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Ch 14 NotesI. Mutations

A. Def - a change in the ___________or ___________ of the genetic material of an organism. B. Causes

1. __________ – factors that increase the rate at which mutations occur

a. ex.- radiation & certain___________C. Effects

1. Depend on _________ & ________ the mutation occurs

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II. Kinds of MutationsA. Changes in ______

1. ________ Mutations a. change of a ________ nucleotide in a sequence from one kind of ______ to another. b. Ex. Original sentence

- The fat _____ ate the wee rat Point mutation

- The fat _____ ate the wee rat2. ___________ or __________ a. Causes an insertion or deletion of _____

or ________ ______________ in a sequence

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b. Ex.- Original sentence

- The fat cat ate the wee rat

Insertion

- The fat cat _____ ate the wee rat.

Deletion

- The fat ______ ate the wee rat

B. Changes in Results of Genes

1. ___________ Mutation

a. Has_____ effect on a gene’s function

b. Most _________ mutations are this

2. Missense Mutation

a. Also called a _____________ mutation

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b. Results when a ____________ amino acid is produced

3. ____________ Mutation

1. Results when a codon is changed to a “________” signal.

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4. _________-shift mutation

a. An ___________ or ___________ can shift the reading frame & the

remaining sequence may be “______” as different ________.

b. Ex. Original sentence

- The fat cat ate the wee rat

Frame-shift mutation

- The fat _____ tat eth ewe era t.

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5. ____________

a. A piece of chromosome ________ off & reattaches in a __________

direction

b. Ex. Original sentence

- The fat cat ate the wee rat

Inversion mutation

- The fat ____ eew ____ eta tac.

III. Large Scale Genetic Change

A. ____________– one or more homologues do not _____________.

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1. ___________– _____ less chromosome

a. _________ Syndrome – women born with only ____ X chromosome not __

b. All other cases of full _________ are ________ & the individual will not ___________ development

2. __________ – one ______ chromosome

a. Trisomy ____ – _______ syndrome

1. 1 in ________ children

2. more common in _______ mothers

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IV. Effects of Genetic ChangeA. _______cells vs. __________ Cells

1. Somatic cells make up all of body cells except ______ cells2. If mutation occurs on somatic cell that genetic change will be _______ when the owner _______ a. ex.- _________ causing lung cancer3. ______ cell mutations can be passed onto _____________ a. mostly cause _______ mutations, ________ cause _________ changes

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V. Genetic Disorders

A. __________effects produced by __________ mutations

B. most are ___________

C. examples

1. ________ _______ _________

a. physical symptoms- poor circulation, _______, damage to _________ such as _____

b. # of cases in US = ____________

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2. ______-________ disease a. physical symptoms- deterioration of

__________ _________ system, death in early ____________

b. # of cases in US =________3. _______ _________ a. physical symptoms-

_______buildup in ________, ______, & pancreas, difficulty __________ & digesting, ______________ life span

b. # of cases in US =___________

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4. Hemophilia A

a. Physical symptoms- failure of blood to ________, excessive _________ & __________ when injured

b. # of cases in US = ____________

5. ____________ Disease

a. physical symptoms- gradual deterioration of _________

tissue in middle age, shortened __________

b. # of cases in US = ___________

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Ch 15 NotesI. Applications of Human Genetics

A. All humans are genetically ________

1. If the DNA of any two people is compared, _______ is identical

B. Identifying Individuals

1. DNA___________________

a. Samples of DNA are cut, sorted, and “__________” to produce a pattern of ____________

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b. each person has some parts of the DNA sequence that are _________

1. does not go for identical ________

II. Manipulating GenesA. Genetic ____________

1. the deliberate __________ of the genetic___________ of an organism.2. Organisms with modified genes

maybe called __________, transgenic, or genetically ____________.

a. in everyday use they are referred to as _____________ __________ __________ or _______

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B. Everyday Applications1. Food _________ a. Most ______ & _________

products in grocery stores are ______s b. Have bacterium Bacillus

thuringiensis added to keep __________ away

2. Livestock a. Engineered to _________ faster &

have more __________ & less ______

b. Some GMOs are sold as unusual ________

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3. Medical treatment

a. People suffering from _________ & ______________ are treated

with proteins that have been engineered inside ___________ cells

C. __________

1. An organism or piece of genetic material that is genetically

____________ to one that is preexisting.

2. Does happen in nature as __________ reproduction

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3. Problems

a. We have cloned many animals but only a _____ have survived

_______

b. Many ________ have grown beyond normal size & _______ to develop _____________ with age

c. Efforts to clone humans are _________ in most countries

D. Using Stem Cells

1. Def – a cell that can continuously divide & ______________ into various ___________

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2. Three types of stem cells a. _________ – give rise to any cell type b. __________ – give rise to all except

germ cells (sperm/egg) c. __________ – give rise to a few cells

1. adult bodies have these as _________ marrow

3. Issues a. Major source of stem cells is human

__________ from _________ clinics b. Strong debate in U.S. over the use of __________ funds for this type of

research

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4. Ethical & Social Issues

a. Safety

1. GMOs can “_________” & have unforeseen __________

2. Bt _________ in GM corn has been ______________ to other plants

3. toxic corn __________ seem to be harming ___________ butterfly populations

b. ____________ Rights

1. People can be tested now to see if they have a ___________ disorder

before it happens

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2. Who should see this information?

a. ___________ companies?

3. Who should make these ___________?

c. Property Laws

1. Old laws do not cover new genetic research __________

2. _____________ __________(IP) is the ownership of the _______

or plans a person creates

3. Scientists can now patent specific IP _______ sequences