1. 3 team jonathan zaff, ph.d. elizabeth pufall jones, ph.d. sara anderson, ph.d. (now at...
TRANSCRIPT
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3
Team
Jonathan Zaff, Ph.D.Elizabeth Pufall Jones, Ph.D.Sara Anderson, Ph.D. (now at Georgetown)
Alexandra BakerAna CarvalhoAmber Rose JohnsonMelissa MaharajCraig McClayJen Elise Prescott
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What We Know About HS dropouts
(and what we can do to support them)
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“In the words of Martin Luther King – no, Malcolm X, ‘A man that stands for nothing will fall for anything,’ and I’ll be dogged if I don’t stand for anything.”
-- Juice
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Graduation Rates Climbing
1974-75
1975-76
1976-77
1977-78
1978-79
1979-80
1980-81
1981-82
1982-83
1983-84
1984-85
1985-86
1986-87
1987-88
1988-89
1989-90
1990-91
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-096
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-1366
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
AFGR* Trend 1974-2012
School Year
AFGR
1974-75
1975-76
1976-77
1977-78
1978-79
1979-80
1980-81
1981-82
1982-83
1983-84
1984-85
1985-86
1986-87
1987-88
1988-89
1989-90
1990-91
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-096
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-1366
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
AFGR* Trend 1974-2012
School Year
AFGR
Calculation by the Everyone Graduates Center, 2014
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But, disparities by state
Calculation by the Everyone Graduates Center, 2014
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Calculation by the Everyone Graduates Center, 2014
Graduation Rates for CA
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LAUSD= 67.9%
San Diego Unified = 87.8%
Fresno Unified = 76.2%
Large Disparities within States
Georgia Department of Education
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Why Should We Care?COSTS
• Economic (Individual)
• Economic (Social)
• Civic
• National Security
Mission: Readiness, 2009
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Average high school dropout:
• Jobless rate = 54.3% (12.3% with BA+)
• Annual income = $8,358 ($24,797 with BA+)
Sum et al., (2009)
Economic Costs (Individual)
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Average high school dropout costs taxpayers more than $290,000
• Lower tax revenue
• Higher cash/in-kind transfer costs
• Incarceration costs
Sum et al., (2009)
Economic Costs (Society)
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Among 16 – 24 year-olds:
• 22% of dropouts are single mothers (2.6% with college degree)
• 6.3% are institutionalized – 22.9% of Black males
Sum et al., (2009)
Social Costs
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CIRCLE analysis of Current Population Survey Data
Civic Costs (voting)
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Civic Costs (volunteering)
1 2 3 4 50.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
40.0%
-------- = <HS -------- = HS grad -------- = some college -------- = BA+
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National Security Costs
Approximately three-quarters of 17-24 year-olds unable to enlist in military:
• No high school diploma
• Criminal record, and/or
• Obese
Mission: Readiness, 2009
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Focusing on Dropouts
Nationally, more than 500,000 students dropout of school each year
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Preventing Dropouts: What Do We Know?Individual:
• School performance
• Academic behaviors
• Attitudes about academics
• Non-academic behaviorsHammond, Linton, Smink & Drew, 2007; Rumberger & Lim, 2009; Tyler & Lofstrom, 2009
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Preventing Dropouts: What Do We Know?School:
• Teacher quality
• Non-supportive climate
• Lack of high expectations
• Ratio of teachers to studentsHammond, Linton, Smink & Drew, 2007; Rumberger & Lim, 2009; Tyler & Lofstrom, 2009
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Preventing Dropouts: What Do We Know?Family:
• Single mother household
• Low-income household
• Parent having low educational attainment
Hammond, Linton, Smink & Drew, 2007; Rumberger & Lim, 2009; Tyler & Lofstrom, 2009
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Preventing Dropouts: What Do We Know?Community:
• High crime rate
• Low collective efficacy
• Non-academic culture
Hammond, Linton, Smink & Drew, 2007; Rumberger & Lim, 2009; Tyler & Lofstrom, 2009
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1. Why do young people leave high school before graduating?
