1 20th century literature

8/20/2019 1 20th Century Literature

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Part IX

20th

century literature

Modernism


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20th century literature

a period of great artistic change

dominated by the impact of two world wars

the artistic concerns of modernism (which affected

both themes and methods of writing).


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I. Historical ac!ground

II. Modernism


4/77

I. Historical ac!ground

"he #irst $orld $ar was usually regarded as

the watershed(转折点 ) in %nglish history& for it

had hastened radical changes in e'ery field of

%nglish society.

ut the changes started long before the war.

http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.army.mod.uk/img/chaps/2wwpadre.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.army.mod.uk/chaps/who_we_are/short_history.htm&h=312&w=308&sz=16&hl=zh-CN&start=10&tbnid=lrmvx76KCVmPrM:&tbnh=117&tbnw=116&prev=/images%3Fq%3DFirst%2BWorld%2BWar%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mgtrust.org/images/trench.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.mgtrust.org/ww1.htm&h=271&w=350&sz=11&hl=zh-CN&start=1&tbnid=tYajcMSqBMrXlM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=120&prev=/images%3Fq%3DFirst%2BWorld%2BWar%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.civilization.ca/cwm/healthservices/images/worldwar1_01.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.civilization.ca/cwm/healthservices/worldwar1_01_e.html&h=282&w=374&sz=20&hl=zh-CN&start=4&tbnid=8S0o9bKzu5bR_M:&tbnh=92&tbnw=122&prev=/images%3Fq%3DFirst%2BWorld%2BWar%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/images/30008855-r.jpg&imgrefurl=http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_image.cfm%3Fimage_id%3D1717&h=388&w=600&sz=132&hl=zh-CN&start=11&tbnid=GOnc4zha82kOOM:&tbnh=87&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3DFirst%2BWorld%2BWar%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1


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. "he #irst $orld $ar

capitalism came into its monopoly stage inritain

the sharpened contradictions betweensocialied production and the pri'ate ownership caused fre*uent

economic depressions

mass unemployment greatly slowed down the speed of the ritish

economic de'elopment.

http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.historycomesalive.ca/canadians/images/wwiposter.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.historycomesalive.ca/canadians/images/soldierpics.htm&h=480&w=327&sz=37&hl=zh-CN&start=27&tbnid=g0yZb6IX7wNWNM:&tbnh=129&tbnw=88&prev=/images%3Fq%3DFirst%2BWorld%2BWar%26start%3D20%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DN


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ut in the same period& +ermany& Italy and

the ,nited -tates grew 'ery rapidly in their

industrial production. "owards the end of the th century&

+ermany and the ,nited -tates had already

caught up with or e'en surpassed ritain inthe main fields of industry.

http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.historycomesalive.ca/canadians/images/wwiposter.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.historycomesalive.ca/canadians/images/soldierpics.htm&h=480&w=327&sz=37&hl=zh-CN&start=27&tbnid=g0yZb6IX7wNWNM:&tbnh=129&tbnw=88&prev=/images%3Fq%3DFirst%2BWorld%2BWar%26start%3D20%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.pinkmonkey.com/studyguides/subjects/euro_his/chap4/img4_5.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.pinkmonkey.com/studyguides/subjects/euro_his/chap4/e0404601.htm&h=327&w=676&sz=35&hl=zh-CN&start=40&tbnid=bNmMzS9gLvrgjM:&tbnh=67&tbnw=139&prev=/images%3Fq%3DFirst%2BWorld%2BWar%26start%3D20%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DN


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Ha'ing lost her industrial supremacy& ritain

faced a se'ere challenge from +ermany and

other newly/arisen imperialist countries for theredi'ision of the world& which led to the

outbrea! of the #irst $orld $ar (/1).

