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Crime PreventionCrime PreventionHistory and TheoryHistory and Theory

National Crime Prevention Council National Crime Prevention Council

20062006

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GoalGoal

To provide community leaders, local To provide community leaders, local government officials, private sector government officials, private sector partners, faith-based organizations, and partners, faith-based organizations, and others with information on crime others with information on crime prevention that will enable them to prevention that will enable them to

create safer, more secure, and more create safer, more secure, and more vibrant communities.vibrant communities.

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ObjectivesObjectives

Review the different types of crime preventionReview the different types of crime prevention

Define crime preventionDefine crime prevention

Examine the principles of crime preventionExamine the principles of crime prevention

Review the history of crime preventionReview the history of crime prevention

Identify the crime prevention strategies you can Identify the crime prevention strategies you can use to reduce the opportunities for crime in your use to reduce the opportunities for crime in your communitycommunity

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Types of Crime PreventionTypes of Crime Prevention

• Punitive Punitive

• CorrectiveCorrective

• ProtectiveProtective

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Crime Prevention - PunitiveCrime Prevention - Punitive

• criminal laws

• law enforcement

• Crime Stoppers

• courts

• jails and prisons

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Crime Prevention - CorrectiveCrime Prevention - Corrective

• employment

• education

• counseling

• mentoring

• Head Start

• D.A.R.E.

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Crime Prevention - ProtectiveCrime Prevention - Protective

• Neighborhood Neighborhood WatchWatch

• Community PolicingCommunity Policing

• Public EducationPublic Education

• CPTEDCPTED

• Homeland SecurityHomeland Security

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Crime Prevention DefinedCrime Prevention Defined19721972

Crime prevention is the anticipation,Crime prevention is the anticipation,

recognition and appraisal of a crimerecognition and appraisal of a crime

risk and the initiation of some actionrisk and the initiation of some action

to remove or reduce it.to remove or reduce it.

SourceSource

National Crime Prevention Institute - 1972National Crime Prevention Institute - 1972

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Crime Prevention TriangleCrime Prevention Triangle (from a Criminal’s View)

OpportunityOpportunity

DesireDesire AbilityAbility

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Crime PreventionCrime Prevention

• Crime prevention is proactive, rather than Crime prevention is proactive, rather than reactive. reactive.

• Proactive policing attempts to prevent the Proactive policing attempts to prevent the crime from occurring in the first place. crime from occurring in the first place.

• Reactive policing responds to crime after it Reactive policing responds to crime after it has occurred. has occurred.

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Crime Prevention is ProactiveCrime Prevention is ProactiveIt stops crime from happening in the first place.It stops crime from happening in the first place.

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Crime Prevention is ProactiveCrime Prevention is Proactive(Continued)(Continued)

To view the criminal justice flowchart and to To view the criminal justice flowchart and to see the full explanation go to:see the full explanation go to:

www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/flowchart.htmwww.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/flowchart.htm

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Crime Prevention Defined Crime Prevention Defined 19901990

Crime prevention is a pattern of attitudes Crime prevention is a pattern of attitudes and behaviors directed at reducing the and behaviors directed at reducing the

threat of crime and enhancing the sense threat of crime and enhancing the sense of safety and security, to positively of safety and security, to positively

influence the quality of life in our society, influence the quality of life in our society, and to develop environments where crime and to develop environments where crime

cannot flourishcannot flourish

SourceSource

National Crime Prevention Council - 1990National Crime Prevention Council - 1990

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Principles of Crime PreventionPrinciples of Crime Prevention

Crime Prevention Is:Crime Prevention Is:

• everyone’s business;everyone’s business;• more than security;more than security;• a responsibility of all levels of government;a responsibility of all levels of government;• linked with solving social problems; andlinked with solving social problems; and• cost-effectivecost-effective

Source: National Crime Prevention CouncilSource: National Crime Prevention Council

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Principles of Crime Prevention Principles of Crime Prevention (Continued)(Continued)

Crime Prevention Requires:Crime Prevention Requires:

• a central position in law enforcement;a central position in law enforcement;• cooperation among all elements of the community;cooperation among all elements of the community;• education;education;• tailoring to local needs and conditions; and tailoring to local needs and conditions; and • continual testing and improvementcontinual testing and improvement

Source: National Crime Prevention CouncilSource: National Crime Prevention Council

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Crime PreventionCrime Prevention

Improves the quality of life Improves the quality of life

for every community.for every community.