2. Why do young people say they want to go back to school or not go back?
3. What opportunities and barriers do young people encounter have to re-engage?
Purpose: Derive authentic, lived experience of young people who left school before graduating high school
Study Rationale
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Group Interviews:
• 30 group interviews in 16 cities
• 212 18-to-25 year-olds
Online Survey:
• 1,942 18-to-25 year-olds who had left school before graduating
• 1,023 young people who graduated without interruption.
Methodology
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Findings
1. Cluster of Factors - Toxic Environment
2. Yearning for Supportive Connection
3. Bouncing Back and Reaching Up
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Teacher Support
Parental Support
Gang InvolvementDrugs
Expelled
Changed School
Parent in Jail
Homeless
Youth in Jail
Foster Care
Moved
Parental Physical A
buse
Parental Emotional A
buse
A/B Grades
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
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Raise Up
Quiet Dropouts
Supported Delinquents
Instability
Average
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Teach
er S
uppo
rt
Paren
tal S
uppo
rt
Gang
Invo
lvem
ent
Drugs
Expell
ed
Chang
ed S
choo
l
Dad in
Jail
Homele
ss
Crime
Foste
r Car
e0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
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Add Health
Parent In-carceration
Quiet Dropouts
Supported Delinquents
Instability
Average
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Cluster of Factors/Toxic Environment
Marty was, “trying, trying, trying,” [but when exposed to so many risk factors,] “I came to my breaking point.”
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Interrupted Enrollment
Continuous Enrollment
# Adverse events
Frequency %
# Adverse events Frequency %
0 175 10.1 0 278 28.691 212 12.23 1 236 24.362 213 12.29 2 183 18.893 236 13.62 3 128 13.214 230 13.27 4 78 8.055 248 14.31 5 23 2.37
6 + 419 24.18 6 + 43 4.43
Cluster of Factors/Toxic Environment
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Cluster of Factors/Toxic Environment
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Connectedness
“It was me, just me alone.”
— Alia
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“First and foremost I came from a gang-related dysfunctional family.
My mom and dad were on and off in my life for the first ten years.”
— Bertie
• Being abused: 45% more likely to dropout
• Parent in jail: 79% more likely to dropout
• 55% of youth who left school had parents who were proud of them, had high educational expectations, and were involved with their friends and school.
Connectedness: Family
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Connectedness: InstabilityChanging schools: 2X as likely to
dropout.
Homeless: 2X as likely to dropout.
Foster care:
“When I turned 18 I [aged out of foster care] and became homeless and that’s where it all started. It just went downhill. I withdrew myself because I had nowhere to go. I was staying in tunnels, under highways, and deserts. I withdrew myself so that way I didn’t have to worry about that and survival. I didn’t have time to go and make what I needed for food and go to school at the same time. It don’t work that way. You can’t do both." — Mandy
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Connectedness: School
Teachers pushing youth out: 85% more likely to dropout
“My teacher told me to put my money up and he'd put his money up that I'd be in jail in the next five years.”— Ernest
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Connectedness: Peers
Friends who graduated HS: 40% less likely to dropout.
“The gangs showed me love, showed me the ropes, showed me how to get money. After that I was like, what do I need school for?”
— Carl
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Bouncing Back and Reaching Up
“I’m trying to make it here, I’m trying to do good. Like it is possible for us to bounce back from negative situations we went through in the past, it’s possible.”
- Juice
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Bouncing Back and Reaching Up
“I eventually dropped out because the bills weren’t getting paid, I knew I could pay the bills. I wanted to step up, I never took on responsibility like that before in my life.”
— Aaron
“Ain't nobody going to change my life but me.”
— Dennis
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Bouncing Back and Reaching Up
Nearly 2/3 of our sample returned to school and obtained a degree.
Having parent with higher educational attainment big predictor
Adults in community who have high educational expectations important.
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Bouncing Back and Reaching UpHaving an individual who reaches out,
encourages.
“I called her my second mother. She never gave up on me. Even though I called out her name, later we saw each other and she invited me back. I've been going ever since then because of her.” — Rudy
“My homies told me about this program. My friends are the only reason why I'm here.”— Marcus
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Key Lessons
• Strengths
• Life Struggles
• Need More On-Ramps
• Adults Matter
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Key Lessons
• Listen to the “real” experiences of youth
• Strengths
• Life Struggles
• Need More On-Ramps
• Adults Matter