http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.theglasgowstory.com/images/TGSE01363_m.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.theglasgowstory.com/image.php%3Finum%3DTGSE01363&h=400&w=346&sz=34&hl=zh-CN&start=44&tbnid=8VKKivEmPLu3RM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=107&prev=/images%3Fq%3DFirst%2BWorld%2BWar%26start%3D40%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.pinkmonkey.com/studyguides/subjects/euro_his/chap4/img4_5.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.pinkmonkey.com/studyguides/subjects/euro_his/chap4/e0404601.htm&h=327&w=676&sz=35&hl=zh-CN&start=40&tbnid=bNmMzS9gLvrgjM:&tbnh=67&tbnw=139&prev=/images%3Fq%3DFirst%2BWorld%2BWar%26start%3D20%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/f/f7/300px-Afrikaner_Commandos.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.answers.com/topic/imperial-yeomanry&h=392&w=300&sz=34&hl=zh-CN&start=5&tbnid=tITY-gUov_vXrM:&tbnh=123&tbnw=94&prev=/images%3Fq%3DThe%2BBoer%2BWar%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://unimaps.com/sth-africa1899/mainmap.gif&imgrefurl=http://unimaps.com/sth-africa1899/index.html&h=762&w=650&sz=146&hl=zh-CN&start=12&tbnid=TPQU-vt8noU89M:&tbnh=142&tbnw=121&prev=/images%3Fq%3DThe%2BBoer%2BWar%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DG


8/77

2. "he oer $ar

1/02

waged by the ritish imperialists to effect a

political and economic control o'er the oer

epublics of -outh 3frica

another e4ample to mar! the rapid decline of

the ritish %mpire

http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/f/f7/300px-Afrikaner_Commandos.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.answers.com/topic/imperial-yeomanry&h=392&w=300&sz=34&hl=zh-CN&start=5&tbnid=tITY-gUov_vXrM:&tbnh=123&tbnw=94&prev=/images%3Fq%3DThe%2BBoer%2BWar%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://unimaps.com/sth-africa1899/mainmap.gif&imgrefurl=http://unimaps.com/sth-africa1899/index.html&h=762&w=650&sz=146&hl=zh-CN&start=12&tbnid=TPQU-vt8noU89M:&tbnh=142&tbnw=121&prev=/images%3Fq%3DThe%2BBoer%2BWar%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DG


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"he fact that the forces of the most powerful

country on earth had great difficulty in

defeating the small and ill/e*uipped oerforces ga'e people something of the effect

similar to that of the 5ietnam $ar in the

3merican si4ties.


10/77

"he storm of $orld $ar I tremendouslywea!ened the ritish %mpire.

#or the first time& ritain became a debtornation& and 6ondon lost its position as thefinancial center of the world.


11/77

"he postwar economic

dislocation and spiritual

disillusion produced aprofound impact upon the

ritish people.


12/77

7. "he -econd $orld $ar

"he -econd $orld $ar mar!ed the last

stage of the disintegration of the ritish

%mpire. ritain suffered hea'y losses in the war.

thousands of people !illed

the economy ruined.

http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://netschool.xueyou.com.cn/test/classdata/20060410/2006x10/shuangwei/dishizhou_c/gaozhong/g2/ls/l1/mtsc/pic/%E5%B0%BC%E8%B5%AB%E9%B2%81.jpg&imgrefurl=http://bbs.tiexue.net/post2_3301408_1.html&usg=__b-VaJMzIGenI9arjP8m-8a0jzc8=&h=480&w=360&sz=43&hl=zh-CN&start=2&tbnid=f-XIQNFQMrNVRM:&tbnh=129&tbnw=97&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%25E5%25B0%25BC%25E8%25B5%25AB%25E9%25B2%2581%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26rlz%3D1T5GGLL_enCN301CN302%26newwindow%3D1http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://jjckb.xinhuanet.com/images/2009-03/02/xin_0503060209230462049416.jpg&imgrefurl=http://jjckb.xinhuanet.com/gjxw/2009-03/02/content_146389.htm&usg=__WA_hgDsv-3OZU5qO17aqxu-ifnI=&h=316&w=450&sz=50&hl=zh-CN&start=60&tbnid=hYqfti23TRh7kM:&tbnh=89&tbnw=127&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%25E5%258D%25B0%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E7%258B%25AC%25E7%25AB%258B%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26rlz%3D1T5GGLL_enCN301CN302%26sa%3DN%26start%3D40%26newwindow%3D1http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.chinasuntv.com/catefile/20090306092022171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://info.chinasuntv.com/news38503.aspx&usg=__hhibH3yVM1iWBmMQIL82TJfQmMg=&h=335&w=250&sz=15&hl=zh-CN&start=16&tbnid=d7gyVPL9AYm3mM:&tbnh=119&tbnw=89&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%25E5%258D%25B0%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E7%258B%25AC%25E7%25AB%258B%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26rlz%3D1T5GGLL_enCN301CN302%26newwindow%3D1


13/77

. Post/war

Most of her colonies had been tempered

and awa!ened by the war.

