11

Collect DataCollect Data

Planning Step 3Planning Step 3

22

Objectives of Step 3Objectives of Step 3

• Define social and economic study Define social and economic study areasareas

• Assemble data to address planning Assemble data to address planning issues and set the stage for issues and set the stage for assessing impactsassessing impacts

33

Social Science Activities in Land Use PlanningSocial Science Activities in Land Use Planning

•Planning Steps •Social Science Activities

•Steps 1 & 2: Identify and Develop Planning Criteria

•Identify publics and strategies to reach them•Identify social and economic issues•Identify social and economic planning criteria

•Step 3: Inventory Data •Identify inventory method•Collect necessary social and economic (S/E) data

•Step 4: Analyze Management Situation

•Conduct S/E assessment of continuing current management.•Document assessment methods appendix or technical report

•Step 5: Formulate Alternatives

•Identify S/E opportunities and constraints to formulate alternatives

•Step 6: Estimate Effects of Alternatives

•Identify analysis methods•Analyze S/E effects of alternatives•Document analysis methods in an appendix/tech report•Assess mitigation opportunities

•Step 7 & 8: Identify Preferred Alternative and finalize Plan

•Identify potential S/E factors to help select the preferred alternative

•Step 9: Monitor/evaluate

•Track S/E indicators

44

Tools in the ToolboxTools in the ToolboxPlanning ToolsPlanning Tools

• Data collection by Data collection by each program and each program and resourceresource

Economic/Social Economic/Social ToolsTools

• Data for each program, Data for each program, resource for S/E analysisresource for S/E analysis

• EPSEPS• EPSCEPSC• SurveysSurveys• Semi-structured interviewsSemi-structured interviews• Focus groupsFocus groups• Informal interviewInformal interview• Participant observationsParticipant observations

55

66

77

88

Collect Data (not dust)Collect Data (not dust)• Assemble existing and collect new data Assemble existing and collect new data

necessary to address planning issues necessary to address planning issues and describe study areaand describe study area

• Main data needs and collection methods Main data needs and collection methods should be described in the Prep Planshould be described in the Prep Plan

• (asap) Notify other resource specialists (asap) Notify other resource specialists regarding data neededregarding data needed from themfrom them as as necessary data inputs to social and necessary data inputs to social and economic analyseseconomic analyses

99

Data SourcesData Sources• Economic Profile System (EPS)Economic Profile System (EPS)

• Regional Economic Information Regional Economic Information System (REIS) System (REIS)

• U.S. Census Bureau and related state U.S. Census Bureau and related state agencies (Community and Regional agencies (Community and Regional Affairs; Labor; Fish and Game) Affairs; Labor; Fish and Game)

• EISs and assessments from other EISs and assessments from other agenciesagencies

• New analyses of existing dataNew analyses of existing data

1010

More Data SourcesMore Data Sources• Tribal government/corporation Tribal government/corporation

plansplans

• County Comprehensive/Economic County Comprehensive/Economic Development PlansDevelopment Plans

• Community plans and vision Community plans and vision statementsstatements

• Chamber of commerce/convention Chamber of commerce/convention bureau publications and databasesbureau publications and databases

• Public comments received during Public comments received during scopingscoping

1111

Still More Data SourcesStill More Data Sources• National and State hunter, angler and National and State hunter, angler and

wildlife viewing surveys; SCORP wildlife viewing surveys; SCORP

• Previous assessments, published & Previous assessments, published & unpublished reports related to study unpublished reports related to study areaarea

• Local and regional universities (CESU)Local and regional universities (CESU)

• Focused literature reviews and meta-Focused literature reviews and meta-analysesanalyses

1212

Social and Economic Social and Economic Indicators in TheoryIndicators in Theory

• An integrated set of social, economic An integrated set of social, economic and ecological measures, collected and ecological measures, collected over time and primarily derived from over time and primarily derived from available data sources, grounded in available data sources, grounded in theory and useful to ecosystem theory and useful to ecosystem management and decision-making management and decision-making (Force, Fosdeck and Machlis 1995, for (Force, Fosdeck and Machlis 1995, for ICBEMP)ICBEMP)

1313

Social and Economic Social and Economic Indicators in PracticeIndicators in Practice

