1 corn and soybean production. 2 nass us select crop value 2006 billions of dollars oatsbarleysor-...
TRANSCRIPT
1
Corn and soybean production
2NASS
US Select Crop Value 2006Billions of Dollars
Oats Barley Sor-ghum
Wheat Soy-bean
Corn
$0.9$0.9$0.2
$7.7
$19.7
$33.8
3
Small grain production
4
Corn
• Graze corn - alternative pasture• Corn silage - dairy• High moisture corn• Grain
5
6
7
State Production (billion bu)
Yield (bu/A)
Price ($/bu)
Iowa 2.1 166 $3.15
Illinois 1.8 163 $3.35
Nebraska 1.1 152 $3.15
Minnesota 1.1 161 $3.15
Indiana 0.84 157 $3.35
Ohio 0.47 159 $3.30
Wisconsin 0.40 143 $3.30
Missouri 0.36 138 $3.10
Kansas 0.35 115 $3.20
S. Dakota 0.32 97 $2.95
US total 10.5 149 $3.20
Top ten corn producing states, representing 84% of US production, 2006 (NASS)
8
152.6
9
2005-2006 U.S. corn use
Corn use U.S. billion bu (%)
Feed/residual 6.1 (55%)
Exports 2.1 (19%)
Ethanol 1.6 (14.3%)
Corn starch for food, industrial use 0.275 (2.5%)
High fructose corn syrup/corn sweeteners
0.225 (2.0%)
Cereal/chips/other 0.190 (1.7%)
Beverage alcohol 0.135 (1.2%)
Total 11.2
10
11
12
State Production(thousand bu)
Yield (bu/A)
Price ($/bu)
Iowa 510 51 $6.25
Illinois 482 48 $6.40
Minnesota 319 44 $5.95
Indiana 284 50 $6.30
Nebraska 251 50 $5.90
Ohio 217 47 $6.25
Missouri 194 38 $6.30
S. Dakota 131 34 $5.70
N. Dakota 120 31 $5.85
Arkansas 107 35 $6.50
US total 3188 43 $6.20
Top ten soybean producing states, representing 75% of US production. 2006 (NASS)
13
39.6
14
64.1
63.3
US Soybean AcresMillion acres
15
US 64,081
11,441
2007 Soybeans PlantedAcres (1000) and change from previous year
16
2007 Corn PlantedAcres (1000) and change from previous year
US 92,88814,561
17
Uses for soybean• Oil, human, 81% of edible fats in US• Soybean meal, 38.1 mil ton• Soydiesel, biodiesel• Ink• Crayons• Crop oil as surfactants• Wax• Aquaculture• Lubricants
18
Why does the Midwest lead in grain production?
19
Glaciers shaped the MidwestLate Wisconsinan - 10,500-30,000 yrs BP
Illinoian - 130,000-300,000 yrs BP
Pre-Illinoian - 500,000-2,500,000 yrs BP
20
Estimated extent of the tall grass prairie, about 1800Representing approx. 400 million acres
21
Mollisols are the soils of grassland ecosystems, characterized by a thick, dark surface horizon. This fertile surface horizon, known as a mollic epipedon, results from the long-term addition of organic materials derived from plant roots.
22
23Image of NRCS
24
Iowa’s (Midwest) Landscape Changed
• Iowa’s tall grass prairie declined from12.6 million ha to 24,560 ha, a 99.9% decrease
• “The tall grass prairies were erased before they were understood.” R. DeHaan
25
Iowa’s (Midwest) Landscape Changed
Causes:• Human settlement• Steel, moldboard plow• Water drainage of land• Agriculture production, WW II• Chemicals• Specialization• Urban development?• Biofuel production?
26historywired.si.edu/ images/objects/212a.jpg
27
Prairie potholes
28
29
Tiling of prairies and wetlands to drain water for agriculture and development
Image of NRCS
30
Crop
Iowa 1984-1986
Ohio 1962-1980
Ontario 1979-1986
Corn 10-45 20-30 26
Soybeans 4-15 7-14 7
Yield increase (bu) with subsurface drainage
31Source: USGS, 2005
(as
N)
32
Nitrate-Nitrogen Loss in Tile Drainage (Randall et al., 1997)
Cropping system NO3-N loss
(kg ha-1 yr-1)
Continuous corn 55
Corn-soybean rotation 51
Alfalfa 2
CRP (perennial grasses and alfalfa)
1
33
Tillage systems for seedbed preparation:Operation Conventional
tillageReduced, minimum, conservation
Ridge-till Strip-tillage
No-till
Primary tillage/land preparation
Chisel plow, often in the fall, 30-85% residueDisk-harrow/field cultivator
30-80%
Chisel plow with harrow fall or spring
Deep ripping, fall, 12-14 in.