"hus& right after the war& a powerfulmo'ement for independence was rising.

India& 8the brightest 9ewel in the ritish

:rown;& too! the lead and won herindependence in


14/77

http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.craftyraven.com/raven/british.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.craftyraven.com/raven/british.htm&usg=__vBRsnkSdOq-gk1TNn_-OtDwq-Fg=&h=216&w=324&sz=2&hl=zh-CN&start=16&tbnid=qPMABGE_mexRJM:&tbnh=79&tbnw=118&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsun-never-set%2BEmpire%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26rlz%3D1T5GGLL_enCN301CN302%26sa%3DG%26newwindow%3D1


15/77

"he other colonies followed

suit in a *uic! succession. ,p to


16/77

"he end of the ritish %mpire enormously

lessened its power and influence o'er the

world. "he postwar ad9ustment to ritain=s

changed position was hard and painful.


17/77

It too! almost twenty years for

most %nglish people to really

understand and accept the fact

that %ngland no longer stood at

the center of world affairs.

http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://i1.trekearth.com/photos/30704/dscn1018_escorial.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/photo312857.htm&usg=__NjjEdjAFyBFBFRuzB4qieAqdkAc=&h=800&w=600&sz=150&hl=zh-CN&start=31&tbnid=olNG4py_DYp0lM:&tbnh=143&tbnw=107&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsun-never-set%2BEmpire%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26rlz%3D1T5GGLL_enCN301CN302%26sa%3DN%26start%3D20%26newwindow%3D1


18/77

In those years& the 6abour and

:onser'ati'e go'ernments replaced one

another without being able to disco'er a

new destiny to inspire and unite the people.

http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000109/spectrum/30tt8.jpg&imgrefurl=http://kuldipdhiman.blogspot.com/2008_02_01_archive.html&usg=__Xepf9I0MGGGhnNRQkVogu-C6aa0=&h=337&w=300&sz=37&hl=zh-CN&start=13&tbnid=dFNYuXTAdrAvmM:&tbnh=119&tbnw=106&prev=/images%3Fq%3DEnglish%2Bangry%2Byoung%2Bman%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26rlz%3D1T5GGLL_enCN301CN302%26newwindow%3D1


19/77

the %nglish people in the >0s& and again in

the ?0s

discontented with the impotent (软弱的 )

go'ernment

launched a strong protest against go'ernment

bureaucracies and social in9ustices

http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000109/spectrum/30tt8.jpg&imgrefurl=http://kuldipdhiman.blogspot.com/2008_02_01_archive.html&usg=__Xepf9I0MGGGhnNRQkVogu-C6aa0=&h=337&w=300&sz=37&hl=zh-CN&start=13&tbnid=dFNYuXTAdrAvmM:&tbnh=119&tbnw=106&prev=/images%3Fq%3DEnglish%2Bangry%2Byoung%2Bman%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26rlz%3D1T5GGLL_enCN301CN302%26newwindow%3D1


20/77

Howe'er& ritain has managed to pass the

most difficult period.

y de'eloping high/tech industries& ritain has

got a new footing(立足点

) in her economy andtrade.

http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://woman.ca/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/hookup-prince-william-400a041907.jpg&imgrefurl=http://thedailypump.com/prince-williams-privates-the-most-carefully-cultivated-stock-in-modern-england-crashes-with-a-careless-tinkle/&usg=__IcXmi5_3SijItXjZpqkMBDoyAv8=&h=400&w=300&sz=21&hl=zh-CN&start=6&tbnid=neAadu2IowTIGM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=93&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmodern%2BEngland%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26rlz%3D1T5GGLL_enCN301CN302%26sa%3DG%26newwindow%3D1


21/77

ritain is still one of the ma9or capitalistcountries in the world.

the introduction of the social welfare programs

class antagonism softened up to a certain degree

people=s li'ing conditions ha'e been much

impro'ed.

