1 behaviorism of pavlov and watson. 2 russian influence on american psychology early 20 th century...
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Russian influence on American Russian influence on American PsychologyPsychology
Early 20Early 20thth century century Sechanov - objective measurement of Sechanov - objective measurement of
behavior as reflexesbehavior as reflexes
Pavlov – physiologist studying dog digestive Pavlov – physiologist studying dog digestive system and the conditioned responsesystem and the conditioned response
American behaviorism based upon the S -> R American behaviorism based upon the S -> R relationshiprelationship
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Reports of the Conditioned Reports of the Conditioned ResponseResponse
1904 – Pavlov reported finding the conditioned 1904 – Pavlov reported finding the conditioned response while accepting a Nobel prize in response while accepting a Nobel prize in physiologyphysiology
However:However: 1902 – American Edward Twitmeyer reported similar 1902 – American Edward Twitmeyer reported similar
behavior in humans in his dissertationbehavior in humans in his dissertation 1904 – He reported these findings at the American 1904 – He reported these findings at the American
Psychological Association ConferencePsychological Association Conference
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Why Pavlovian Conditioning and Why Pavlovian Conditioning and not Twitmeyer Conditioning?not Twitmeyer Conditioning?
Related to the discovery process in Related to the discovery process in sciencescience Discovery usually evolves – one discovery Discovery usually evolves – one discovery
leads to another as you keep investigating itleads to another as you keep investigating it
While scientific discoveries evolve, there is no While scientific discoveries evolve, there is no clear cut judgment as to the value of the clear cut judgment as to the value of the evolution like natural selection – should it evolution like natural selection – should it continuecontinue
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The situationThe situation
Two research findings, both found Two research findings, both found accidentally, both report the same accidentally, both report the same findings, and reported at the same time findings, and reported at the same time
One ignored for 70 yearsOne ignored for 70 years
One continued to become a major One continued to become a major foundation of psychologyfoundation of psychology
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The Fame of PavlovThe Fame of Pavlov
Pavlov announced his finding and his Pavlov announced his finding and his intent to continue his research while intent to continue his research while accepting a Nobel prizeaccepting a Nobel prize
Twitmeyer – a lowly lecturer reported his Twitmeyer – a lowly lecturer reported his findings as the last speaker at an APA findings as the last speaker at an APA session chaired by William James and session chaired by William James and others who showed no interest in his ideasothers who showed no interest in his ideas
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Reasons for Twitmeyer’s obscurityReasons for Twitmeyer’s obscurity
Proposed reasons:Proposed reasons: Most of his findings were uninteresting to his Most of his findings were uninteresting to his
audienceaudience Twitmeyer unable to promote his ideasTwitmeyer unable to promote his ideas American psychology not ready to see the American psychology not ready to see the
significance of his discoverysignificance of his discovery Poor introduction by James and lack of Poor introduction by James and lack of
discussiondiscussion Blaming his obscurity on him personally is Blaming his obscurity on him personally is
probably overly simplisticprobably overly simplistic
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Pavlov and TwitmeyerPavlov and Twitmeyer
Pavlov – highly Pavlov – highly respected scientistrespected scientist
Established highly Established highly productive labproductive lab
Other researchers Other researchers interestedinterested
Substantial support Substantial support system encouraged system encouraged himhim
Twitmeyer – new with Twitmeyer – new with no reputationno reputation
Small lab, no staff, Small lab, no staff, little moneylittle money
No colleagues No colleagues interestedinterested
No security – junior No security – junior faculty positionfaculty position
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Most important reasonMost important reason
American psychology not ready to see American psychology not ready to see importance of his discovery and the need to importance of his discovery and the need to follow-up on itfollow-up on it
American psychologists were mostly dualistsAmerican psychologists were mostly dualists
Twitmeyer’s findings that that a mental process Twitmeyer’s findings that that a mental process can cause a physical reaction was unimportantcan cause a physical reaction was unimportant
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Important asideImportant aside
Neither Pavlov nor Twitmeyer 1Neither Pavlov nor Twitmeyer 1stst to report to report this type of conditioningthis type of conditioning
Animals salivating at he sight of food was Animals salivating at he sight of food was reported in 1763, 1803, 1872, and 1878reported in 1763, 1803, 1872, and 1878
Pavlov’s fame is due to his continued Pavlov’s fame is due to his continued study of the phenomenon and his study of the phenomenon and his enthusiasmenthusiasm
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Pavlov, the driven scientistPavlov, the driven scientist
Science was important than almost Science was important than almost everything elseeverything else
1887-1891 – period of poverty – did his 1887-1891 – period of poverty – did his research at homeresearch at home
Lab assistant ½ hour late one morning Lab assistant ½ hour late one morning during the Bolshevik revolution during the Bolshevik revolution
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Pavlov the surgeonPavlov the surgeon Recognized that standard lesion work had Recognized that standard lesion work had
limited valuelimited value
Introduced the use of sterile procedures during Introduced the use of sterile procedures during animal surgeryanimal surgery
Major surgical procedures: Major surgical procedures: isolation of part of the stomach in a pouch outside a isolation of part of the stomach in a pouch outside a
dogdog Severed the esophagus so food would not go to Severed the esophagus so food would not go to
stomach stomach
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Pavlov and classical conditioningPavlov and classical conditioning
11stst noted in 1891 described a nuisance noted in 1891 described a nuisance responseresponse
Later studies described what we know Later studies described what we know about classical conditioning: about classical conditioning: generalization, extinction, principles of generalization, extinction, principles of reinforcement, etc.reinforcement, etc.