Source: National Crime Prevention CouncilSource: National Crime Prevention Council

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Techniques of Techniques of Situational PreventionSituational Prevention

Increase the EffortIncrease the Effort

Increase the RisksIncrease the Risks

Reduce the RewardsReduce the Rewards

Reduce ProvocationsReduce Provocations

Remove ExcusesRemove Excuses

Source: Ronald V. Clarke and John Eck (2003)Source: Ronald V. Clarke and John Eck (2003)

View the complete resource atView the complete resource at

www.popcenter.orgwww.popcenter.org

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Community Policing DefinedCommunity Policing Defined

Community Policing is an organization-wideCommunity Policing is an organization-wide

philosophy and management approach that philosophy and management approach that promotes partnerships, proactive problem promotes partnerships, proactive problem solving, and community engagement to solving, and community engagement to

address the causes of crime, fear of crime, address the causes of crime, fear of crime, and other community issues.and other community issues.

Source: Community Policing Initiative - 1990sSource: Community Policing Initiative - 1990s

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Sir Robert PeelSir Robert PeelConsidered a “father” of law enforcementConsidered a “father” of law enforcement

Are his principles of Are his principles of policing still policing still applicable today?applicable today?

Absolutely!Absolutely!

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Sir Robert Peel’s Sir Robert Peel’s Nine Principles of PolicingNine Principles of Policing

1. The basic mission for which the police exist is to prevent crime and disorder.

2. The ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent upon public approval of police actions.

3. Police must secure the willing cooperation of the public in voluntary observance of the law to be able to secure and maintain the respect of the public.

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4. The degree of cooperation of the public that can be The degree of cooperation of the public that can be secured diminishes proportionally to the necessity secured diminishes proportionally to the necessity of the use of force.of the use of force.

5. Police seek and preserve public favor not by 5. Police seek and preserve public favor not by catering to public opinion but by constantly catering to public opinion but by constantly demonstrating absolute impartial service to the law.demonstrating absolute impartial service to the law.

6. Police use physical force to the extent necessary to 6. Police use physical force to the extent necessary to secure observance of the law or to restore order secure observance of the law or to restore order only when the expertise of persuasion, advice and only when the expertise of persuasion, advice and warning is found to be insufficient.warning is found to be insufficient.

Sir Robert Peel’s Sir Robert Peel’s Nine Principles of Policing (Continued)Nine Principles of Policing (Continued)

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7. Police at all time should maintain a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition; the police are public and the public are the police. The police being only full-time individuals charged with the duties that are incumbent on all of the citizens.

8. Police should always direct their actions strictly towards their functions and never appear to usurp the powers of the judiciary.

9. The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, not the visible evidence of police action in dealing with it.

Sir Robert Peel’s Sir Robert Peel’s Nine Principles of Policing (Continued)Nine Principles of Policing (Continued)

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I can reduce the major crime rate in Hopetown, I can reduce the major crime rate in Hopetown, U.S.A. by 10 percent by implementing a crime U.S.A. by 10 percent by implementing a crime

prevention policy that does not involve anyprevention policy that does not involve any

law enforcement participation?law enforcement participation?

What crime is it?What crime is it?

Opportunities to Commit CrimeOpportunities to Commit Crime

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Opportunities to Commit Crime Opportunities to Commit Crime (Continued)(Continued)

What type of crime prevention is this?

How do we reduce the opportunity?

