the americas & oceania
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The Americas & Oceania. Mr. Ermer World History AP Miami Beach Senior High. Teotihuacan Chinampas increase agricultural production Stone apartment building, aristocratic rule City comes to a violent end The Mayas Farming practices unsustainable “Long Court” calendar - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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THE AMERICAS & OCEANIAMr. ErmerWorld History APMiami Beach Senior High
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MESOAMERICA
• Teotihuacan– Chinampas increase agricultural production– Stone apartment building, aristocratic rule– City comes to a violent end
• The Mayas– Farming practices unsustainable– “Long Court” calendar– Cities abandoned, civilization destroyed
• The Aztecs– Self-Identified as the Mexica– Establish civilization around Lake Texcoco
• Build twin capitals, Tenochtitlan & Tlatelolco• As Aztecs conquer land, monarchical system gains
power– Emperors do not have absolute power, kinship ties
loose import– Social mobility is possible through military service,
priesthood
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THE ANDES
• The Andean region’s hostile climate/geography produces complex administrative structure and social relationships– Accurate calendar needed for agricultural
production– Terraced farming at varied altitudes– Freeze-dried veggies and meats– Khipus (quipus) record keeping system– Complex transportation network; roads & bridges– Ayllu (clan) primary social unit, extended family
• Mit’a system of labor obligations• Territorial states wished to exploit variety of
ecological zones– Coastal Region: fish, maize, and cotton– Mountain Valleys: tubers (potatoes) and quinoa– High Altitude Region: wool and meat– Amazonian Region: coca and fruit
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THE ANDEAN PEOPLES
• The Moche– Occupied the coastal region– Theocratic government with highly stratified social structure
• Priests and military leaders = social elites– Women in charge of textile production– Metallurgy included gold and copper for weapons and tools– Series of natural disasters causes Moche civilization to collapse
• The Tiwanaku and Wari– Tiwanaku located near Lake Titicaca, at about 13,000 ft.
• Agricultural production through raised, lakeside fields• Mostly copper tools and weapons, stone-based large-scale building• Colonies in other ecological zones provides regional trade network
– Wari = similar culture to that of Tiwanaku, conflict b/w both = fall• The Inca
– Developed vast imperial state, 6 million people by 1525– 1400s: Inca chiefdom begins to militarily conquer other areas– Pastoralists, mit’a labor makes large urban areas like Cuzco work– Incorporate cultural elements of conquered peoples– Sophisticated urban design, architecture, bronze work
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THE TRIBES OF NORTH AMERICA
• The Southwestern Desert – The Hohokam
• Salt and Gila river valleys, strong Mesoamerican influence– Ball courts and platform mounds
– The Anasazi• Agricultural economy based on maize, beans, squash• Social life centered around buildings called kivas
– Many Anasazi town built into canyons• Decline as a result of drought, warfare
• The Mississippian Mound Builders– Chiefdom based government– Networks of trade tied together by urban centers
• Urban core built atop raised mounds, commoners live below on outskirts
• Barter system, flint = big commodity– Hunter-gatherers with limited agriculture in beans,
squash, maize
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SOCIETIES OF OCEANIA
• Change comes slower to the peoples of Australia and Oceania– Paleolithic persistence: hunting & gathering– Outside influences:
• Outrigger canoes• Fish hooks/complex netting• Artistic style, rituals, mythologies
– Firestick Farming• Deliberate fire setting, “cleaning up the
country”– Trade in Australia conducted over hundreds
of miles• 400s-700s C.E.: New Zealand populated by
migrant peoples• Long distance travel between Polynesian
islands in Pacific– Polynesians even thought to reach South
America– Complex agricultural systems=population
growth• Population growth = environmental
degradation on small islands, some societies collapse
– Larger islands develop stratified social structures