• Follow same Follow same principles as any principles as any other indicatorsother indicators

• Will be tied to Will be tied to issues and impactsissues and impacts

• May require May require primary research primary research as well as as well as secondarysecondary

• There will likely be There will likely be agency constraints agency constraints on social and on social and economic economic monitoring monitoring

• Work best when Work best when monitoredmonitored and and evaluatedevaluated with with agency partners (not agency partners (not internal process)internal process)

1414

Characteristics of Good Characteristics of Good IndicatorsIndicators

• They tell us a lot about something with a single They tell us a lot about something with a single measuremeasure

• Typically based on broader goals or dimensionsTypically based on broader goals or dimensions

• Measurable, reliable, cost-effective, significant, Measurable, reliable, cost-effective, significant, relevant, sensitive, efficient, responsiverelevant, sensitive, efficient, responsive

Brainstorming exercise: quality of life indicators – Brainstorming exercise: quality of life indicators – what are good indicators and measures? Which what are good indicators and measures? Which of these does (should?) the BLM influenceof these does (should?) the BLM influence

1515

Inputs for Development of Inputs for Development of IndicatorsIndicators

• Law and policyLaw and policy

• Biological studiesBiological studies

• Public involvement/cooperating agenciesPublic involvement/cooperating agencies

• Planning issues and stakeholder concernsPlanning issues and stakeholder concerns

• Readily available data (EPS)Readily available data (EPS)

• Primary researchPrimary research

1616

Automated Economic DatabasesAutomated Economic Databases• DatabasesDatabases

• Economic Profile System (EPS)Economic Profile System (EPS)• Regional Economic Information System (REIS)Regional Economic Information System (REIS)

• Why use them?Why use them?• Determine the relative importance of the Determine the relative importance of the

economic sectorseconomic sectors• Determine whether or not population growth is Determine whether or not population growth is

occurringoccurring• Examine income and employment by sectorExamine income and employment by sector• Provides a relevant data set that may be useful Provides a relevant data set that may be useful

in analyzing impactsin analyzing impacts• Provides a historical perspectiveProvides a historical perspective

1717

Economic Profile SystemEconomic Profile System

A partnership between the Bureau of Land Management and the

Sonoran InstituteSonoran Institute:

http://www.sonoran.org/

Headwaters Economics:

http://www.headwaterseconomics.org/

Ray Rasker: ray@headwaterseconomics.org

BLM:

Roy L. Allen: roy_allen@blm.gov

1818

Economic Profile System (cont.)Economic Profile System (cont.)

• Automated Development of Economic Profiles (EPS)

• Washington Office Memo IM 2003-169 (Use of the Economic Profile System in Planning and Collaboration)

• Use EPS to develop Economic Profiles for the AMS and Chapter 3 of the RMP/EIS

• Requires community workshop to be held during scoping to discuss economic conditions, trends and strategies

1919

What does it do?

EPS automatically produces profiles containing selected demographic and economic data for U.S., States, Counties and Aggregated multiple counties

EPSC automatically produces profiles containing selected demographic and economic data for U.S., Regions, Divisions, States, Counties, County Subdivisions, Places (Towns), Indian Reservations and Congressional Districts

For whom was it designed?Designed to be used by both economists and non-economists

Economic Profile System (con’t)Economic Profile System (con’t)

2020

NOT a replacement NOT a replacement for impact analysis -- for impact analysis --

a supplement.a supplement.

Note: Impact analysis: Economic impact from various management alternatives

Economic profile: Long-term trends in the localand the existing condition

Use of EPS & EPSCUse of EPS & EPSC

2121

EPS & REIS ComparisonEPS & REIS ComparisonEPSEPS

• Available free of chargeAvailable free of charge• Includes data for Includes data for

communities and counties in communities and counties in the U.S.the U.S.