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Other studies in Pavlov’s labOther studies in Pavlov’s lab
1921 – Role of conditioning in neurotic behavior1921 – Role of conditioning in neurotic behavior
Conditioned terror responseConditioned terror response
1925 – Conflict induced neurosis1925 – Conflict induced neurosis
Pavlov’s conclusion was that neurotic behavior Pavlov’s conclusion was that neurotic behavior was an imbalance in the interaction of inhibitory was an imbalance in the interaction of inhibitory and excitatory systemsand excitatory systems
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Other studies in Pavlov’s labOther studies in Pavlov’s lab
Individual differencesIndividual differences
Impoverished versus enriched Impoverished versus enriched environmentsenvironments
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John B. WatsonJohn B. Watson
Adopted Pavlov’s objectivismAdopted Pavlov’s objectivism
1903 – awarded 11903 – awarded 1stst PhD in Psychology PhD in Psychology from the University of Chicagofrom the University of Chicago
Early studies were on the neurological and Early studies were on the neurological and behavioral development of the ratbehavioral development of the rat Hampton Court MazeHampton Court Maze
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Watson defines behaviorismWatson defines behaviorism
1913 – publishes 1913 – publishes Psychology as the Psychology as the Behaviorist Views ItBehaviorist Views It
Rejected introspection and all mention of Rejected introspection and all mention of mental processing and consciousnessmental processing and consciousness
To be a member of the natural sciences, To be a member of the natural sciences, psychology needed to become more psychology needed to become more objectiveobjective
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Watson as the founder of Watson as the founder of behaviorismbehaviorism
Watson reported that most of the Watson reported that most of the behavioral ideals were developed by a behavioral ideals were developed by a colleague, Knight Dunlapcolleague, Knight Dunlap
Max F. Meyer published in 1911 Max F. Meyer published in 1911 Fundamentals of Human BehaviorFundamentals of Human Behavior stated stated basically the same thing as Watsonbasically the same thing as Watson
Why is Watson given the credit?Why is Watson given the credit?
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Watson as the founder of Watson as the founder of behaviorismbehaviorism
Chairman of Psychology Department at Chairman of Psychology Department at Johns HopkinsJohns Hopkins
Good looking and an eloquent speakerGood looking and an eloquent speaker
Able to take many ideas, crystallize them Able to take many ideas, crystallize them into a system of study, and had the into a system of study, and had the position to promote itposition to promote it
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Primary principles of behaviorismPrimary principles of behaviorism
Only study observable behaviorOnly study observable behavior
Verbal reports from subjects can be used, but only if Verbal reports from subjects can be used, but only if supported by observationssupported by observations
Reaction time studies could be usedReaction time studies could be used
Some mental tests can be used, but not those that Some mental tests can be used, but not those that measure mental processesmeasure mental processes
Study of animal behavior is importantStudy of animal behavior is important
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1919 study of the human infant1919 study of the human infant Fear conditioning in a human infantFear conditioning in a human infant
Conditioning not just a laboratory phenomenon Conditioning not just a laboratory phenomenon with animalswith animals
Attempted to answer 3 questions:Attempted to answer 3 questions: Can an infant be conditioned to fear an animal that Can an infant be conditioned to fear an animal that
appears at the same time with a loud fear producing appears at the same time with a loud fear producing sound?sound?
Would such conditioning be transferred to other Would such conditioning be transferred to other animals and inanimate objects?animals and inanimate objects?
How long would these fears persist?How long would these fears persist?
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The studyThe study Albert healthy 9 month old showed no fear of live animals and Albert healthy 9 month old showed no fear of live animals and
inanimate objects placed near him. Showed fear to loud noiseinanimate objects placed near him. Showed fear to loud noise
2 months later – fear conditioned by striking iron bar behind his 2 months later – fear conditioned by striking iron bar behind his head when he attempted to touch a white rat head when he attempted to touch a white rat
5 days later – generalization test – Albert shown animals and 5 days later – generalization test – Albert shown animals and inanimate objectsinanimate objects
5 days later – 1 trial of pairing white rat with noise- Albert moved to 5 days later – 1 trial of pairing white rat with noise- Albert moved to different room – showed little fear t rat, rabbit or dogdifferent room – showed little fear t rat, rabbit or dog
30 days later – length of time question30 days later – length of time question
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Inaccuracies about what happened Inaccuracies about what happened in the studyin the study
Watson forced to leave academia still Watson forced to leave academia still wrote many articles in the popular press wrote many articles in the popular press without his data –he burned everythingwithout his data –he burned everything
Bottom line: study poorly controlled and Bottom line: study poorly controlled and badly confounded – interesting but badly confounded – interesting but uninterruptible uninterruptible
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Watson after academiaWatson after academia
Lost his position at Johns Hopkins due to affair Lost his position at Johns Hopkins due to affair with his graduate student Rosalyn Rainerwith his graduate student Rosalyn Rainer
Never able to find another positionNever able to find another position
Turned to advertising and publishing psychology Turned to advertising and publishing psychology books for the publicbooks for the public
Continued to study children and conditioned fear Continued to study children and conditioned fear – decreasing fears– decreasing fears