mutation - dr. h.b. mahesha · frequency of total mutations - 10-7to 10-12 /organism (i.e.,...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: MUTATION - DR. H.B. MAHESHA · Frequency of total mutations - 10-7to 10-12 /organism (i.e., 0.0000001- 0.000000000001 ) Frequency of detectable mutations – 1 in 10 6 (i.e., 0.000001](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042415/5f2ff9077f4f051f73727a48/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
MUTATION
Dr.H.B.Mahesha
Associate Professor and Head
Department of Sericulture
Yuvaraja’s College
University of Mysore, India.Sunday, December 30, 2018 www.hbmahesh.weebly.com 1
![Page 2: MUTATION - DR. H.B. MAHESHA · Frequency of total mutations - 10-7to 10-12 /organism (i.e., 0.0000001- 0.000000000001 ) Frequency of detectable mutations – 1 in 10 6 (i.e., 0.000001](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042415/5f2ff9077f4f051f73727a48/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Significance of Mutations
Sunday, December 30, 2018 www.hbmahesh.weebly.com 2
![Page 3: MUTATION - DR. H.B. MAHESHA · Frequency of total mutations - 10-7to 10-12 /organism (i.e., 0.0000001- 0.000000000001 ) Frequency of detectable mutations – 1 in 10 6 (i.e., 0.000001](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042415/5f2ff9077f4f051f73727a48/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Sunday, December 30, 2018 www.hbmahesh.weebly.com 3
Mutation is an abrupt qualitative or quantitative change in the genetic material/Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA, which gives rise to a mutant genotype
The organism which undergoes mutation is known as mutant
![Page 4: MUTATION - DR. H.B. MAHESHA · Frequency of total mutations - 10-7to 10-12 /organism (i.e., 0.0000001- 0.000000000001 ) Frequency of detectable mutations – 1 in 10 6 (i.e., 0.000001](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042415/5f2ff9077f4f051f73727a48/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
HistorySeth Wright, 1791
Sunday, December 30, 2018 www.hbmahesh.weebly.com 4
Mutation - Coined by Hugo de Vris in1900 to explain the heritable changes
in evening primrose Oenothera lamrckiana
Mutagenesis - Process of producing mutations
Mutagen - A physical/chemical/biological agent that causes mutations
![Page 5: MUTATION - DR. H.B. MAHESHA · Frequency of total mutations - 10-7to 10-12 /organism (i.e., 0.0000001- 0.000000000001 ) Frequency of detectable mutations – 1 in 10 6 (i.e., 0.000001](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042415/5f2ff9077f4f051f73727a48/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
T.H.MorganT.H. Morgan 1910 Drosophila melanogaster
Sunday, December 30, 2018 www.hbmahesh.weebly.com 5
![Page 6: MUTATION - DR. H.B. MAHESHA · Frequency of total mutations - 10-7to 10-12 /organism (i.e., 0.0000001- 0.000000000001 ) Frequency of detectable mutations – 1 in 10 6 (i.e., 0.000001](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042415/5f2ff9077f4f051f73727a48/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
ClassificationBased on the origin: Natural / Artificial (induced)
Based on the cells: Somatic/Gametic
Based on chromosomes: Autosomal / Allosomal
Based on direction: Forward/Reverse
Based on size: Point/Gross
Silent Mutations.
Leaky mutations.
Nonsense Mutations or
Chain termination Mutation etc.,
Sunday, December 30, 2018 www.hbmahesh.weebly.com 6
![Page 7: MUTATION - DR. H.B. MAHESHA · Frequency of total mutations - 10-7to 10-12 /organism (i.e., 0.0000001- 0.000000000001 ) Frequency of detectable mutations – 1 in 10 6 (i.e., 0.000001](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042415/5f2ff9077f4f051f73727a48/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Natural MutationFrequency of total mutations - 10 -7 to 10 -12/organism
(i.e., 0.0000001- 0.000000000001)Frequency of detectable mutations – 1 in 10 6 (i.e., 0.000001)
Eg., Tautomerism:-The ability of a molecule to exist in more than one chemical form
Sunday, December 30, 2018 www.hbmahesh.weebly.com 7
![Page 8: MUTATION - DR. H.B. MAHESHA · Frequency of total mutations - 10-7to 10-12 /organism (i.e., 0.0000001- 0.000000000001 ) Frequency of detectable mutations – 1 in 10 6 (i.e., 0.000001](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042415/5f2ff9077f4f051f73727a48/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Tautomerism
Sunday, December 30, 2018 www.hbmahesh.weebly.com 8
![Page 9: MUTATION - DR. H.B. MAHESHA · Frequency of total mutations - 10-7to 10-12 /organism (i.e., 0.0000001- 0.000000000001 ) Frequency of detectable mutations – 1 in 10 6 (i.e., 0.000001](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042415/5f2ff9077f4f051f73727a48/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Induced MutationInduced artificially by exposing them
(organisms) to abnormal environment.