50% residue
Scrap off ridges burying manure and weeds at planting, 40-60%
Inject anhydrous ammonia into the soil, fall
70% residue
Secondary tillage/weed control
rotary hoe (2 passes),
row-crop cultivation (1-3 passes)little chemical control of weeds
0-1 pass cultivationchemical control of weeds
rotary hoe,
1-2 pass cultivation, last cultivation makes the ridges for next year, banding chemicals
chemical control of weeds
34
Dec. - Jan. Fields remain dormant
April - May Pre-plant seedbed prep., fertility source, pre-plant herbicides, planting late April-end of May
June - July Pre-emergent herbicides, post-emergent herbicides, mechanical weed control
Aug. Soybean pest control
Sept. - Oct Harvest
Oct. - Nov. Stalk chopping, deep ripping, fertility application, liming, seedbed tillage
Production Cycle, corn and soybeans alternating years
35
Fertility needs
• N - 0.0-1.2 lb/bu (56 lb/bu) 35.5 lb/bu (60 lb/bu)
• P2O5 - 0.36 lb/bu 0.82 lb/bu• K2O - 0.26 lb/bu 1.00 lb/bu
Corn Soybeans
Water needs: 20-24 inches of water - 150-200 bu corn; 50-60 bu soybeans
pH, liming needs: corn - 6.0-7.0; soybeans - 6.5-7.0
36
Site-specific management• uses grid sampling• recommendations are made for
each 2.5-5.0 acre cell• image represents 152 acres
Phosphorus recommendations
37
Zone management• Soil sample according to
• soil type• previous management• landscape
• Zones are variable sizes• Less samples, less costly
38
Problems:• Seemingly erratic weather, the only aspect of
farming that is not controlled• High N and P levels in surface water, because of
subsurface drainage and less filtering by the soil• Corn/soybean monoculture, little crop diversity on
the landscape:• Less chance to disrupt pest cycles• Greater outbreaks• Large supplies of grain
• Corn/soybean monoculture, little genetic diversity within each crop:• Greater outbreaks• Bioterrorism
39
•Open canopy much of the year•not getting the full benefits of sunlight•erosion, not an perennial system•unused nutrients, N and P
40
• New/more GMO products will increase corn/soybean monoculture
• Bt control of corn rootworm• Continuous corn• GMO boycotts• More fertilizer, 30-50 lb N from soybean residue
• Little profit, small margins• Commodity• More acres, larger farms
• Consolidation of agricultural industry
41
2005Price/bu Cost of production
Corn $1.90 $2.83
Soybeans $5.05 $6.76
2007
Price/bu Cost of production
Corn $3.00+ $2.88
Soybeans $7.20+ $6.67
FM 1712, ISU Extension
42
Issues
Should we increase diversity?Yes, but how?•Markets•Crops•Stacked genes
43
Increase diversity with markets:• Development of new products, increasing
demand and more acres of monoculture• Export - some GMO boycotts• Non-food products - plastics, candles, fibers• New animal products - soybean meal for
aquaculture• Ethanol
44
Increase diversity with markets:• Identity preservation:
• White corn, high oil corn• Clear hilum soybeans for human
consumption• Non-GMO grain for foreign export• Low linolenic acid (low-lin) soybeans• Organic, fastest growing ag sector• “Farmaceuticals”, profit for a very few
45
Increase crop diversity:• Perceived problems
• No government payments• No market, little demand• Need different equipment, knowledge, skills• Little research• Another commodity crop from somewhere
else• BIG paradigm change
46
SAG systems• 5-yr rotation: C-Sb-C-Oats underseeded with
legume-Legume or Sb-C-Sb-Oats underseeded with legume-Legume
• Legumes as the fertility source, disrupt pest cycles
• Use of organic fertility sources: animal manure, compost, green manures
• Perennials, diversity in rooting systems, soil health, C sequestration, land cover
47
• Less herbicides results in more mechanical control and tillage, ?increasing erosion
• Using a living mulch or re-seeding annuals, full year cover
• Less fertilizer needs using more realistic yield goals
• Applying fertilizer just prior to plant uptake• Perennial grains, the Land Institute• Open pollinated (Op) corn, concern about
trace level contamination of current seed stock with genetically modified seed, reduce dependence on the chemical/seed industry
48
Crop rotation systems(Liebman et al)
• 2-year rotation: corn–soybean (conventional management)
• 3-year rotation: corn–soybean–triticale + red clover green manure (less fertilizer and herbicide, banded herbicides)
• 4-year rotation: corn–soybean–triticale + alfalfa–alfalfa hay (less fertilizer and herbicide, banded herbicides)
Composted beef manure applied to forage legumes before plowing
49
Inputs to cropping systems (Averages for 2003–2005)
Rotation
length
Herbicide(kg a.i. ha-1 yr-1)
Fertilizer N(kg N ha-1 yr-1)
2-year 2.20 62
3-year 0.64 32
4-year 0.48 18
50
Cropping system comparisons
2-year
C-SB
4-year
C-SB-T/A-A
Labor for field work (hr ha-1 yr-1)
1.85 3.36
Non-land and non-labor costs of production ($ ha-1 yr-1)
452 325
Net returns to land, labor, and management ($ ha-1 yr-1)
427 475
Net returns to management ($ ha-1 yr-1)
67 100
51
Three scenarios(Burkart et al., 2005)
• Current conditions for crops, cattle, and hogs• Alternative 1: more land in oat, forage, and
eco-reserve; decreased land in corn and soybean; increased cattle; less fertilizer N
• Alternative 2: more land in oat, forage, and eco-reserve; decreased land in corn and soybean; increased cattle and hogs; no N fertilizer
52
Current conditions Alternative 1 Alternative 2
Predicted Soil NO3-N Concentrations
Median: 32 kg N ha-1 15 kg N ha-1 10 kg N ha-1
53
State Corn State Soybean
acres acresMinnesota 20,822 Minnesota 26,581 Iowa 20,247 Iowa 15,570 Wisconsin 16,754 Michigan 15,456 Texas 11,367 Wisconsin 8,553 Nebraska 11,251 Ohio 8,330 Ohio 7,247 Missouri 7,640 Illinois 7,245 Nebraska 6,953 Michigan 6,522 Illinois 6,505 South Dakota 4,690 Texas 6,258 Missouri 3,510 Arkansas 4,420
U.S. Total 130,672 U.S. Total 122,217
Certified Organic Crop Acreages, 2005
54
Organic Price Index, The New Farmat http://newfarm.org/opx/
Organic vs. conventional grain pricesweek of 5 Sept. 2007 (2005 prices)
55