1 anatomy – study of structure (greek – “a cutting up”) physiology – study of function...
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Anatomy – study of structure (Greek – “a cutting up”)
Physiology – study of function (Greek – “relationship to nature”)
Structure is always related to function
Levels of Organization
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Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, neutronsAtom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom
Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule
Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule
Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus
Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell
Tissue – simple squamous epithelium, loose connective tissue
Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system
Organism - human
Characteristics of Life
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Movement – change in position; motion
Responsiveness – reaction to a change
Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape
Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods
Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells
Characteristics of Life
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Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids
Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids
Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms
Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions
Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms
Requirements of Organisms
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Life depends on five environmental factors• water• food• oxygen• heat• pressure
Requirements of Organisms
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Water- most abundant substance in body- required for metabolic processes- required for transport of substances- regulates body temperature
Food- provides necessary nutrients- supplies energy- supplies raw materials
Requirements of Organisms
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Oxygen (Gas)- one-fifth of air- used to release energy from nutrients
Heat- form of energy - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
Pressure - application of force on an object - atmospheric pressure – important for breathing - hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing
Anatomical Terminology
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Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward
Terms of Relative Position• Superior versus Inferior• Anterior versus Posterior• Medial versus Lateral• Ipsilateral versus Contralateral• Proximal versus Distal• Superficial versus Peripheral• Deep
Body Sections
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• Sagittal / Midsagittal or Median / Parasagittal
• Transverse or Horizontal
• Coronal or Frontal
• Cross section, Oblique, Longitudinal
Thoracic & Abdominal Membranes
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Thoracic Membranes• Visceral pleura• Parietal pleura• Visceral pericardium• Parietal pericardium
Visceral layer – covers an organParietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall
Abdominopelvic Membranes• Parietal peritoneum• Visceral peritoneum
Clinical ApplicationMedical Imaging
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• Noninvasive procedures• Provide images of soft internal
structures
Magnetic Resonance Imaging• Requires injection of dye• Produces computerized
images from different angles
Ultrasonography • Use of high-
frequency sound waves
• Relatively quick and inexpensive
Homeostasis
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Body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment
Homeostatic Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the internal environment and corrects any changes
• Receptors - provide information about stimuli
• Control center - tells what a particular value should be (includes a set point) This is usually an organ (brain, hypothalamus, etc.)
• Effectors - elicit responses that change conditions in the internal environment
Negative feedback maintains homeostasis, keeps parameters in the normal range because deviation from the set point is resisted. Most NF loops are controlled by endocrine hormones or the nervous system.
Examples are body temperature, pH levels in urine, blood volume, etc. (Most homeostatic mechanisms are controlled by neg. feedback)
Positive feedback creates a self-amplifying change of events that leads away from the body’s normal ranges.
Examples of Positive Feedback are giving birth and clotting blood, both are hormone driven and actually part of a larger N.F.M.“Often, however, positive feedback produces the very opposite of homeostasis: rapid loss of internal stability with potentially fatal consequences. For example, if the death of a small area of heart tissue triggers a heart attack (myocardial infarction), the heart pumps an inadequate amount of blood. Thus, the heart muscle itself is deprived of blood flow, and still more begins to die. This can lead to a rapid worsening of cardiac function until a person dies. Many diseases involve dangerous positive feedback loops.”
From: Homeostasis - Biology Encyclopedia - cells, body, examples, function, human, process, system, organisms, blood http://www.biologyreference.com/Ho-La/Homeostasis.html#ixzz0xptZ3AcC