Sunday, December 30, 2018 www.hbmahesh.weebly.com 9
![Page 10: MUTATION - DR. H.B. MAHESHA · Frequency of total mutations - 10-7to 10-12 /organism (i.e., 0.0000001- 0.000000000001 ) Frequency of detectable mutations – 1 in 10 6 (i.e., 0.000001](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042415/5f2ff9077f4f051f73727a48/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
MutagensPhysical –Radiations: i. Ionizing-X-rays, gamma, Alpha,
Beeta, protons, nutrons etc.,
ii. Non Ionizing -UV
Temperature-
Chemical – Auerbach & Robson 1947
Base Analogues: 2,aminopurine, 5-bromourasil etc.,Base Analogues: 2,aminopurine, 5-bromourasil etc.,
Base Modifying agents: Nitrous acid, Hydroxylamine etc.,
Distortion producing agents: Proflavin, acridine orange etc.,
Sunday, December 30, 2018 www.hbmahesh.weebly.com 10
![Page 11: MUTATION - DR. H.B. MAHESHA · Frequency of total mutations - 10-7to 10-12 /organism (i.e., 0.0000001- 0.000000000001 ) Frequency of detectable mutations – 1 in 10 6 (i.e., 0.000001](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042415/5f2ff9077f4f051f73727a48/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Biological Mutagens: H. Pylori
Hepatitis virus
H. papiloma virus
Sunday, December 30, 2018 www.hbmahesh.weebly.com 11
![Page 12: MUTATION - DR. H.B. MAHESHA · Frequency of total mutations - 10-7to 10-12 /organism (i.e., 0.0000001- 0.000000000001 ) Frequency of detectable mutations – 1 in 10 6 (i.e., 0.000001](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042415/5f2ff9077f4f051f73727a48/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Point Mutation / Gene MutationA mutation that changes only one small area or one
nucleotide in a gene
Earliest record of point mutation dates back to
1791 by Seth Wright.
Since then mutations have been reported in E. Since then mutations have been reported in E.
coli, Neurospora, Pea, Maize, Rodents, Fowls,
Man, etc.,
Sunday, December 30, 2018 www.hbmahesh.weebly.com 12
![Page 13: MUTATION - DR. H.B. MAHESHA · Frequency of total mutations - 10-7to 10-12 /organism (i.e., 0.0000001- 0.000000000001 ) Frequency of detectable mutations – 1 in 10 6 (i.e., 0.000001](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042415/5f2ff9077f4f051f73727a48/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Frame Shift MutationA mutation that inserts or deletes a single base
(normally single rarely more) will change the reading frame for the entire subsequent sequence.
A change of reading frame is called Frame shift mutation.mutation.