http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://woman.ca/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/hookup-prince-william-400a041907.jpg&imgrefurl=http://thedailypump.com/prince-williams-privates-the-most-carefully-cultivated-stock-in-modern-england-crashes-with-a-careless-tinkle/&usg=__IcXmi5_3SijItXjZpqkMBDoyAv8=&h=400&w=300&sz=21&hl=zh-CN&start=6&tbnid=neAadu2IowTIGM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=93&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmodern%2BEngland%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26rlz%3D1T5GGLL_enCN301CN302%26sa%3DG%26newwindow%3D1http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://i.ehow.com/images/GlobalPhoto/Articles/5042474/206071-main_Full.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ehow.com/about_5042474_benefits-learning-english.html&usg=__fYP1cGpSAaD9sP_SAILkxit7hbs=&h=241&w=463&sz=21&hl=zh-CN&start=126&tbnid=7QpjFe3Lf1wdiM:&tbnh=67&tbnw=128&prev=/images%3Fq%3D20th%2Bcentury%2BEngland%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26rlz%3D1T5GGLL_enCN301CN302%26sa%3DN%26start%3D120%26newwindow%3D1


22/77

Ⅱ. Cultural Background

. @ew "heories and

Ideas

2. Modernism


23/77

1. New Theories and Ideas

In the second half of the th century and

the early decades of the 20th century& both

natural and social sciences had ad'anced inan enormous way.


24/77

pessimism or determinism

"he rapid de'elopment of natural sciences

not only led to great gains in material

wealth& but also ga'e rise to all !inds ofpessimism or determinism& which became a

standard feature of late 5ictorian thought.

@aturalism is one of its reflections inliterature.


25/77

1) Darwin’s theory of evolution ) !instein’s theory of relativity

") #ig$und %reud’s analytical &sychology

') arl ar* +) ,rthur #cho&enhauer

-) %riedrich Nietsche

/) 0enry Bergson’s irrational &hiloso&hy

) #artre2s e*istentialis$

http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.shoaheducation.com/darwin.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.shoaheducation.com/peoplenazitheo.html&h=418&w=326&sz=23&hl=zh-CN&start=31&tbnid=_yoXQfEPWK5AyM:&tbnh=125&tbnw=97&prev=/images%3Fq%3DSurvival%2Bof%2Bthe%2BFittest%26start%3D20%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DN


26/77

1) Darwin’s theory of evolution

3 #&encer ’s #ocial Darwinis$

e4erted a strong influence o'er the people=s

thoughts

caused many to lose their religious faith

http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.shoaheducation.com/darwin.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.shoaheducation.com/peoplenazitheo.html&h=418&w=326&sz=23&hl=zh-CN&start=31&tbnid=_yoXQfEPWK5AyM:&tbnh=125&tbnw=97&prev=/images%3Fq%3DSurvival%2Bof%2Bthe%2BFittest%26start%3D20%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Darwin_ape.jpg&imgrefurl=http://lostzenpuppy.blogspot.com/2005/08/zpd-this-from-man-who-mistakes-horse.html&h=507&w=400&sz=58&hl=zh-CN&start=26&tbnid=qs3Lh3jRZSF9uM:&tbnh=131&tbnw=103&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtheory%2Bof%2Bevolution%2B%26start%3D20%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://farm1.static.flickr.com/49/125046333_7123c38e73.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.flickr.com/photos/poliza/125046333/&h=376&w=500&sz=137&hl=zh-CN&start=3&tbnid=naMik9gbDsBo6M:&tbnh=98&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3DSurvival%2Bof%2Bthe%2BFittest%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.russianspy.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/12/evolution.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.russianspy.org/%3Fs%3Dlawsuit&h=302&w=491&sz=29&hl=zh-CN&start=27&tbnid=yuGj0Z0zKsXfxM:&tbnh=80&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtheory%2Bof%2Bevolution%2B%26start%3D20%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DN


27/77

ut the social Aarwinists& under the co'er of

8-ur'i'al of the #ittest;& 'ehemently

ad'ocated colonialism or 9ingoism& whichwas

eulogied by Bipling

criticied by :onrad and #orster

http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://img100.imageshack.us/img100/4332/familyguyaverageretardewb5.png&imgrefurl=http://bigdumbchimp.blogspot.com/2007_09_01_archive.html&h=400&w=533&sz=181&hl=zh-CN&start=19&tbnid=PnLPu_WmxrHD3M:&tbnh=99&tbnw=132&prev=/images%3Fq%3DSurvival%2Bof%2Bthe%2BFittest%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://farm1.static.flickr.com/49/125046333_7123c38e73.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.flickr.com/photos/poliza/125046333/&h=376&w=500&sz=137&hl=zh-CN&start=3&tbnid=naMik9gbDsBo6M:&tbnh=98&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3DSurvival%2Bof%2Bthe%2BFittest%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.russianspy.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/12/evolution.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.russianspy.org/%3Fs%3Dlawsuit&h=302&w=491&sz=29&hl=zh-CN&start=27&tbnid=yuGj0Z0zKsXfxM:&tbnh=80&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtheory%2Bof%2Bevolution%2B%26start%3D20%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DN