• Easy to useEasy to use• Updated annually through Updated annually through

BLM fundingBLM funding• Automatically produces a 37 Automatically produces a 37

page county profile and 20 page county profile and 20 page community profilepage community profile

• Automatically adjusts for Automatically adjusts for inflation inflation

• Automated procedure to Automated procedure to resolve missing dataresolve missing data

• Provides an unbiased Provides an unbiased databasedatabase

• Allows a user to define a Allows a user to define a multi-county areasmulti-county areas

REISREIS• Available free of chargeAvailable free of charge• Includes data for all U.S. Includes data for all U.S.

countiescounties• Easy to useEasy to use• Bureau of Economic Analysis Bureau of Economic Analysis

updates annuallyupdates annually• User can extract historical User can extract historical

data by selected yearsdata by selected years• Data can be exported to a Data can be exported to a

spreadsheet and customizedspreadsheet and customized• Provides a detailed sector Provides a detailed sector

breakdownbreakdown• Provides an unbiased Provides an unbiased

databasedatabase• Easy to use (Excel skills)Easy to use (Excel skills)• Provides an unbiased Provides an unbiased

databasedatabase

2222

• CensusCensus• PopulationPopulation• County Business Patterns County Business Patterns

• Bureau of Economic AnalysisBureau of Economic Analysis• Employment by industryEmployment by industry• Income by industry Income by industry • EarningsEarnings• Non-Labor Income (Transfer Payments, D.I.R.)Non-Labor Income (Transfer Payments, D.I.R.)• FarmFarm• Commute Data Commute Data

• Bureau of Labor StatisticsBureau of Labor Statistics• Unemployment Unemployment

EPS Profile DataEPS Profile Data

2323

EPSC Profile DataEPSC Profile Data• Population by age Population by age

and sexand sex• Population by Population by

racerace• Housing booms Housing booms

and vacancyand vacancy• Housing Housing

affordabilityaffordability• Employment by Employment by

industryindustry• Commuting timeCommuting time• In-migrationIn-migration

• Income distribution Income distribution (individuals and (individuals and households)households)

• Sources of incomeSources of income• EducationEducation• WorkforceWorkforce• Poverty by age and Poverty by age and

sexsex• Poverty by race and Poverty by race and

family typefamily type• Language and Language and

rural/urban breakoutrural/urban breakout

2424

Interpretation of DataInterpretation of DataSample QuestionsSample Questions

• How important is ranching to How important is ranching to Owyhee County?Owyhee County?

• Do you think the BLM manager has Do you think the BLM manager has the information at hand to quantify the information at hand to quantify the importance of the various the importance of the various economic sectors within the Field economic sectors within the Field Office’s boundaries?Office’s boundaries?

2525

0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

35.00%

40.00%

Sectors

Owyhee County (2005)Farm earnings

Construction

Manufacturing

Wholesale trade

Retail Trade

Information

Finance and insurance

Real estate and rental and leasing

Administrative and waste services

Educational services

Health care and social assistance

Arts entertainment

Accommodation and food services andrecreation

Other services except publicadministration

Other¹

Government and governmententerprises

¹ Estimated Forestry fishing related activities and other, Mining, Utilities, Nondurable goods manufacturing, Transportation and warehousing, Professional and technical services, Management of companies and enterprises using the residual of Private Earnings.

2626

0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

35.00%

Sectors

Fremont County (2005)Farm earnings

Forestry, fishing, related activities, andother

Mining

Construction

Manufacturing

Retail Trade

Transportation and warehousing

Information

Finance and insurance

Real estate and rental and leasing

Professional and technical services

Management of companies andenterprises

Administrative and waste services

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

Accommodation and food services

Other services, except publicadministration

Other¹

Government and governmententerprises

¹ Estimated Utilities, Wholesale Trade, Educational services, Health care and social assistance using the residual of Private Earnings.

2727

Economic Profile ExerciseEconomic Profile Exercise• What are some common misconceptions about What are some common misconceptions about

your county or community?your county or community?• Are you surprised by anything in the profile?Are you surprised by anything in the profile?• How has the economy changed over the last How has the economy changed over the last

30 years?30 years?• How are changes in land use reflected in EPS?How are changes in land use reflected in EPS?• What are the most significant assets?What are the most significant assets?• Are there economic profile questions not Are there economic profile questions not

answered by this profile?answered by this profile?• After looking at the profiles, can you think of After looking at the profiles, can you think of

any additional information that is missing from any additional information that is missing from the profile? the profile?

