1 avoiding emissions from deforestation workshop: ian fry review of oceania regional workshop report...

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Avoiding Emissions from Deforestation Workshop: Ian FryAvoiding Emissions from Deforestation Workshop: Ian Fry

Review of Review of Oceania Regional Oceania Regional Workshop Report on the Workshop Report on the Underlying Causes of Underlying Causes of Deforestation and Forest Deforestation and Forest DegradationDegradation

and its Implications for and its Implications for Carbon AccountingCarbon Accounting

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The Oceania Regional Workshop on the The Oceania Regional Workshop on the Underlying Causes of Deforestation and Underlying Causes of Deforestation and Forest Degradation held in September 1998 Forest Degradation held in September 1998 in Nadi, Fiji in Nadi, Fiji

It was held back-to- back with a Pacific Heads It was held back-to- back with a Pacific Heads of Forestry. Participants included of Forestry. Participants included representatives from Pacific forestry representatives from Pacific forestry departments, environmental NGOs and departments, environmental NGOs and Indigenous Peoples’ Organisations.Indigenous Peoples’ Organisations.

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Five Discussion Papers:Five Discussion Papers:

Underlying Causes of Deforestation and Underlying Causes of Deforestation and Forest Degradation and Policy Implications in Forest Degradation and Policy Implications in AustraliaAustralia, Dr Stephen Dovers, Dr Jann , Dr Stephen Dovers, Dr Jann Williams and Dr Tony NortonWilliams and Dr Tony Norton

Forest Loss in Papua New GuineaForest Loss in Papua New Guinea, Brian , Brian D. BruntonD. Brunton

Kaitiakitanga: The Reclamation of the Kaitiakitanga: The Reclamation of the Domain Of Tane Mahuta: A Look at the Domain Of Tane Mahuta: A Look at the Deforestation of Aotearoa, and an Argument Deforestation of Aotearoa, and an Argument for Structuring an Idealised Futurefor Structuring an Idealised Future, Sandy , Sandy GauntlettGauntlett

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Deforestation and Forest Degradation in the Deforestation and Forest Degradation in the Kingdom of Tonga: A Case StudyKingdom of Tonga: A Case Study, Denis Wolff, Denis Wolff

Paths in the Jungle: Landowners, Paths in the Jungle: Landowners, Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Solomon Islands,Solomon Islands, Tarcisius Tara Kabutaulaka Tarcisius Tara Kabutaulaka

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Papua New Guinea:Papua New Guinea:

1. Excessive demand for log and timber exports 1. Excessive demand for log and timber exports

2. Structural adjustment policy, decline in 2. Structural adjustment policy, decline in enforcement and fee paymentsenforcement and fee payments

3. Subsidized logging industry3. Subsidized logging industry

4. Peasant clearances, rapid population increase4. Peasant clearances, rapid population increase

5. Clearing for plantations5. Clearing for plantations

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Kingdom of Tonga:Kingdom of Tonga:

1. Population growth and associated 1. Population growth and associated demographic changesdemographic changes

2. Export economy and demand for agricultural 2. Export economy and demand for agricultural landland

Solomon Islands:Solomon Islands:

1. Excessive demand for log and timber 1. Excessive demand for log and timber exportsexports

2. Landowners lack of capacity to negotiate 2. Landowners lack of capacity to negotiate logging agreementslogging agreements

3. Entrepreneurial landowner middlemen3. Entrepreneurial landowner middlemen

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Workshop Group ExercisesWorkshop Group Exercises

1. Lack of stakeholder resources and involvement1. Lack of stakeholder resources and involvement

2. Poorly directed foreign assistance programmes2. Poorly directed foreign assistance programmes

3. International and domestic trade pressures3. International and domestic trade pressures

4. Domestic financial pressures 4. Domestic financial pressures

5. Unsustainable population growth 5. Unsustainable population growth

6. Lack of recognition of cultural values and land 6. Lack of recognition of cultural values and land tenure systems tenure systems

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7. Inappropriate development policies and 7. Inappropriate development policies and practicespractices

8. Inadequate valuation of forests8. Inadequate valuation of forests

9. Inadequate policies and capacity to manage 9. Inadequate policies and capacity to manage resourcesresources

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Underlying Causes Strategies to Address Underlying Causes

Excessive demand for log and timber exports

Promote consumer education programmes in consumer countries

Promote timber certification strategies (e.g. FSC criteria) in key timber products market

Encourage participation in, and community awareness of, the effect of globalization on the timber trade in the region.

