsplaced at the driller's position
for observing drill stemweight, mud pit level, pumppressure, rotary speed, tong-
line pull, and other variables. – A mud logging unit, generally
supplied by a contracting
service company, may be usedto keep track of any indicationsof oil and gas brought up in thecirculating fluid.
Other Facilities
ll l ll l d h f l f l
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• Drilling rigs also generally include such facilities as fuel storage installations ; a change house (a place for rigworkers to change from their work clothes to streetclothes); a doghouse (a small structure on the rigfloor that serves as an office for the driller and as astorage place for small tools); a tool house (a place tostore spare parts for the pumps and otherequipment); and other facilities. Rigs located inremote areas frequently have a bunkhouse where the
rig crews live while on duty. – Sometimes, the tool pusher is provided with a trailer that serves as an
office with a telephone and radio for communication with the head officeand as his living quarters while on duty.
Other Facilities
Off h i id d ith l i t
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• Offshore rigs are provided with sleeping quarters,mess facilities, electric power, water supply, andsewage facilities, as well as storage for enough drymud, chemicals, cement, oil, and other supplies tooperate the rig for many days. – Most large rigs are equipped to continuously transmit
operation data by radio to the company headquarters.
– Good rig housekeeping requires that there be a place foreverything while drilling is underway.
– Pipe racks and casing racks are standard items used fortemporary storage.
– Provisions are made for moving and storing hand tools used
in rig maintenance.
The Crew
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• Although not a component of the rig assuch, the crew is a very important part of
the rig. Without the individuals in thecrew, the equipment for rotary drilling
would be worthless.• Crews may consist of four, five, six, or
more individuals, depending on the sizeand service rating of the rig itself.
The Crew
Th t l h l ll d i i
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• The tool pusher also called rig manager – isthe man in charge. – His experience includes years of work on a drilling
rig as a crewman and driller;
– He has expert knowledge of well drilling, rigmachinery, tools and equipment.
– He directs the actual operation of the drilling rigand the work performed by the drilling crew,authorizes the employment of the crew and
coordinates the affairs of the operating companyand drilling contractor.
The Crew
Th d ill i i h f
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• The driller is in charge of drilling; he operates the
drilling machinery. – He is under the direct
supervision of the tool pusher
and is the overall supervisorof the floor men.
– The driller gives the actual
instructions concerning work on the rig to the other five orsix crew members.
The Crew
The derrick man works on the
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• The derrick man works on themonkey board, a small platformlocated up in the derrick at alevel even with the upper end of a stand of drill pipe. – When the pipe is being tripped in
or out, he handles the upper endof the pipe, guiding it to and fromthe finger.
– When drilling is going on he isresponsible for maintaining thedrilling fluid or repairing thepumps and other circulating
equipment.
• The motorman is responsiblefor the engines, fuel, andauxiliaries.
• Electrician maintains and
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The Crew
• Electrician maintains andrepairs the electrical generatingand distribution system on the
rig.• The floor man ; rotary helper or
roughneck, is responsible for
handling the lower end of thedrill pipe when it is beingtripped in or out of the hole,
handle the tongs, maintainequipment, keep it clean andpainted, and keep the rig in
general repair.