• Identify what you think are the most important Identify what you think are the most important & useful indicators & how they are affected by & useful indicators & how they are affected by BLM resource management decisions?BLM resource management decisions?

2828

Reasons for Overestimation Reasons for Overestimation of Economic Importanceof Economic Importance

• Aspects of dominanceAspects of dominance

• Economic (contribution to economy)Economic (contribution to economy)

• Cultural (shared definitions and stories)Cultural (shared definitions and stories)

• Functional (biggest effect if Functional (biggest effect if disappeared)disappeared)

• Physiognomic (most space or biomass)Physiognomic (most space or biomass)

• Aspect (most visible and prominent)Aspect (most visible and prominent)

2929

Data Not in EPSData Not in EPS• Recreation use patterns Recreation use patterns

(local and non local (local and non local users)users)

• Consumptive user daysConsumptive user days• Angler DaysAngler Days• Hunter DaysHunter Days

• Non-consumptive Non-consumptive user daysuser days

• Wildlife viewingWildlife viewing• HikingHiking• CampingCamping

• Detailed industry sector Detailed industry sector breakdownbreakdown

• Livestock grazingLivestock grazing• Bicycle shopsBicycle shops• Guide servicesGuide services

3030

More Data Not in EPSMore Data Not in EPS

• History, political and social resources History, political and social resources (local/regional plans), culture and (local/regional plans), culture and values, infrastructure, amenities, values, infrastructure, amenities, residents’ relationships with the residents’ relationships with the environment – especially RMP areaenvironment – especially RMP area

• Level of detail depends on Level of detail depends on availability of information, number of availability of information, number of communities, likely magnitude and communities, likely magnitude and significance of impactssignificance of impacts

3131

Collecting New Social DataCollecting New Social Data

• InterviewsInterviews

• Focus Focus groupsgroups

• SurveysSurveys

3232

InterviewsInterviews

• Key informants can explain Key informants can explain meanings of statements, meanings of statements, changes in land use or changes in land use or allocation, community allocation, community goalsgoals

• Can be done easily in a Can be done easily in a field settingfield setting

• Can be used to describe Can be used to describe social practices and tap social practices and tap into local knowledgeinto local knowledge

• Can help to identify issues Can help to identify issues and develop hypothesesand develop hypotheses

3333

Focus GroupsFocus Groups• Can be used to understand how a range Can be used to understand how a range

of individuals view an object in terms if of individuals view an object in terms if its attributes (such as how people its attributes (such as how people define key terms and concepts such as define key terms and concepts such as sustainability, ecosystem, or BLM)sustainability, ecosystem, or BLM)

• Can be used to flesh out issues or test Can be used to flesh out issues or test hypotheses developed through hypotheses developed through interviewsinterviews

• Main benefit is ability to observe the Main benefit is ability to observe the interaction and group evolutioninteraction and group evolution

3434

New Grazing Regulations New Grazing Regulations Final Rule July 12, 2006Final Rule July 12, 2006

• ““These new regulations are aimed These new regulations are aimed at promoting more effective and at promoting more effective and efficient management of public efficient management of public lands grazing, which is a vital part lands grazing, which is a vital part of the history, economy, and of the history, economy, and social identity of Western rural social identity of Western rural communities.”communities.”

• Preferred alternative adds a new Preferred alternative adds a new provision requiring BLM to analyze provision requiring BLM to analyze and, if appropriate, document the and, if appropriate, document the relevant social, economic, and relevant social, economic, and cultural effects of a proposed cultural effects of a proposed action before changing grazing action before changing grazing preference…to ensure a preference…to ensure a consistent approach to the consistent approach to the decision-making process.decision-making process.

