1 acid base concepts
DESCRIPTION
hg zhfgzjhg fTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 1 Acid Base Concepts](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061116/546533a2af795992368b4d8f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ACID-BASE CEMISTRY
Acid-Based Concepts
![Page 2: 1 Acid Base Concepts](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061116/546533a2af795992368b4d8f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
04/08/23
Acid-Base Concepts
The definitions of an acid and a baserange from proton and hydroxide donors
to electron pair donors and acceptorsto specialized definitions for non-solvent
systems.
![Page 3: 1 Acid Base Concepts](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061116/546533a2af795992368b4d8f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
04/08/23
Acid-Base Definitions
Arrhenius - Acids are proton donors,bases are hydroxide donors.
Bronsted-Lowry - Acids are proton donors,bases are proton acceptors.
Lux-Flood - Acids are oxide acceptors,bases are oxide donors.
![Page 4: 1 Acid Base Concepts](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061116/546533a2af795992368b4d8f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
04/08/23
Lux-Flood ReactionsAcids are oxide acceptors, bases are oxide donors
CaO + SiO2 CaSiO3
CaO + H2O Ca2+ + 2 OH-
base acid
basicanhydride
SiO2 + H2O H2SiO3
acidicanhydride
![Page 5: 1 Acid Base Concepts](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061116/546533a2af795992368b4d8f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Acid-Base DefinitionsDon’t Have To Be Limited to H & O
(CH3)4N+ Cl- bases are chloride donors
FeCl3 acids are chloride acceptors
OPCl3or
OP(OEt)3
(CH3)4N+ Cl- + FeCl3 (CH3)4N
+ + FeCl4-
![Page 6: 1 Acid Base Concepts](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061116/546533a2af795992368b4d8f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
04/08/23
Solvent SystemsAutoionization
2 H2O H3O+ + OH-
2 NH3 NH4+ + NH2
-
2 OPCl3 OPCl2+ + OPCl4
-
strongest acidallowed in
solvent
strongest baseallowed in
solvent
![Page 7: 1 Acid Base Concepts](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061116/546533a2af795992368b4d8f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
04/08/23
Solvent SystemsAcid Leveling
2 H2O H3O+ + OH-
acids stronger than H3O+
are leveled to H3O+
bases stronger than OH-
are leveled to OH-
HNO3 + H2O H3O+ + NO3
-
CaO + H2O Ca2+ + 2 OH-
![Page 8: 1 Acid Base Concepts](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061116/546533a2af795992368b4d8f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
04/08/23
Solvent SystemsAcid Leveling
3 HF H2F+ + HF2
-
What is the strongest acid andthe strongest base allowed in
liquid hydrofluoric acid?
![Page 9: 1 Acid Base Concepts](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061116/546533a2af795992368b4d8f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
04/08/23
Other Acid-Base Definitions
Lewis - Acids are electron pair acceptor,bases are electron pair donors.
Usanovich - Acids are negative charge acceptors,bases are negative charge donors.
![Page 10: 1 Acid Base Concepts](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061116/546533a2af795992368b4d8f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
metalloids areamphoteric
General Acid-Base Concepts
more
basi
c
metal oxides are basic
nonmetal oxidesare acidic
![Page 11: 1 Acid Base Concepts](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061116/546533a2af795992368b4d8f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
General Acid-Base Concepts
Beryllium oxide is amphoteric
high charge density causes polarizationof any electron source
BeO is more acidic and less basic thanother alkaline earth oxides.
BeO + 2 H+ Be2+ + H2O
BeO + H2O + 2 OH- Be(OH)42-
![Page 12: 1 Acid Base Concepts](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061116/546533a2af795992368b4d8f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
General Acid-Base ConceptsHydration and Hydrolysis
coordination of the solvent (solvation)releases energy and stabilizes the product
high charge density ions have large hydration (solvation) energies
Na+ + n H2O [Na(H2O)n]+
![Page 13: 1 Acid Base Concepts](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061116/546533a2af795992368b4d8f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
General Acid-Base ConceptsHydration and Hydrolysis
Al3+ + 6 H2O [Al(H2O)6]3+
If the cation is acidic enough, it canpolarize the oxygen of water away fromthe hydrogen.
[Al(H2O)5 (OH)]2+ + H3O+
H2O
the pH of0.1 M Al(NO3)3
is 3.07
Why is 0.1 M iron(III) ion even more acidic?
![Page 14: 1 Acid Base Concepts](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061116/546533a2af795992368b4d8f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
General Acid-Base ConceptsOxyacids
HmXOn The acidity of oxyacids depends on
formal charge on the central atom
inductive effects of substituents
charge on the complex
![Page 15: 1 Acid Base Concepts](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061116/546533a2af795992368b4d8f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
General Acid-Base ConceptsOxyacids
HmXOn if n-m 2, strong acid pKa << 0= 1, weak acid pKa 2.1 ± 0.9= 0, very weak acid pKa 8.5 ± 1
sequential proton loss leads topK2 values of +5 greater
Examples: HNO3
HNO2
HSO4-
HClO2
H3PO4
H2PO4-
HClO3
HClO
![Page 16: 1 Acid Base Concepts](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061116/546533a2af795992368b4d8f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
HNO3
HNO2
HSO4-
HClO2
H3PO4
H2PO4-
HClO3
HClO
<< 0
3.3
1.9
HClO2
2.1
7.2
HClO3
7.5
![Page 17: 1 Acid Base Concepts](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061116/546533a2af795992368b4d8f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
General Acid-Base ConceptsOxyacids
HmXOn The acidity of oxyacids depends on
formal charge on the central atom
inductive effects of substituents
charge on the complex
pKa = 10.5 - 5.0 n - x for X(OH)mOn
![Page 18: 1 Acid Base Concepts](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061116/546533a2af795992368b4d8f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
General Acid-Base ConceptsOxyacids
Special Cases
H2SO3 pKa = 1.81
H3PO3 pKa = 2.00
H2CO3 pKa = 6.37
H3BO3 pKa = 9.1
![Page 19: 1 Acid Base Concepts](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061116/546533a2af795992368b4d8f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
General Acid-Base ConceptsSubstituted Amines
NR3 The basicity of amines depends on
inductive effects of substituents
steric effects
NF3
no basiccharacter
NH3 NH2CH3 NH(CH3)2 N(CH3)3
4.74
pKb
3.36 3.29 4.28
![Page 20: 1 Acid Base Concepts](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061116/546533a2af795992368b4d8f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
04/08/23
![Page 21: 1 Acid Base Concepts](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061116/546533a2af795992368b4d8f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
04/08/23
![Page 22: 1 Acid Base Concepts](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061116/546533a2af795992368b4d8f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
04/08/23
![Page 23: 1 Acid Base Concepts](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061116/546533a2af795992368b4d8f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
04/08/23
![Page 24: 1 Acid Base Concepts](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061116/546533a2af795992368b4d8f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
04/08/23
![Page 25: 1 Acid Base Concepts](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061116/546533a2af795992368b4d8f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
04/08/23
![Page 26: 1 Acid Base Concepts](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061116/546533a2af795992368b4d8f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
04/08/23