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1 Data Presentation and Report Writing FETPV Short Course 21 September 2009 Khon Kaen University David Castellan FAO Regional Veterinary Epidemiologist

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2 Topics I.Data Presentation II.Report Writing III.Presentations IV.Public Speaking V.Exercise

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3 Steps of an Outbreak Investigation (Adapted From: Mazet, UC Davis and Reingold, UCLA) 1.Verify the existence of an outbreak 2.Establish working case definition(s) 3.Prepare for field work 4.Verify the diagnosis 5.Case finding and data collection 6.Describe the outbreak by Animal, Time, Place 7.Develop hypotheses 8.Intensive follow-up including analytical studies to test the hypotheses - Conduct special studies (e.g. environmental, market chain); 9.Implement control measures 10.Communicate findings - Outbreak report - Outbreak report - Publications

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4 Data How can we assess the possible causes of an outbreak if we dont collect and report essential data?

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5 I. Data Presentation 1.General Principles 2.Tables 3.Graphs 4.Charts 5.Maps

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6 General Principles for Presenting Data Goals: 1.Communicate findings as clearly and simply as possible 2.Data supports recommendations Present the most important data Illustrate animal, place and time relationships One table, graph, chart or map can be more effective than much written text

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7 Describe the Outbreak PlaceTime Animal

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8 Animal, Place, Time (2009 FETPV Field Exercise: CSF) Herd NameLocation% MorbidityDisease Period share boar swill feed trader no vaccine ADist. 488 (14/16)April1011 BDist. 87 (1/14)April1011 CDist. 4100 (2/2)May1001 DDist. 488 (14/16)May1011 EDist. 48 (2/25)May1010 FDist.128 5/66)May0011 GDist. 123 (3/84)May1110 HDist. 826 (7/26)May1011 IDist. 1118 (11/60)June0010 JDist. 471 (5/7)July1011 KDist. 85 (3/52)July0011 TOTALS 72.739.0990.9172.73

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9 General Principles for Presenting Data Data is clearly labeled and dated Reference the source of data if you did not collect it Highlight the main differences, trends and associations Acknowledge significant assistance from others

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10 Tables (Source: Thailand DLD) Tables include data arranged in rows and columns Types of data elements Count Frequency Characteristics Age Sex Species Breed Test Result Sample No.SpeciesProvince RT-PCR Result 1Tree SparrowRayongNegative 2MynaRayongNegative 3Tree SparrowRayongNegative 4Rock PigeonRayongNegative 5Rock PigeonRayongNegative

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11 Types of Data Continuous e.g. weight in grams, temperature Discrete (whole numbers) 11, 12, 13, 14 Category Production class: Chicken egg layer; Broiler; Dual purpose duck Interval Ages: 1-25; 26-50; 51-65; 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8

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12 Types of Data (cont) Coordinates (paired data point) X-Y Coordinates Geographic Coordinates Latitude and Longitude

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13 Tables: Communicating Clearly Title Row and column headings Cells Totals Footnotes with abbreviations

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14 Tables: Tables: 2005 State Livestock Census Data (Source: Castellan, DM) DistrictCattleSheepSwinePoultryTOTAL A 18,0004,2244,581 1,55628,361 B 15,0006,336120 13321,589 C 12,0007127 37912,477 D 60,0006,7222,362 76469,848 E 55,0003,6011,561 1,55261,714 F 7,0001,6071,128 6,13315,868 G 44,0004,138913 45949,510 H 32,00011,1460 35843,504 I 18,0009,4182,408 4,96134,787 J 67,0007,055143 35974,557 TOTAL328,00054,31813,24316,654412,215

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15 Frequency Table Number of Salmonella Carriers Detected Over Time in A Poultry Slaughter Facility (Kotova, 1988)

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16 Labeled Tables with Footnotes

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17 Graphs Graphs should explain themselves Scale can differ Arithmetic Logarithmic Semi-logarithmic Histogram Frequency Polygon

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18 Graphs: Arithmetic (X Axis) (Y Axis)

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19 Graphs: Histogram Graphs: Histogram (Source: Dr. Wandee Kongkaew) Time No.NewCases

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20

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21 Frequency Histogram

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22 Graphs: Frequency Polygon

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23 Charts There are many types including: Pie Chart Timeline Disease events over time

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24 Pie Chart

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25 Timeline

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26 Counting Disease Events Over Time Counting time at risk 10HPAI+ 9 8Disappeared 7HPAI+ Sentinel Chickens 6Stolen 5HPAI+ 4 3 2 1 12345678910 Time (weeks)

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27 Maps Spot Maps Tracking Disease Movement Disease Trends Flow Diagram Risk Mapping

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28 9/26/03 Lancaster 9/27/03 Compton vND Index Cases

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29 Outbreak Investigation Spot Map Legend O Positive Case

