1 air quality management in the netherlands pm 10 in the rotterdam - rijnmond area leo...
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1
Air quality management in the Netherlands
PM10 in the Rotterdam - Rijnmond Area
Leo Hermans [email protected]
Sef vd Elshout [email protected]
Brussels 1/2 September 2004
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Content
• Introduction
• Historic evolution
• Origin of PM10 in Rijnmond
• Case 1 Traffic
• Case 2 Trans-shipment of coal and ore
• Case 3 Refineries
• Discussion
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Rijnmond
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0 – Schiedam1 – Vlaardingen2 – Hoogvliet3 – Botlek4 – Hoek v Holland5 – Pernis6 – Overschie7 – Rozenburg8 – Maassluis9 – Zwartewaal10 – Meetwagen11 – Ridderkerk
Monitoring network
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PM10 in Rotterdam Area 2003
Monitoring site Year averagein (µg/m3 )
Days exceedinga daily average of 50 µg/m3
Schiedam 45.8 112Hoogvliet 45.4 102Maassluis 41.7 82Overschie 47.3 123Limit value 2005 40 35
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TSP and Black Smoke Rijnmond
TSP and Black Smoke - Rijnmond
0
25
50
75
100
1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n (
µg
/m3
)
TSP Black Smoke
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Origin of PM10 in Rijnmond area
Percentage ConcentrationAnthropogenicNetherlands
42% 19 µg/m3
Anthropogenicabroad
34% 15 µg/m3
Natural background24% 11 µg/m3
Total 100% 45 µg/m3
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Sources and concentrations PM10
Sources PM10
industries / power
road traffic
shipping
other
Concentrations PM10
industries / power
road traffic
shipping
other
background
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150,000 vehicles each day
Motorway A13
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Case 1: Traffic
Kind of traffic ConcentrationStagnant traffic 47 µg/m3
Normal traffic 49 µg/m3
Dynamic traffic 46 µg/m3
32,000 vehicles /day;Distance to the centre of the road 15 m;Background concentration 36 µg/m3.
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Case 2: Trans-shipment of coal and ore
Rotterdam Hoek van Holland
Coal and ore trans-shipment and storage facilities
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Case 2: Trans-shipment of coal and ore
0
40
80North
East
refinery
refinery
port
Southdry bulk, refinery
dry bulk, refinerydry bulk, refinery
dry bulk, refinery
dry bulk
containers
power plant, port
West
sea wind
sea wind
sea wind
sea wind
sea windsea wind
shipsships
Air pollution rose for PM10 in the city of Hoek van Holland
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Case 2: Trans-shipment of coal and ore
Trans-shipment and storage of coal and ore and the PM10 emissions
000
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
ha
nd
ling
& s
tro
rag
e (
10
00
to
n)
0
200
400
600
800
em
iss
ion
PM
10
(to
n/y
ea
r)
storage*10
handling
emission
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Case 2: Trans-shipment of coal and ore
1
2 3
4
7 5
61
2 3
4
7 5
6
Site map with real-time dust monitoring stations
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Case 3: The refineries
PM10 concentration contribution (µg/m3) of all industrial sources (thin line) and after (thick line) the emission reduction by 3
refineries
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Discussion 1: Measuring PM10
Different methods:Automated instrumentsNot - automated instrumentsReference instruments Different sources:
industrialurbannaturalagricultural
% precursors and its origins ?
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kaart
Discussion 2: Results PM10
Results depending on:•Type of monitoring equipment•Season•Site•Wind direction
Result:
Correctionfactor
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Methodological issues on
monitoring and modelling:
AIR4EU
WWW.AIR4EU.NL
Disc. 3: Accuracy and its consequences
Results close to limit value
Exceeding often due to correction factor
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Discussion 4: What is desirable?
Local authorities pushing PM10 below limit value
Result: A lot of effort for small areas
Health authorities focussing on PM10 in general
Result: Effects on large areas
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Discussion 5: What solution?
Large emissions
High stack
Result: Low concentration
Small emissions
Low stack
Result: High concentrations?
No EU Directive
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Discussion 6: Concentration PM10
Due to local sources
Background:
Beyond control of local authorities
national and international efforts
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PM10 - Total
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PM10 - Shipping
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PM10 - Industry and power plants
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PM10 - Road traffic
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PM10 - Other sources