28/77

0er4ert #&encer ’s #ocial

Darwinis$

Herbert applied AarwinCs e'olutionary theory

to human society. "hatCs

& -truggle for e4istence. 生存竞争 2& -ur'i'al of the fittest. 适者生存

HerbertC social Aarwinism se'ered for the

ourgeois class.


29/77

,tilitarianism(功 5实利主义 ) and -ocial

Aarwinism ser'ed for the ourgeois class.

AarwinCs e'olutionary theory shattered the

:hristian belief.

http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://enzodavid.files.wordpress.com/2007/08/einstein.jpg&imgrefurl=http://enzodavid.wordpress.com/2007/08/30/einstein-y-sus-cosas/&h=1212&w=882&sz=183&hl=zh-CN&start=4&tbnid=uQfYJQ3SjVngqM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=109&prev=/images%3Fq%3DEinstein%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DG


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) !instein2s theory of relativity

ga'e a great momentum to the scientific

research

pro'ided entirely new ideas to the concepts oftime and space

http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://enzodavid.files.wordpress.com/2007/08/einstein.jpg&imgrefurl=http://enzodavid.wordpress.com/2007/08/30/einstein-y-sus-cosas/&h=1212&w=882&sz=183&hl=zh-CN&start=4&tbnid=uQfYJQ3SjVngqM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=109&prev=/images%3Fq%3DEinstein%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonlyres/Physics/8-962Spring-2006/A4540EDF-24C6-47C8-8BBB-C56F27AF7816/0/chp_blackhole.jpg&imgrefurl=http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Physics/8-962Spring-2006/CourseHome/index.htm&h=336&w=420&sz=35&hl=zh-CN&start=19&tbnid=__nxU9yhvzhsMM:&tbnh=100&tbnw=125&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtheory%2Bof%2Brelativity%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.photoready.co.uk/people-life/images/e-equals-mc-squared.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.photoready.co.uk/people-life/e-equals-mc-squared.html&h=340&w=500&sz=66&hl=zh-CN&start=7&tbnid=Z8v0iPa_eXsdhM:&tbnh=88&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtheory%2Bof%2Brelativity%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://4skills.com/newsletter/images/einstein.large.gif&imgrefurl=http://4skills.com/savage_soccer/wordpress/2006/08/&h=600&w=800&sz=269&hl=zh-CN&start=10&tbnid=0ES7g7ck-XcklM:&tbnh=107&tbnw=143&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtheory%2Bof%2Brelativity%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DG


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7) -igmund #reudCs analytical psychology

弗洛伊德的精神分析学说

the more important theory of the 20th century

drastically altered our conception of humannature in both life and literature

http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://html.rincondelvago.com/files/0/8/5/000070850.jpg&imgrefurl=http://html.rincondelvago.com/los-suenos.html&h=1008&w=848&sz=63&hl=zh-CN&start=10&tbnid=e0UHoxAqhXbouM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=126&prev=/images%3Fq%3DSigmund%2BFreud%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.digischool.nl/kleioscoop/Engels.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.digischool.nl/kleioscoop/engels.htm&h=400&w=291&sz=79&hl=zh-CN&start=1&tbnid=F0DXp5sYgbPbTM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=90&prev=/images%3Fq%3DEngels%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.juventudcomunista-puntofijo.i8.com/marx.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.juventudcomunista-puntofijo.i8.com/&h=436&w=320&sz=8&hl=zh-CN&start=4&tbnid=LIetyn5P47MdsM:&tbnh=126&tbnw=92&prev=/images%3Fq%3DKarl%2BMarx%2B%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DG


