1-a introduction to biology. a.science: an organized way of using evidence, based on observations,...
TRANSCRIPT
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1-A Introduction
to Biology
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A.Science: An organized way of using evidence, based on observations, to learn about the natural world.
B.Observations: Information gathered using the senses. 1.Quantitative- involves numbers or
measurements2. Qualitative-involves
characteristics or descriptions not easily measured or counted.
I. Introductory Terms
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C. Biology: The study of life (living things)
D. Organism: a complete individual living thing1.Examples: spider, tree,
etc.
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2.How do we know if something is living?
It exhibits all of the
characteristics of life
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A.Living things are Made up of units called cells
1.Cell = basic unit of structure and function in all living things
2.Multicellular = many cells3.Unicellular = 1 cell (like
bacteria)
II. Characteristics of living things
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B.Living things Reproduce1.Asexual – 1 parent, no
joining of sex cells or DNA
2.Sexual – usually 2 parents, sex cells joined and DNA combined
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C.Living things Grow & develop 1.Cell division2.Cell enlargement3.Cell specialization
D.Living things Respond to stimuli
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E.Living things Use energy1.Autotroph: make own food
(plants)2.Heterotroph: eat
something3.Metabolism: chemical
reactions that build up or break down materials
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F. Living things Maintain homeostasis1.Regulation of an organism’s
internal environment2.Optimizes conditions for
metabolism
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G.Living things display organization• Cell structures, cells, tissues, and
organs work together to support the organism
H.Living things Evolve over time• Adaptation: an inherited
characteristic that results from changes to a species over time, usually something that helps them survive
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If something is living, how many of these characteristics
must it have?
ALL OF THEM!
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III. The Scientific Method - logical and organized methods of
scientific study.
SCHyTCo!!
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A.State the problem 1.The problem must specify how
the results can be measured2.Format: What effect does the
Independent (manipulated) Variable have on Dependant (responding) Variable?a)IV: The variable being testedb)DV: results of experiment,
what you will be measuring.
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Good or bad example?•How does drinking pop affect concentration?
•Better --> How does drinking mountain dew affect concentration in class?
•Best --> How does drinking 1 can of mountain dew affect performance on a memory test?
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B.Collect Background Info – research your problem.
What things would you research for the mountain dew example?
• Ex. Amount of caffeine, how caffeine works, how memory works, etc.
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C.Hypothesis = possible solution to problem; an educated guess based on background information
Ex: scores on memory tests will be lower after drinking mountain dew
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D.Test the hypothesis (experiment)1.Controlled experiment – all
conditions the same except one variable
2.Experimental group – group exposed to the variable
3.Control group – not exposed to the variable, used as a comparison
4.Number of trials: how many times the experiment is repeated
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F. Conclusions1.Data – scientific facts
collected during experiment• Tables, graphs, charts
2.Statistics – math that evaluates data• Ex. Average growth rate
of frogs during development
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1. Theory:a) An explanation of how a specific
natural phenomenon occursb) A former hypothesis that has
been tested with repeated experiments and observations and found always to work
2. Law: a rule that describes, but doesn’t explain, a pattern in nature and predicts what will happen under specific conditions
F. Definitions:
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IV. Metric system basicsA. Base units of the metric
system1. Length = meter2. Mass = gram3. Volume = liter4. Time = second5. Temperature = degrees
Celsius
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B.Common metric system prefixes used in Biology1.Kilo = 1,0002.Centi = 1/1003.Milli = 1/1,0004.Micro = 1 millionth5.Nano = 1 billionth