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4-Integrating Peripherals in Embedded Systems

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Introduction

Single-purpose processors Performs specific computation task Custom single-purpose processors

Designed by us for a unique task Standard single-purpose processors

“Off-the-shelf” -- pre-designed for a common taska.k.a., peripheralsserial transmissionanalog/digital conversions

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Timers, counters, watchdog timers

Timer: measures time intervals To generate timed output events

e.g., hold traffic light green for 10 s To measure input events

e.g., measure a car’s speed

Based on counting clock pulsesE.g., let Clk period be 10 ns And we count 20,000 Clk pulsesThen 200 microseconds have passed16-bit counter would count up to 65,535*10 ns =

655.35 microsec., resolution = 10 nsTop: indicates top count reached, wrap-around

16-bit up counter

Clk Cnt

Basic timer

Top

Reset

16

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Counters

Counter: like a timer, but counts pulses on a general input signal rather than clock e.g., count cars passing over a sensor Can often configure device as either a

timer or counter

16-bit up counter

Clk16

Cnt_in

2x1 mux

Mode

Timer/counter

Top

Reset

Cnt

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Timer Design

Custom-FSM based (review)Standard-(Off the shelf), with component

configuration.

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Custom Timer Design (review) Five basic step controller design process

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Laser Timer Example Step 1: Capture the FSM

Already done Step 2: Create architecture

2-bit state register (for 4 states)

Input b, output xNext state signals n1,

n0 Step 3: Encode the states

Any encoding will work

x=1 x=1 x=1

x=0

b

b’

01

00

10 11On2On1

Off

On3

Inputs: b; Outputs: x

Combinationallogic

State register

s1 s0

n1

n0

xb

clk

FSM

inputs

FSM

outp

uts

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Laser Timer Example (cont.) Step 4: Create state table

x=1 x=1 x=1

x=0

b

b’

01

00

10 11On2On1

Off

On3

Inputs: b; Outputs: x

Combinationallogic

Stateregister

s1 s0

n1

n0

xb

clk

FSM

inpu

ts FSMoutputs

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Laser Timer Example (cont.) Step 5: Implement combinational

logic Combinationallogic

Stateregister

s1 s0

n1

n0

xb

clk

FSM

inpu

ts FSMoutputs

x = s1 + s0 (note from the table that x=1 if s1 = 1 or s0 = 1)

n1 = s1’s0b’ + s1’s0b + s1s0’b’ + s1s0’bn1 = s1’s0 + s1s0’

n0 = s1’s0’b + s1s0’b’ + s1s0’bn0 = s1’s0’b + s1s0’

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Laser Timer Example (cont.) Step 5: Implement combinational

logic (cont)

x = s1 + s0n1 = s1’s0 + s1s0’n0 = s1’s0’b + s1s0’

Combinationallogic

Stateregister

s1 s0

n1

n0

xb

clk

FSM

inpu

ts FSMoutputs

n1

n0

s0s1

clk

Combinational Logic

State register

b FSM outputs

FSM inputs

x

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Understanding the Controller’s Behavior

s0s1

b x

n1

n0

x=1 x=1 x=1b

01 10 11On2On1

Off

On3

00

0 0

0

00

0

b’

0

0

0

00

x=0

000

clk

clk

Inputs:

Outputs:

1

0

10

b

1

0

10

0

s0s1

b x

n1

n0

x=1 x=1 x=1

b’

01 10 11On2On1

Off

On3

clk

b

x

00

0 0

x=0

000

state=00 state=00

s0s1

b x

n1

n0

x=1 x=1 x=1

x=0

b

b’

01

00

10 11On2On1

Off

On3

1

0

1

1

0

00

110

clk0 1

01

state=01

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Standard timers: timer configurations