3535

Focus Groups in SIAFocus Groups in SIA• BLM used focus groups to assess BLM used focus groups to assess

impacts to grazing permittees, impacts to grazing permittees, recreation uses and values, recreation uses and values, environmental and conservation valuesenvironmental and conservation values

• Salmon, ID; Ontario, OR, Albuquerque Salmon, ID; Ontario, OR, Albuquerque NMNM

• Results used to describe changes to Results used to describe changes to community and institutional structures; community and institutional structures; individuals and families; community individuals and families; community resourcesresources

3636

SurveysSurveys• Useful in determining distribution of well Useful in determining distribution of well

understood attributes (resource uses, understood attributes (resource uses, residence, age)residence, age)

• Allows us to make inferences about Allows us to make inferences about populations of interestpopulations of interest

• In a policy arena, survey results may be In a policy arena, survey results may be better accepted than qualitative findingsbetter accepted than qualitative findings

• Nice complement to interviews and focus Nice complement to interviews and focus groupsgroups

• Can measure non-market economic Can measure non-market economic valuesvalues

3737

Dillon RMP: Information Sources for Dillon RMP: Information Sources for the SIAthe SIA

• Forest Service Social Assessment on Forest Service Social Assessment on adjacent forestsadjacent forests

• Interviews with fellow ID team Interviews with fellow ID team membersmembers

• Interviews with local, regional Interviews with local, regional residentsresidents

• Scoping InformationScoping Information

• Visits with townspeopleVisits with townspeople

• Visiting the FO areaVisiting the FO area

• Information from cooperatorsInformation from cooperators

3838

Interview Goals:Interview Goals:• What is important to the local, regional What is important to the local, regional

populationspopulations

• How does the Dillon FO affect them How does the Dillon FO affect them personally (use/value)personally (use/value)

• Attitudes toward issues (and why)Attitudes toward issues (and why)

• How issue resolution would affect them How issue resolution would affect them (and why)(and why)

• Collect by affected groupCollect by affected group

• Wanted in-depth information – why as well Wanted in-depth information – why as well as what (not a substitute for a survey)as what (not a substitute for a survey)

3939

Interview MethodsInterview Methods

• 2 interviewers2 interviewers

• 45 fact to face interviews, 1-2 hours in length45 fact to face interviews, 1-2 hours in length

• Interview GuideInterview Guide

• 3-5 interviews per affected group; more 3-5 interviews per affected group; more interviews for more diverse groupsinterviews for more diverse groups

• County Rep attended some interviewsCounty Rep attended some interviews

• Time, Cost and OMB ClearanceTime, Cost and OMB Clearance

4040

Who We Talked To:Who We Talked To:• All County CommissionersAll County Commissioners

• All RAC MembersAll RAC Members

• Ranchers by placeRanchers by place

• Community Residents by placeCommunity Residents by place

• Recreationists (motorized, non-motorized Recreationists (motorized, non-motorized hunters)hunters)

• OutfittersOutfitters

• Resource Use AdvocatesResource Use Advocates

• Resource Protection AdvocatesResource Protection Advocates

• Local Government RepresentativesLocal Government Representatives

4141

Data AnalysisData Analysis

• Interview Response FormInterview Response Form

• Response Data BaseResponse Data Base

• Actually Cut and PasteActually Cut and Paste

• Content AnalysesContent Analyses

4242

What the Interviews told usWhat the Interviews told us• The importance of recreation qualityThe importance of recreation quality• Support for some road closures for Support for some road closures for

wildlife habitatwildlife habitat• Preference for active wildfire Preference for active wildfire

managementmanagement• Clarification of concerns regarding the Clarification of concerns regarding the

Big Sheep Creek Backcountry BywayBig Sheep Creek Backcountry Byway• Mostly how people felt about the issues Mostly how people felt about the issues

and issue resolutionand issue resolution

4343

What WorkedWhat Worked• Got some real thoughtful suggestions for Got some real thoughtful suggestions for

some issuessome issues

• Most people very interested in being Most people very interested in being interviewed (only one refusal)interviewed (only one refusal)

• Talked to a good cross section of people Talked to a good cross section of people

• Ability to clarify what was important for Ability to clarify what was important for the quality of life for different groupsthe quality of life for different groups

• Used discussions to verify information Used discussions to verify information from other sourcesfrom other sources

4444

What Didn’t Work:What Didn’t Work:

• Ended up with attitudes more than Ended up with attitudes more than how respondents thought they how respondents thought they would be affectedwould be affected

• On some issues, people tended to On some issues, people tended to respond along “party lines;” may not respond along “party lines;” may not be worth asking these questionsbe worth asking these questions

• Interview guide too longInterview guide too long

4545

Lessons Learned:Lessons Learned:• Focus on issues where social information Focus on issues where social information

would make the most difference (i.e., be would make the most difference (i.e., be useful to management for decision-useful to management for decision-making or mitigation)making or mitigation)

