1 destruction of the twin towers. 2 problem with nist report describes what they claim happened up...

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Destructionof the Twin Towers

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Problem with NIST Report• Describes what they claim happened up

until the beginning of “collapse,” which then proceeded in a gravity-driven “pile-driver” process (as opposed to the “pancaking” FEMA postulated)

• Analyzing the destruction of the building wasn’t part of their assignment

• THE PROBLEM is that the destruction displayed too many features inconsistent with a gravity-driven model.

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WTC 1-2 Destruction Features

Massive 1000’ structure of cross-braced thick steel columns were dismembered (North tower section survived only temporarily)

Core Obliteration

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3-column-3-floor assemblies connected by welded/bolted spandrel plates

Perimeter Columns

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PerimeterShredding

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Concrete was pulverized before it hit the ground, as destruction progressed

Concrete Pulverization

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Both towers exhibited this mushrooming effect, expanding to many times the size of the tower

Explosive Mushrooming

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Large pieces of the structures were thrown horizontally long distances at relatively high velocities

LateralEjection

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Dust and debris are ejected before fall -- South tower top is only tipping

Early ejections

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Ejections of dust far below destruction -- pressure might be distributed that far down due to pile-driver compression, but where does the dust come from?

Squibs

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Equal-time frames, angle changes from 1 to 2, not from 2 to 3, cessation of rotation violates conservation of angular momentum, unless mass is being destroyed

Destruction Above Impact Zone

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• Many different versions– some (even 9/11 Commission) claiming 10 secs– Jim Hoffman’s video timeline indicates 15 secs

http://911research.wtc7.net/wtc/evidence/timeline/videos.html

• Free-fall ~ 10 seconds• Even 15 too fast for overcoming obstacles at each story:

– destruction of the structural integrity– pulverization of the concrete in the floor slabs, and other non-

metallic objects– acceleration of the remains outward or downward.

Speed of Fall

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Dust reached ground 10 seconds after start

Core “spire” still standing, fell at 29 seconds

Cloud has reached out 700’

Speed: 700/20 = 35 feet/sec = 24 mph

Expanding Dust Clouds

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Long-lived Molten Steel

Hey, let’s forget about the molten steel for a minute -- just like NIST did -- and . . .


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Let’s get technical !

1. for NIST’s “pile driver” to cause collapse?

2. to expand the large, fast dust clouds?

3. to throw heavy beams fast and far?

Was there ENOUGH ENERGY available

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Forces and Momentum

Momentum Transfer Analysis of the Collapse of the Upper Storeys of WTC 1

Dr. Gordon Ross, June 2006http://www.journalof911studies.com/articles/Journal_5_PTransferRoss.pdf

http://www.journalof911studies.com/articles/Journal_5_PTransferRoss.pdf

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Forces and Momentum

Previous momentum analyses treated floors as individual items hanging in space, instead of being interconnected, with forces moving and distributing through the structure below.

Basic idea

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Forces and Momentum

1. Elastic phase -- load increases to failure load, at which point column is shortened 0.2% of its length; can recover (“bounce”)

2. Shortening phase -- failure load then shortens column, up to 3% of its length

3. Buckling phase -- buckling points appear, much less force needed to continue

4. Speed of propagation wave: 4500 m/sec

Compression of Steel ColumnsWhat you need to know about . . .

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Forces and Momentum

• Top 16 stories of North Tower (as a chunk) free-falls through a “disappeared” story

• Hits at 8.5 m/sec• At that speed, it takes .013 sec to shorten

next story by 3% (to commence buckling)• .013 sec is time for force to propagate

~60m, or 16 stories down, so all these are “moving” and thus have momentum

What happens 1

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Forces and (conserved) Momentum

• Now 16+1 stories falling, cuts speed from 8.5 to 8 m/sec . . . BUT

• The 16 stories below are also moving slightly, and their combined momentum slows the top chunk to about 5 m/sec

• This gives additional time for the propagation wave to involve additional floors

What happens 2

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Forces and Momentum

... and after many detailed calculations of kinetic and potential energy, elastic and plastic strain energy, and concrete pulverization energy...