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30 Disease Movement: Combining Person/Animal, Place and Time

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31 Molecular Mapping 7 2.2 2.3.4 7 MOLECULAR APPROACH Adapted from: Dr Ken Inui

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32 Risk Mapping: HPAI in South Asia ( Courtesy of Dr Leo Loth, FAO)

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33 Flow Diagram

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34 Consumption centre Production Cluster Movement Corridor Road Border Market Chain Analysis Market Chain Analysis (Adapted from: Rushton, Taylor, DeHaan) Through people Seasonal Market

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35 Combining Tables and Maps

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36 II. Report Writing General Principles Secondary Data Analysis Surveys and Surveillance Outbreak Investigation

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37 Reports Response to a request for information Formal written presentation purpose, methods, results, conclusions and recommendations Goal: Practical recommendations for decision makers based on scientific data

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38 Guidelines Reports are highly structured Interim report Final report Identify your target audience Begin by writing an outline Be clear and to the point The purpose of the report should be well defined Conclusions should be supported by data practical Provide recommendations that are practical

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39 Reporting Findings Methods Internal reports including recommendations Publications Presentations Reasons Government requirement Share experience Advance understanding

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40 Collecting Descriptive Data Systematically What events occurred; Production, Movement and Molecular Who is involved (animals and humans): Animal When events occurred in time (critical time periods): Time Where events occurred including man-made and natural environments: Place How Complete are Disease Investigation Forms?

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41 Type of Reports Report A Date of notification No. of sub-districts affected Total No. birds culled Total feed destroyed No. RRT engaged Date of clean-up Compensation amount Date of Sanitation Certificate Report B Owner name and location Date/Time of visit first clinical signs observed From onset of signs and death Clinical signs noted Poultry Total at Risk Morbidity Mortality Culled Recent Movements on and off of farm People Poultry Equipment Regulatory Information Epidemiology Information

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42 Report Structure Title Acknowledgements Table of Contents Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Recommendations Appendices Endnotes References

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43 Opening Section Title Clearly describes the what was studied Organization Author = substantive contributions Date Acknowledgements Significant assistance Table of Contents Logical order with page numbers List of tables and figures Abstract Brief summary of the report (250 words) Purpose, methods, results, conclusions

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44 Main Section Introduction Significance of the report/study Related previous research and work Purpose of study

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45 Main Section Methods Be clear and brief Include hypothesis tested Explain the methods used Describe how the population was selected Describe the type and source of data Describe methods for collecting data Describe how data was analyzed

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46 Main Section (cont) Results Clearly present and summarize the main findings Accept or reject the null hypothesis Use graphic illustrations to summarize main results

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47 Main Section (cont) Discussion Significance of findings Limitations of the study Propose follow up action

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48 Main Section (cont) Conclusions Re-state the purpose Make conclusions directly based on the data presented

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49 Main Section (cont) Recommendations Brief (length of an abstract) Consistent with findings and results Consistent with conclusions Practical and can be implemented It is the work of field epidemiologists to present science based recommendations to decision makers

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50 Final Section Appendices Additional details not included in main section Endnotes Explanatory notes Details of materials References Use proper format requested Include all sources of information

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51 III. Presentations Software MS PowerPoint Allow 1-2 minutes per slide Minimum text Use graphic illustrations Contents Outline Acknowledgements Summary Format Use consistent headings Font type (Roman, Arial) and size (minimum 20 size) Color

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52 IV. Public Speaking Speak with your audience in mind Speak confidently about what you have earned the right to speak about Use your time wisely and allow for questions at the end Outline your topics, present them then summarize them Format purpose, main methods, findings, conclusions and recommendations

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53 Contents Explain the problem and its importance Describe the setting and location using maps Explain methods and reasons for using them Describe and explain the results Draw conclusions Make recommendations to decision makers for prevention and control efforts

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54 Simple Rules (M. Gregg, 2008) Stay within time limits Prepare clear, visible visual aids Keep illustrations simple without too much data Respect the audience Keep calm and dont react negatively to questions

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55 Thank You for Your Attention! Questions or Comments? Contact Information David.Castellan@fao.org

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56 References Gregg, M. (Ed). 2008: Field Epidemiology, Third Edition. Oxford University Press. New York, 572 p. Tulane University. www.tulane.edu/~lamp/pdfs/how_to_write_a_research_ report_presentation.pdf University of Massachusetts. http://www.umass.edu/schoolcounseling/Welcometo AmherstMassachusetts/ReportingandPresentingData. ppt

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57 V. Exercise 1.List the kind(s) of government reports required

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58 V. Exercise 2.List the challenges in compiling reports

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59 V. Exercise 3.Create an outline of the main section of a report using recent outbreak investigation or surveillance data using the following headings: Purpose Methods and Materials Results Conclusions Recommendations