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Crime Prevention StrategiesCrime Prevention Strategies

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Crime Prevention ProgramsCrime Prevention Programs

Personal safetyPersonal safetyRobbery preventionRobbery preventionSchool safetySchool safetyWorkplace safetyWorkplace safetyAuto theft preventionAuto theft prevention

•CPTED•Neighborhood Watch•McGruff House•Operation Identification•And many others

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CommunitiesCommunities

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CommunitiesCommunities

Start a Neighborhood Watch program.Start a Neighborhood Watch program.Institute community beautification projects.Institute community beautification projects.Organize voluntary resident patrols.Organize voluntary resident patrols.Demonstrate against landlords who rent property Demonstrate against landlords who rent property to drug dealers.to drug dealers.Make young people part of your neighborhood Make young people part of your neighborhood improvement activities.improvement activities.Organize annual community events.Organize annual community events.Make sure the local newspaper covers good Make sure the local newspaper covers good news about your neighborhood.news about your neighborhood.Start a McGruff House program for children and Start a McGruff House program for children and youth.youth.

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ApartmentsApartmentsandand

CondosCondos

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Apartment/Condo SafetyApartment/Condo Safety

Start an Apartment Watch program.Start an Apartment Watch program.

Organize citizen patrols.Organize citizen patrols.

Publish newsletters that update residents on Publish newsletters that update residents on news about crime and community activities, and news about crime and community activities, and that recognize residents.that recognize residents.

Start a McGruff House program.Start a McGruff House program.

Organize annual events.Organize annual events.

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SchoolsSchools

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Safer Schools – ParentsSafer Schools – ParentsTake an active role in your children's school.Take an active role in your children's school.Act as role models.Act as role models.Set clear limits on behaviors in advance.Set clear limits on behaviors in advance.Communicate clearly on violence issues.Communicate clearly on violence issues.Help your children learn how to find solutions to Help your children learn how to find solutions to problems.problems.Insist on knowing your children’s friends.Insist on knowing your children’s friends.Work with other parents to develop standards for Work with other parents to develop standards for school-related events.school-related events.Support school policies and rules that help create Support school policies and rules that help create and sustain safety.and sustain safety.Join with other parents to talk about violence and to Join with other parents to talk about violence and to discuss prevention. discuss prevention.

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Reward good behavior.Reward good behavior.Establish “zero tolerance” policies for weapons and Establish “zero tolerance” policies for weapons and violence.violence.Establish a faculty-student committee to develop a Establish a faculty-student committee to develop a safety plan.safety plan.Work with juvenile justice authorities, community Work with juvenile justice authorities, community groups, and law enforcement on a safety plan.groups, and law enforcement on a safety plan.Offer training in anger management and other Offer training in anger management and other violence prevention skills.violence prevention skills.Involve every group within the school community in Involve every group within the school community in crafting solutions to violence.crafting solutions to violence.Involve parents. Involve parents. Develop and sustain a network with health care, Develop and sustain a network with health care, mental health, and social work resources in the mental health, and social work resources in the community.community.

Safer Schools – PrincipalsSafer Schools – Principals

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Safer Schools – StudentsSafer Schools – StudentsRefuse to bring weapons to school.Refuse to bring weapons to school.Report any crime or suspicious behavior Report any crime or suspicious behavior immediately.immediately.Learn how to manage your anger.Learn how to manage your anger.Help others settle disputes peaceably.Help others settle disputes peaceably.Set up a teen court.Set up a teen court.Become a peer counselor.Become a peer counselor.Mentor a younger student.Mentor a younger student.Start a school crime watch.Start a school crime watch.Ask each student activity or club to adopt an Ask each student activity or club to adopt an

anti-violence theme.anti-violence theme.Start a “peace pledge” campaign.Start a “peace pledge” campaign.Welcome new students and help them feel at home Welcome new students and help them feel at home in your school.in your school.