Establish national parks and reserves Develop eco-tourism enterprises and other

economic alternatives to logging Legislate to enshrine Reduced Impact Logging

and Sustainable Forest Management practices Strengthen investigative and prosecutorial

capacities of key law enforcement institutions associated with ensuring good leadership and good governance

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Peasant clearances/ Unsustainable population growth

Establish education programs on the connection between population increase, land use and resource issues

Expand family planning education programmes

Export economy and demand for agricultural land

Develop and implements appropriate/acceptable farming systems, e.g. agroforestry

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Greenhouse Gas Emissions Avoidance Greenhouse Gas Emissions Avoidance Effectiveness CriteriaEffectiveness Criteria

Feasibility Feasibility Emissions displacement (leakage)Emissions displacement (leakage) Short and long term effectiveness Short and long term effectiveness

(permanence) (permanence) Potential as a credit exchange project (e.g. Potential as a credit exchange project (e.g.

CDM-like)CDM-like) Potential as funded activity other than Potential as funded activity other than

through credit exchange through credit exchange Environmental or social effects Environmental or social effects Overall effectiveness with respect to COOverall effectiveness with respect to CO22

changes in atmosphere:changes in atmosphere:

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Strategies Strategies to Address to Address Underlying Underlying CausesCauses

FeasibilityFeasibility Emissions Emissions displacement displacement

(leakage)(leakage)

Short and Short and longlong

term term

effectivenesseffectiveness

(permanence(permanence

)) Legislate to Legislate to enshrine enshrine Reduced Reduced Impact Impact Logging and Logging and Sustainable Sustainable Forest Forest Management Management

practicespractices

Difficult to Difficult to enforce, enforce, reluctance due reluctance due to market to market pressures and pressures and governance governance

issuesissues

Leakage highly Leakage highly likely if likely if deforestation deforestation due to timber due to timber

tradetrade

Enforceability Enforceability biggest biggest

obstacleobstacle

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Potential as a Potential as a credit credit exchange exchange project (e.g. project (e.g. CDM-like CDM-like project)project)

Potential as Potential as funded funded activity other activity other than through than through credit credit

exchangeexchange

EnvironmentEnvironmental or social al or social

effectseffects

OverallOverall

EffectivenessEffectiveness

with respect with respect toto

COCO22 changes changes inin

atmosphereatmosphere Possible to Possible to establish as establish as project but project but

complexcomplex

Potential ODA Potential ODA

projectproject Enforcement Enforcement may infringe may infringe community community rights but may rights but may have positive have positive environmental environmental

effectseffects

Limited Limited effectiveness effectiveness due to due to

leakageleakage

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FeasibilityFeasibility Emissions Emissions displacement displacement (leakage)(leakage)


term term


(permanence(permanence))

Establish Establish national national parks and parks and forestry forestry

reservesreserves

Possible Possible limited local limited local support due to support due to limited income limited income

opportunitiesopportunities

Leakage highly Leakage highly likely if likely if deforestation deforestation due to timber due to timber

tradetrade

Generally long Generally long term benefits if term benefits if effectively effectively

enforcedenforced

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Potential as Potential as funded funded activity other activity other than through than through credit credit exchangeexchange

EnvironmentEnvironmental or social al or social

effectseffects

OverallOverall




atmosphereatmosphere

Possible as Possible as credit credit exchange exchange project but has project but has major flaws major flaws due to leakagedue to leakage