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') arl ar* and

%riedrich !ngels

put forward the theory of scientific socialism ：

pro'ides a guiding principle for the wor!ing people

inspires them to ma!e dauntless fights for their own

emancipation

http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://samuelatgilgal.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/communism_for_our_future1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://samuelatgilgal.wordpress.com/2009/01/&usg=__TiN4kYExS3odPiEfUWH5bMqT9z4=&h=324&w=300&sz=19&hl=zh-CN&start=6&tbnid=N_lNvHlFNYU3hM:&tbnh=118&tbnw=109&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dscientific%2Bsocialism%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26rlz%3D1T5GGLL_enCN301CN302%26sa%3DG%26newwindow%3D1http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.digischool.nl/kleioscoop/Engels.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.digischool.nl/kleioscoop/engels.htm&h=400&w=291&sz=79&hl=zh-CN&start=1&tbnid=F0DXp5sYgbPbTM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=90&prev=/images%3Fq%3DEngels%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.juventudcomunista-puntofijo.i8.com/marx.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.juventudcomunista-puntofijo.i8.com/&h=436&w=320&sz=8&hl=zh-CN&start=4&tbnid=LIetyn5P47MdsM:&tbnh=126&tbnw=92&prev=/images%3Fq%3DKarl%2BMarx%2B%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DG


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3nd Mar4ist ideas about art and literatureha'e played an important role in literarycriticism.

In the meantime& the idealist philosophy hada rampant growth.

http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mdx.ac.uk/WWW/STUDY/engels.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.mdx.ac.uk/WWW/STUDY/xeng1884.htm&h=154&w=131&sz=3&hl=zh-CN&start=31&tbnid=9GPpqkFGYEY9yM:&tbnh=96&tbnw=82&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dscientific%2Bsocialism%2B%26start%3D20%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mdx.ac.uk/WWW/STUDY/marx.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.mdx.ac.uk/WWW/STUDY/xmarx.htm&h=150&w=150&sz=7&hl=zh-CN&start=30&tbnid=pV0CyxOivKoJnM:&tbnh=96&tbnw=96&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dscientific%2Bsocialism%2B%26start%3D20%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.conoze.com/shared/images/a/schopenhauer.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.conoze.com/doc.php%3Fdoc%3D3904&h=230&w=200&sz=11&hl=zh-CN&start=10&tbnid=8V6ZfH875P_y5M:&tbnh=108&tbnw=94&prev=/images%3Fq%3DArthur%2BSchopenhauer%2B%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DG


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+) ,rthur #cho&enhauer (叔!"


35/77

-) %riedrich Nietsche (./" 1/00)

inherited the basic principles from-chopenhauer

further sharpened the criticism of rationalismby

ad'ocating the doctrines of power and

superman re9ecting :hristian morality completely.

http://imgnews.baidu.com/ir?u=http://images.qianlong.com/mmsource/images/2006/05/24/qlhealthdebbylong060524042.jpg&f=http://health.qianlong.com/31037/2006/05/24/[email protected]&c=baidu&fr=baidusmallnone&st=detailhttp://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=344587903&tn=baiduimagedetail&word=%E5%B0%BC%E9%87%87&in=5http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ateismo.net/diario/supernietzsche.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ateismo.net/diario/arquivo/2004_08_01_index.php&h=401&w=250&sz=24&hl=zh-CN&start=17&tbnid=oco-9ijHJPqSAM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=77&prev=/images%3Fq%3DFriedrich%2BNietzsche%2B%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.focusdep.com/images/nietzsche.jpg&imgrefurl=http://focusdep.com/quotes/authors/Friedrich/Nietzsche&h=550&w=361&sz=19&hl=zh-CN&start=19&tbnid=9uwOX-kEkd2BaM:&tbnh=133&tbnw=87&prev=/images%3Fq%3DFriedrich%2BNietzsche%2B%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DGhttp://imgnews.baidu.com/ir?u=http://images.qianlong.com/mmsource/images/2006/05/24/qlhealthdebbylong060524042.jpg&f=http://health.qianlong.com/31037/2006/05/24/[email protected]&c=baidu&fr=baidusmallnone&st=detailhttp://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://abcphilosophy.com/Images/clip_image002_0002.jpg&imgrefurl=http://abcphilosophy.com/N.htm&usg=__s5bmm5gk0kPEU3j6oypThj8gEtU=&h=332&w=348&sz=12&hl=zh-CN&start=57&tbnid=aL_50Yli4C75IM:&tbnh=114&tbnw=120&prev=/images%3Fq%3DGod%2Bis%2Bdead%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26rlz%3D1T5GGLL_enCN301CN302%26sa%3DN%26start%3D40%26newwindow%3D1