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Safer Schools – TeachersSafer Schools – TeachersSet norms for behavior in your classroom.Set norms for behavior in your classroom.Invite parents to talk with you about their children.Invite parents to talk with you about their children.Learn how to recognize warning signs that a child Learn how to recognize warning signs that a child may be headed for violence.may be headed for violence.Encourage and sponsor student-led antiviolence Encourage and sponsor student-led antiviolence activities.activities.Offer to serve on a team to develop and implement Offer to serve on a team to develop and implement a safety plan.a safety plan.Enforce school polices that seek to reduce violence.Enforce school polices that seek to reduce violence.Learn and teach conflict resolution and anger Learn and teach conflict resolution and anger management skills.management skills.Incorporate discussions on violence and prevention Incorporate discussions on violence and prevention in the curriculum.in the curriculum.

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Workplace Workplace

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Workplace SafetyWorkplace Safety

Post evacuation plans in highly visible locations.Post evacuation plans in highly visible locations.Train employees in evacuation procedures.Train employees in evacuation procedures.Include revocation of security privileges in Include revocation of security privileges in termination procedures.termination procedures.Make fire extinguishers, first aid kits, and Make fire extinguishers, first aid kits, and emergency preparedness kits readily available.emergency preparedness kits readily available.Place keys and other personal items in a secure Place keys and other personal items in a secure location.location.Protect computer equipment from surges.Protect computer equipment from surges.Protect fixed and portable computers from theft.Protect fixed and portable computers from theft.Make sure smoke detectors, fire alarms, and Make sure smoke detectors, fire alarms, and sprinkler systems are installed and working.sprinkler systems are installed and working.

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Identity Theft and Identity Theft and Cyber SafetyCyber Safety

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Identity TheftIdentity Theft

Don’t give out personal information over the phone. Don’t give out personal information over the phone. Shred all documents. Shred all documents. Don’t use your mother’s maiden name as a Don’t use your mother’s maiden name as a password. password. Minimize the identification information and the Minimize the identification information and the number of cards you carry. number of cards you carry. Don’t carry your Social Security card, birth Don’t carry your Social Security card, birth certificate, or passport with you, unless absolutely certificate, or passport with you, unless absolutely necessary. necessary. Don’t put your telephone number or Social Security Don’t put your telephone number or Social Security number on checks. number on checks. Be careful when using ATM and phone cards. Be careful when using ATM and phone cards. Pay attention to your billing cycles. Pay attention to your billing cycles.

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NeverNever give out your name and personal information give out your name and personal information to others online.to others online.Don’t send personal information over the Internet, by Don’t send personal information over the Internet, by email, or over cellular phones.email, or over cellular phones.Don’t use passwords that are obvious.Don’t use passwords that are obvious.Avoid break-ins by changing your password regularly Avoid break-ins by changing your password regularly and memorizing it. and memorizing it. Never agree to meet face-to-face with someone Never agree to meet face-to-face with someone you’ve met online. you’ve met online. Never respond to messages from unfamiliar persons. Never respond to messages from unfamiliar persons. Look for web pages that have a proper title, additional Look for web pages that have a proper title, additional resources, or a person that you are able to contact.resources, or a person that you are able to contact.Know who are the authors or sponsors of the site. Know who are the authors or sponsors of the site.

Cyber SafetyCyber Safety

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Questions Questions and and

AnswersAnswers

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Portions of this presentation are provided byPortions of this presentation are provided by

Patrick D. HarrisPatrick D. Harris Executive DirectorExecutive Director

Virginia Crime Prevention AssociationVirginia Crime Prevention Association1405 Westover Hills Blvd., Suite 61405 Westover Hills Blvd., Suite 6Richmond, VA 23225Richmond, VA 23225804-231-3800 FAX: 804-231-3900804-231-3800 FAX: 804-231-3900email: vaprevent@aol.comemail: vaprevent@aol.comwebsite: vcpa.orgwebsite: vcpa.org

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The National Crime Prevention The National Crime Prevention CouncilCouncil

1000 Connecticut Avenue, NW1000 Connecticut Avenue, NW

Thirteenth FloorThirteenth Floor

Washington, DC 20036-5325Washington, DC 20036-5325

202-466-6272202-466-6272

202-296-1356 fax202-296-1356 fax

www.ncpc.orgwww.ncpc.org

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Presenter Contact InformationPresenter Contact Information