Top2

Time with prescaler

16-bit up counter

Clk Prescaler

Mode

Interval timer Indicates when desired time

interval has passed We set terminal count to desired

intervalNumber of clock cycles

= Desired time interval / Clock period

Cascaded counters Prescaler

Divides clock Increases range, decreases

resolution

16-bit up counter

Clk16

Terminal count

=Top

Reset

Timer with a terminal count

Cnt

16-bit up counter

Clk

16-bit up counter

16

Cnt2

Top1

16/32-bit timer

Cnt1

16

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Example: Reaction Timer

indicator light

reaction button

time: 100 msLCD

/* main.c */

#define MS_INIT 63535 void main(void){ int count_milliseconds = 0; configure timer mode set Cnt to MS_INIT

wait a random amount of time turn on indicator light start timer

while (user has not pushed reaction button){ if(Top) { stop timer set Cnt to MS_INIT start timer reset Top count_milliseconds++; } } turn light off printf(“time: %i ms“, count_milliseconds);}

Measure time between turning light on and user pushing button 16-bit timer, clk period is 83.33 ns, counter

increments every 6 cycles Resolution = 6*83.33=0.5 microsec. Range = 65535*0.5 microseconds = 32.77

milliseconds Want a program to count increments of 1 millisec.

So, we initialize an up counter to 65535 – 1000/0.5 = 63535:

MaxCount - Time needed/ resolution=initial count

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Watchdog timer

scalereg

checkreg

timereg to system resetor

interrupt

osc clkprescaler

Top overflow

12 MHz

1MHz X11 bit Up counter

16 bit Up counter

0 disable 1 enable

/* main.c */

main(){ wait until card inserted call watchdog_reset_routine while(transaction in progress){ if(button pressed){ perform corresponding action call watchdog_reset_routine }

/* if watchdog_reset_routine not called every < 2 minutes, interrupt_service_routine is called */}

watchdog_reset_routine(){/* checkreg is set so we can load value into timereg. Zero is loaded into scalereg and 11070 is loaded into timereg */

checkreg = 1 scalereg = 0 timereg = 5535}

void interrupt_service_routine(){ eject card reset screen}

Must reset timer every X time unit, else timer generates a signal

Common use: detect failure, self-reset

Another use: timeouts e.g., ATM machine Scalereg: 11-bit timer,

1μsec resolution. Scalereg Top signal

toggles every 211*1μsec= 2.048 msec

Hence, Timereg: 16-bit timer, 2 msec. resolution

timereg value = maxCnt-time needed/resoloution

X = 65535-2min/2msec X=65535-2*60/0.002

X=5535

Software based timers // Example 2a: Binary count on LEDs #include <hidef.h> /* common defines and macros */ #include <mc9s12dg256.h> /* derivative information */ #pragma LINK_INFO DERIVATIVE "mc9s12dg256b"

#include "main_asm.h" /* interface to the assembly module */

void delay(void);

void main(void) { int i; PLL_init(); // set system clock frequency to 24 MHz led_enable(); // enable LEDs seg7_disable(); // diable 7-segment displays while(1){ for (i=0;i<256;i++) { leds_on(i); // display i as binary on LEDs delay(); } } } void delay() { int i,j; for(i=0;i<500;i++) { for (j=0;j<6248;j++){ //do nothing..just spend time } } }

500x6248=3,124,000 times. Bus frequency 24MHz, assume the no-op inner loop takes 4 clock cycles:

4*3,124,000/24,000,000=0.52 seconds

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Serial Transmission Using UARTs

embedded device1 0

0 11 0 1

1

Sending UART

1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

Receiving UART

1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

start bitdata

end bit

1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

UART: Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter Takes parallel data and transmits

serially Receives serial data and converts

to parallel

Parity: extra bit for simple error checking

Start bit, stop bit Baud rate

signal changes per second bit rate usually higher

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Serial Transmission Using UARTs Clocks on sender and receiver are

never exactly in sync Requires synchronization of

receiver High-low transition signals frame

boundary

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UART Tx Signals Example for two transmissions

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UART Receiving example 2-byte FIFO

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Example UART /MAX 232 interface

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MAX232 The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that

includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply standard voltage levels for TIA/EIA-232-F interface.

Uses a single 5-V supply. Each receiver converts TIA/EIA-232-F

inputs to 5-V TTL/CMOS levels. These receivers have a typical threshold

of 1.3 V, a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V, and can accept ±30-V inputs.

Each driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels into TIA/EIA-232-F levels.

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MAX232

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MAX232: Receiver

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MAX232: Driver