Sunday, December 30, 2018 www.hbmahesh.weebly.com 13
![Page 14: MUTATION - DR. H.B. MAHESHA · Frequency of total mutations - 10-7to 10-12 /organism (i.e., 0.0000001- 0.000000000001 ) Frequency of detectable mutations – 1 in 10 6 (i.e., 0.000001](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042415/5f2ff9077f4f051f73727a48/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Sunday, December 30, 2018 www.hbmahesh.weebly.com 14
![Page 15: MUTATION - DR. H.B. MAHESHA · Frequency of total mutations - 10-7to 10-12 /organism (i.e., 0.0000001- 0.000000000001 ) Frequency of detectable mutations – 1 in 10 6 (i.e., 0.000001](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042415/5f2ff9077f4f051f73727a48/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Frame Shift Mutation may be DeletionInsertion
Sunday, December 30, 2018 www.hbmahesh.weebly.com 15
![Page 16: MUTATION - DR. H.B. MAHESHA · Frequency of total mutations - 10-7to 10-12 /organism (i.e., 0.0000001- 0.000000000001 ) Frequency of detectable mutations – 1 in 10 6 (i.e., 0.000001](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042415/5f2ff9077f4f051f73727a48/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Substitution:- 1. Transition 2. Transversion
Sunday, December 30, 2018 www.hbmahesh.weebly.com 16
![Page 17: MUTATION - DR. H.B. MAHESHA · Frequency of total mutations - 10-7to 10-12 /organism (i.e., 0.0000001- 0.000000000001 ) Frequency of detectable mutations – 1 in 10 6 (i.e., 0.000001](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042415/5f2ff9077f4f051f73727a48/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Transversion
Sunday, December 30, 2018 www.hbmahesh.weebly.com 17
![Page 18: MUTATION - DR. H.B. MAHESHA · Frequency of total mutations - 10-7to 10-12 /organism (i.e., 0.0000001- 0.000000000001 ) Frequency of detectable mutations – 1 in 10 6 (i.e., 0.000001](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042415/5f2ff9077f4f051f73727a48/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Chemical MutagenesisMorgan 1934 – Drosophila with Alcohol
Chemicals: Activity can not be guessed based on
structure
Types:
Copy Errors by Base AnaloguesCopy Errors by Base Analogues
Direct Effect on DNA
Agents Producing Distorsions in DNA
Sunday, December 30, 2018 www.hbmahesh.weebly.com 18
![Page 19: MUTATION - DR. H.B. MAHESHA · Frequency of total mutations - 10-7to 10-12 /organism (i.e., 0.0000001- 0.000000000001 ) Frequency of detectable mutations – 1 in 10 6 (i.e., 0.000001](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042415/5f2ff9077f4f051f73727a48/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Copy Errors by Base Analogues
Eg.,
Sunday, December 30, 2018 www.hbmahesh.weebly.com 19
Thymine 5 Bromouracil
![Page 20: MUTATION - DR. H.B. MAHESHA · Frequency of total mutations - 10-7to 10-12 /organism (i.e., 0.0000001- 0.000000000001 ) Frequency of detectable mutations – 1 in 10 6 (i.e., 0.000001](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042415/5f2ff9077f4f051f73727a48/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Sunday, December 30, 2018 www.hbmahesh.weebly.com 20
![Page 21: MUTATION - DR. H.B. MAHESHA · Frequency of total mutations - 10-7to 10-12 /organism (i.e., 0.0000001- 0.000000000001 ) Frequency of detectable mutations – 1 in 10 6 (i.e., 0.000001](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042415/5f2ff9077f4f051f73727a48/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Direct Effect on DNAeg., Nitrous acid (HNO2), Hydroxylamine (NH2OH),Alkylating agents
Sunday, December 30, 2018 www.hbmahesh.weebly.com 21
Guanine ���� Uracil =Adenine
![Page 22: MUTATION - DR. H.B. MAHESHA · Frequency of total mutations - 10-7to 10-12 /organism (i.e., 0.0000001- 0.000000000001 ) Frequency of detectable mutations – 1 in 10 6 (i.e., 0.000001](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042415/5f2ff9077f4f051f73727a48/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Cytocin (NH2OH) ���� Modified Base=Adenine
Alkylating Agents:
EMS, EES, DES, etc., are extensively used in genetic research.