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Forces and Momentum

Energy Summary

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Forces and Momentum

• Initial drop -- Assumption of unimpeded drop is unrealistically favorable to continued collapse

• Elastic springback -- robs some kinetic energy• Ejections -- mass is lost by material thrown

outside the tower perimeter, and energy required to move that mass outward

• The “chunk” -- energy also absorbed by damage sustained by lighter columns in “chunk”

• Other damage -- energy needed to sever floor/column connections and destroy other structural elements and floor contents

But that’s an underestimate

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Forces and Momentum

The energy balance of the collapse moves into deficit during the plastic shortening phase of the first impacted columns showing that there would be insufficient energy available from the released potential energy of the upper section to satisfy all of the energy demands of the collision. The analysis shows that despite the assumptions made in favor of collapse continuation, vertical movement of the falling section would be arrested prior to completion of the 3% shortening phase of the impacted columns, and within 0.02 seconds after impact.

Conclusion

i.e., Collapse stops after 1 floor drop

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2. Dust Cloud Expansion

The North Tower's Dust Cloud:

Analysis of Energy Requirements for the Expansion of the Dust Cloud Following the

Collapse of 1 World Trade Center

Jim Hoffman, January 2004 (v. 3.1)http://911research.wtc7.net/papers/dustvolume/volumev3_1.html

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Dust Cloud Expansion

But before we get into the expansion of the dust cloud,

what about all that dust?

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• Concrete in tower: 90,000 tons• Pulverize concrete to ~2mm size: 1.5KWh/ton

http://www.b-i-m.de/public/ibac/mueller.htm

• Energy to pulverize to 2mm: 135,000 KWh• But energy to pulverize inversely proportional to sqrt

of particle diameter, dust 0.06 mm (or less)http://www.911-strike.com/powder.htm

• Sqrt 2 = 1.4, sqrt .06 = .24 --- factor of 6• So dust creation requires ~ 6x135,000=800,000 Kwh

Pulverization Energy

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• Somewhere between 135,000 and 800,000 KWh needed

• FEMA’s report: Tower 1 construction stored more than 111,000 KWh potential energy

• So not enough energy to pulverize concrete not as fine as observed, much less distribute it in fast-moving large clouds

• But forget that. There’s more ....

Pulverization Energy

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The amount of thermal energy needed to expand the North Tower dust cloud as observed 30 seconds after collapse is far greater than the gravitational potential energy available from the height and mass of the tower. How?

Basic idea

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1. expansion of gases due to heat

2. vaporization of liquids and solids3. chemical reactions resulting in a

net increase in the number of gaseous phase molecules(since this last can only be due to explosives, we’ll ignore it)

What can produce expansion?

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1. Estimate cloud volume at given specific time before diffusion occurs

2. Factor out mixed-in air to get volume of particles of the contents originally in tower

3. Establish ratio of this to the original volume -- i.e., the volume of the tower?

4. How much energy is needed to generate that ratio of expansion for different levels of gas-expansion and liquid/solid vaporization?

Analysis steps

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Dust Cloud ExpansionThe picture (30 seconds later) The ref points

The cylinder:Height: 200’Radius: 800’

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• Cylinder volume: 402 million ft3

– ~1/4 is buildings, so dust = 300 million ft3 – assume 1/3 is mixed-in air (unlikely -- see

next slide) so conservative estimate ofCloud Volume = 200 million ft3

• Speed of advance observed: 25 mph

Parameters at 30 sec

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• 25 mph is too fast for advance to be diffusion• Outside features of cloud were relatively

stable, not diffused by m/d• Sinking sections replaced by clear air• Reports of people being picked up and

carried by “solid” wall of hot dust

Due to mixing/diffusion?

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• Tower volume:1368’ x 207’ x 207’ = 58.6 million ft3

• Cloud volume: ~200 million ft3

• Expansion ratio: 3.41 (conservative)

Expansion in 30 sec

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• If pressure and amount (mass) stay the same, volume is proportional to absolute temperature (PV = nRT)

• If start temp was room temp (300oK), 3.4 x that is 1020oK, an increase of 680o.