• Don’t ask everyone everything; use Don’t ask everyone everything; use cooperators to gather general informationcooperators to gather general information

• Consider a two-tiered approachedConsider a two-tiered approached

• First collect general informationFirst collect general information

• Follow up with information to help with Follow up with information to help with impact analysisimpact analysis

• Interview definitely worth doingInterview definitely worth doing

4646

Data Collection for the Data Collection for the King Range RMP/EISKing Range RMP/EIS

• 40 face to face 1-2 hour interviews40 face to face 1-2 hour interviews

• Done during scopingDone during scoping

• Used “network” samplingUsed “network” sampling

• Goals: Identify the range of stakeholders in Goals: Identify the range of stakeholders in the area the area

• Identify their relationships to and values Identify their relationships to and values toward public landstoward public lands

• Identity their issuesIdentity their issues

4747

Interview Goals—King RangeInterview Goals—King Range• What is going on in your area? Issues, concernsWhat is going on in your area? Issues, concerns

• Personal relationship to public lands (use/value)Personal relationship to public lands (use/value)

• Collect information by potentially affected groupCollect information by potentially affected group

• Attitudes toward issues and how issue Attitudes toward issues and how issue resolution might affect them personally (and resolution might affect them personally (and why)why)

• In-depth information—why as well as what (not In-depth information—why as well as what (not a substitute for a survey)a substitute for a survey)

4848

Upper Missouri River Breaks Upper Missouri River Breaks Nat’l Monument – Information UsedNat’l Monument – Information Used

• Heavy use of scoping information (plan Heavy use of scoping information (plan drew local, national and international drew local, national and international interest)interest)

• Cooperators who attended all ID team Cooperators who attended all ID team meetings represented different meetings represented different interests; (county commissioners, FWS, interests; (county commissioners, FWS, Reservation representatives); Follow-up Reservation representatives); Follow-up discussions with documentationdiscussions with documentation

• Personal knowledge of the area by Personal knowledge of the area by social analyst and other team memberssocial analyst and other team members

• Management considered environment Management considered environment too volatile for survey, etc.too volatile for survey, etc.

4949

Tips and TricksTips and Tricks

• Tell stories rather than just present a Tell stories rather than just present a mass of informationmass of information

• Collaboration with (or at least review Collaboration with (or at least review by) community residents and leaders by) community residents and leaders will bring it home—use quotes for will bring it home—use quotes for illustration illustration

• Make sure groundwork is laid for Make sure groundwork is laid for assessing effectsassessing effects

5050

Key PointsKey Points

• Focus data collection on information Focus data collection on information needed to address planning issuesneeded to address planning issues

• Talk to people every chance you get Talk to people every chance you get andand talk to a variety of people talk to a variety of people

• Compare data from different sourcesCompare data from different sources

5151

Exercise 2Exercise 2

Social and Economic Social and Economic Data/Information NeedsData/Information Needs

5252

0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

35.00%

40.00%

Sectors

Owyhee County (2005)Farm earnings

Construction

Manufacturing

Wholesale trade

Retail Trade

Information

Finance and insurance

Real estate and rental and leasing

Administrative and waste services

Educational services

Health care and social assistance

Arts entertainment

Accommodation and food services andrecreation

Other services except publicadministration

Other¹

Government and governmententerprises

¹ Estimated Forestry fishing related activities and other, Mining, Utilities, Nondurable goods manufacturing, Transportation and warehousing, Professional and technical services, Management of companies and enterprises using the residual of Private Earnings.

5353

0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

35.00%

Sectors

Fremont County (2005)Farm earnings

Forestry, fishing, related activities, andother

Mining

Construction

Manufacturing

Retail Trade

Transportation and warehousing

Information

Finance and insurance

Real estate and rental and leasing

Professional and technical services

Management of companies andenterprises

Administrative and waste services

Arts, entertainment, and recreation

Accommodation and food services

Other services, except publicadministration

Other¹

Government and governmententerprises

¹ Estimated Utilities, Wholesale Trade, Educational services, Health care and social assistance using the residual of Private Earnings.