Potential Potential funding from funding from CBD, ODA and CBD, ODA and

NGOsNGOs

Both positive Both positive and negative and negative effects effects depending on depending on local local

involvementinvolvement

Limited Limited effectiveness effectiveness due to due to leakage. If leakage. If undertaken undertaken as project as project could result could result in increase in in increase in net net

emissionsemissions

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FeasibilityFeasibility Emissions Emissions displacement displacement (leakage)(leakage)


term term


(permanence(permanence))

Develop and Develop and implements implements appropriate/aappropriate/acceptable cceptable farming farming systems, systems, agroforestryagroforestry

Possible but Possible but economic economic viability would viability would need to be need to be

assuredassured

Limited Limited leakage unless leakage unless people people

displaceddisplaced

Potential short Potential short to medium to medium term benefits if term benefits if viability shownviability shown

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Potential as Potential as funded funded activity other activity other than through than through credit credit exchangeexchange

EnvironmentEnvironmental or social al or social effectseffects

OverallOverall




atmosphereatmosphere

Potential to Potential to develop as develop as project though project though baseline may baseline may be difficult be difficult

Potential ODA Potential ODA and NGO and NGO

funded activityfunded activity

Potential Potential positive positive environmental environmental and social and social

effectseffects

Potential Potential atmospheric atmospheric benefits if benefits if long term long term viability viability

assuredassured

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Conclusions:Conclusions: Conclusions only apply to Pacific Island Conclusions only apply to Pacific Island

countries considered, though there may be countries considered, though there may be parallels elsewhereparallels elsewhere

Underlying causes of deforestation and Underlying causes of deforestation and forest degradation are complex and often forest degradation are complex and often distant from the actual trees in the grounddistant from the actual trees in the ground

If logging for timber and log trade is a major If logging for timber and log trade is a major cause of deforestation and forest cause of deforestation and forest degradation then leakage is going to be a degradation then leakage is going to be a major complication that will undermine major complication that will undermine efforts to avoid emissions.efforts to avoid emissions.

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If logging for timber and log export is a If logging for timber and log export is a major cause of deforestation and forest major cause of deforestation and forest degradation then it highly likely that any degradation then it highly likely that any carbon exchange project (e.g. the CDM) will carbon exchange project (e.g. the CDM) will notnot derive any atmospheric benefit. Could derive any atmospheric benefit. Could result in increase in emissionsresult in increase in emissions

Setting aside reserves (or national parks) in Setting aside reserves (or national parks) in exchange for carbon credits will not create exchange for carbon credits will not create atmospheric benefits unless the causes of atmospheric benefits unless the causes of deforestation are proximatedeforestation are proximate

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Setting aside reserves to protect existing Setting aside reserves to protect existing stocks of carbon is not necessarily creating stocks of carbon is not necessarily creating an atmospheric benefit, unless there is an an atmospheric benefit, unless there is an assurance that all those carbon stocks assurance that all those carbon stocks would have been converted into emissionswould have been converted into emissions

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Ensuring permanence for emissions Ensuring permanence for emissions avoidance projects, even for proximate avoidance projects, even for proximate causes, is difficult and creates many causes, is difficult and creates many challengeschallenges

Many activities to address the underlying Many activities to address the underlying causes of deforestation and forest causes of deforestation and forest degradation are unlikely to fit within the degradation are unlikely to fit within the project format where baselines can be project format where baselines can be developed and changes measured developed and changes measured

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While there may be some opportunities to While there may be some opportunities to undertake activities or projects to avoid undertake activities or projects to avoid emissions from proximate causes of emissions from proximate causes of deforestation and forest degradation, the deforestation and forest degradation, the most significant causes are far more complexmost significant causes are far more complex

While recognising that any step to reduce While recognising that any step to reduce deforestation and forest degradation, is a step deforestation and forest degradation, is a step in the right direction, we must ensure the in the right direction, we must ensure the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC, as ultimate objective of the UNFCCC, as ultimately climate change is likely to be a ultimately climate change is likely to be a significant cause of deforestation and forest significant cause of deforestation and forest degradation in itselfdegradation in itself

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Thank youThank you

1 avoiding emissions from deforestation workshop: ian fry review of oceania regional workshop report...

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