• Raising air that far requires 499,500 KWh (remember: available energy = 111,000)

• But it gets worse . . .

1. Gas expansion by heat 1

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• Such tiny dust particles (10-60 microns) will reach temp equilibrium with surrounding air very fast

• So you have to raise them 680o too• The 90,000 tons of concrete dust would

require > 11 million KWh• And if there’s water, it gets worse, but

we’ll skip that and treat water separately

1. Gas expansion by heat 2

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• 3.4 expansion means 2.4 x tower volume would be created steam: 2.4 x 58 million ft3 = 141 million ft3 = 4 billion liters

• Volume at 100oC: steam = 1680 x water• So 2.4 million liters of water needed to

produce the entire cloud volume of steam• Conversion would require > 1.5 million KWh• Plumbing + concrete + people: not enough

2. Vaporization of water

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• Heating of gases: would require 780oC– Ground level not that hot– High heat apparent higher in cloud (next slide)

• Water-to-steam: requires too much water, needs additional heat to get to 100oC first

• If combined: steam conversion would add to the energy requirement of gas heating, additional head needed for concrete dust

• Reduction? Early dust settling would reduce needed heat, but cloud behavior contradicts that

How much of which?

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“Digital photographs and videos show a bright afterglow with a locus near the center of the cloud, commencing around 17 seconds after the onset of the North Tower's collapse.

“Once the afterglow started, the cloud developed large upwelling columns towering to over 600 feet, and the previously gray cloud appeared to glow with a reddish hue.”

High Temperatures

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Conservative figures

Summary: Energy Sources and Requirements

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• They are based on an estimate of dust cloud volume at a time long before the cloud stopped growing.

• They use a liberal estimate of the contribution of mixing to the volume (1/3).

• They ignore thermal losses due to radiation.• They ignore the resistance to expansion due to

the inertia of the suspended materials, and energy requirements to overcome it.

Why conservative?

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Conclusion

The massive discrepancy between the gravitational energy available and the heat energy needed to drive the expansion of the dust cloud render the gravity explanation for the collapse of the North Tower (and similarly, the South Tower) untenable.

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3. Beam Ejection

9-11: What Fired 270 Tons Sideways?

Dr. Stefan Grossmanhttp://www.cloakanddagger.de/_Grossmann/270 tons/9-11_What_Fired_270_Tons_Sideways.htm

http://74.125.95.132/search?q=cache:ymdSfX_-QysJ:www.cloakanddagger.de/_Grossmann/270 tons/9-11_What_Fired_270_Tons_Sideways.htm+concrete+tons+"twin+towers"+9/11&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=6&gl=ca

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Beam Ejection

http://www.photolibrary.fema.gov/photodata/original/3942.jpgPhotograph by Michael Rieger taken on 09/18/2001 in New York

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Beam Ejection

World FinancialCenter 3

------- WTC1 side (270’) ------------------ WTC1core-to-WFC3 (694’?)

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Beam Ejection

• Building: WFC3 American Expresshttp://911research.wtc7.net/mirrors/guardian2/wtc/WTC_ch7.htm

• Horizontal distance: 1/10 mile / 160 m• Beam weight: 600,000 lbs

http://www.usatoday.com/news/gallery/terr921/contenttemplate5.htm

• Vertical distance (conservative): 325 m– North Tower -- use top: 400 m– WFC3 24th floor: 75 m

• Air resistance: negligible (heavy, spearlike)

Parameters

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Beam Ejection

• fall time = sqrt (vert-distance / 1/2 gravity) = sqrt (325 m / 4.8 m/sec2) = 8.14 sec

• horizontal speed = horiz-distance / time = 160 m / 8.14 sec = 71.1 m/sec = 44.2 mph

• Force to accelerate 300 tons to 44 mph ??

Calculation

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So we got technical !

1. NIST’s “pile driver” theory of collapse

2. expansion of the large, fast dust clouds

3. Heavy beams thrown far and fast

And guess what?There was not ENOUGH ENERGY available

for any of these theories or observations:

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If gravity didn’t have what it takes,

What did?

1 destruction of the twin towers. 2 problem with nist report describes what they claim happened up...

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