Sunday, December 30, 2018 www.hbmahesh.weebly.com 22
![Page 23: MUTATION - DR. H.B. MAHESHA · Frequency of total mutations - 10-7to 10-12 /organism (i.e., 0.0000001- 0.000000000001 ) Frequency of detectable mutations – 1 in 10 6 (i.e., 0.000001](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042415/5f2ff9077f4f051f73727a48/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Agents Producing Distortions in DNAEg., Acridine Orange & Proflavin
Sunday, December 30, 2018 www.hbmahesh.weebly.com 23
![Page 24: MUTATION - DR. H.B. MAHESHA · Frequency of total mutations - 10-7to 10-12 /organism (i.e., 0.0000001- 0.000000000001 ) Frequency of detectable mutations – 1 in 10 6 (i.e., 0.000001](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042415/5f2ff9077f4f051f73727a48/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
��������
Sunday, December 30, 2018 www.hbmahesh.weebly.com 24
![Page 25: MUTATION - DR. H.B. MAHESHA · Frequency of total mutations - 10-7to 10-12 /organism (i.e., 0.0000001- 0.000000000001 ) Frequency of detectable mutations – 1 in 10 6 (i.e., 0.000001](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042415/5f2ff9077f4f051f73727a48/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Intercalation resulting in addition of the base
Sunday, December 30, 2018 www.hbmahesh.weebly.com 25
![Page 26: MUTATION - DR. H.B. MAHESHA · Frequency of total mutations - 10-7to 10-12 /organism (i.e., 0.0000001- 0.000000000001 ) Frequency of detectable mutations – 1 in 10 6 (i.e., 0.000001](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042415/5f2ff9077f4f051f73727a48/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Intercalation resulting in
deletion of the base
Sunday, December 30, 2018 www.hbmahesh.weebly.com 26
![Page 27: MUTATION - DR. H.B. MAHESHA · Frequency of total mutations - 10-7to 10-12 /organism (i.e., 0.0000001- 0.000000000001 ) Frequency of detectable mutations – 1 in 10 6 (i.e., 0.000001](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042415/5f2ff9077f4f051f73727a48/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
RADIATION MUTAGENESIS
Ionizing radiations:- High-energy radiation capable of producing ionization in substances through which it passes.
Ionization:- Any process that leads to the dissociation of a neutral atom, molecule or dissociation of a neutral atom, molecule or other species into ions; the state of being ionized.
Eg., X-rays, α, β, gamma rays, fast moving particles
etc.,
Non Ionizing radiations:- Uv, Radio waves,
Visible Light
Sunday, December 30, 2018 www.hbmahesh.weebly.com 27
![Page 28: MUTATION - DR. H.B. MAHESHA · Frequency of total mutations - 10-7to 10-12 /organism (i.e., 0.0000001- 0.000000000001 ) Frequency of detectable mutations – 1 in 10 6 (i.e., 0.000001](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042415/5f2ff9077f4f051f73727a48/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Effect of radiation on DNA molecule
Sunday, December 30, 2018 www.hbmahesh.weebly.com 28
![Page 29: MUTATION - DR. H.B. MAHESHA · Frequency of total mutations - 10-7to 10-12 /organism (i.e., 0.0000001- 0.000000000001 ) Frequency of detectable mutations – 1 in 10 6 (i.e., 0.000001](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042415/5f2ff9077f4f051f73727a48/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Thymine Dimers
T=T ���� 50%
Sunday, December 30, 2018 www.hbmahesh.weebly.com 29
T=T ���� 50%
T=C ���� 40%
C=C���� 10%
![Page 30: MUTATION - DR. H.B. MAHESHA · Frequency of total mutations - 10-7to 10-12 /organism (i.e., 0.0000001- 0.000000000001 ) Frequency of detectable mutations – 1 in 10 6 (i.e., 0.000001](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042415/5f2ff9077f4f051f73727a48/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Sunday, December 30, 2018 www.hbmahesh.weebly.com 30
![Page 31: MUTATION - DR. H.B. MAHESHA · Frequency of total mutations - 10-7to 10-12 /organism (i.e., 0.0000001- 0.000000000001 ) Frequency of detectable mutations – 1 in 10 6 (i.e., 0.000001](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042415/5f2ff9077f4f051f73727a48/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Ionizing
Sunday, December 30, 2018 www.hbmahesh.weebly.com 31
![Page 32: MUTATION - DR. H.B. MAHESHA · Frequency of total mutations - 10-7to 10-12 /organism (i.e., 0.0000001- 0.000000000001 ) Frequency of detectable mutations – 1 in 10 6 (i.e., 0.000001](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042415/5f2ff9077f4f051f73727a48/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Acknowledgements
to
INTERNET
FOR
PICTURES
Sunday, December 30, 2018 www.hbmahesh.weebly.com 32