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+od is dead

@ietsche puts the statement D+od is AeadD into themouth of a DmadmanD in The Gay Science

I am loo!ing for +odE I am loo!ing for +odE

8$here has +od goneF; he cried. 8I shall tellyou. 6e have killed hi$ 7 you and I. $e

are his murderers.;

http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://abcphilosophy.com/Images/clip_image002_0002.jpg&imgrefurl=http://abcphilosophy.com/N.htm&usg=__s5bmm5gk0kPEU3j6oypThj8gEtU=&h=332&w=348&sz=12&hl=zh-CN&start=57&tbnid=aL_50Yli4C75IM:&tbnh=114&tbnw=120&prev=/images%3Fq%3DGod%2Bis%2Bdead%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26rlz%3D1T5GGLL_enCN301CN302%26sa%3DN%26start%3D40%26newwindow%3D1http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.redmolotov.com/images/designs/gottisttot_design.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.redmolotov.com/affiliates/tsu/gottisttot.html&usg=__E-u2fv0qi9BWH5HGyATyEbtPtqE=&h=300&w=500&sz=28&hl=zh-CN&start=13&tbnid=nw0ypkik99UT2M:&tbnh=78&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3DGod%2Bis%2Bdead%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26rlz%3D1T5GGLL_enCN301CN302%26newwindow%3D1http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://i80.photobucket.com/albums/j195/darkpulgo/nietzsche_withtext.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.myspace.com/darkpulgo&usg=__m2ye-acf51OUZOnw4t6QtLu7l-s=&h=681&w=389&sz=52&hl=zh-CN&start=3&tbnid=Alz9z9z6tTOXWM:&tbnh=139&tbnw=79&prev=/images%3Fq%3DGod%2Bis%2Bdead%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26rlz%3D1T5GGLL_enCN301CN302%26newwindow%3D1


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/) 0enry Bergson(1+8718'1)’s

irrational &hiloso&hy

established his irrational philosophy& which

put the emphasis on

creation

intuition

irrationality

unconsciousness

http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.papiruszportal.hu/kepek/kalendarium/2006_10/hl_bergson.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.papiruszportal.hu/site/%3Flang%3D1%26p%3D21%26e%3D43&h=100&w=75&sz=3&hl=zh-CN&start=34&tbnid=UKBHZ51B3VVW0M:&tbnh=82&tbnw=62&prev=/images%3Fq%3DHenry%2BBergson(1859-1941%26start%3D21%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26rls%3DAMSB,AMSB:2007-07,AMSB:zh-CN%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.phersu.net/Resources/bergson2.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.phersu.net/Personaggi.html&h=96&w=96&sz=3&hl=zh-CN&start=35&tbnid=8imXSp8eu1pAJM:&tbnh=81&tbnw=81&prev=/images%3Fq%3DHenry%2BBergson(1859-1941%26start%3D21%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26rls%3DAMSB,AMSB:2007-07,AMSB:zh-CN%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.phersu.net/Resources/Bergson.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.phersu.net/Personaggi.html&h=96&w=96&sz=3&hl=zh-CN&start=36&tbnid=bCVN8Np_ekmA4M:&tbnh=81&tbnw=81&prev=/images%3Fq%3DHenry%2BBergson(1859-1941%26start%3D21%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26rls%3DAMSB,AMSB:2007-07,AMSB:zh-CN%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cwire.com/pub/FYI/quotes/images/cooclock.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.cwire.com/pub/FYI/quotes/default.asp&h=364&w=396&sz=20&hl=zh-CN&start=65&tbnid=phpTx5KPPBRaRM:&tbnh=114&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3DHenry%2BBergson(1859-1941%26start%3D61%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26rls%3DAMSB,AMSB:2007-07,AMSB:zh-CN%26sa%3DN


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His conceptions of life impulse and psychic

time made the $estern idealist philosophy

afresh. "hese irrationalist philosophers e4erted

immense influences o'er the ma9or

modernist writers in ritain.

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) #artre2s e*istentialis$ carried the irrational philosophy

to an absurd e4treme

touched upon the ma9or

aspects of life in the $estern

world


40/77

%4istentialist idea

8the world was absurd& and the human

life was an agony.;

+,012的"3生045的6

"he truth is that e'eryone is bored.

9thers are 0ell.7389的:;6


41/77

@ew "rends

e*istentialist literature: 存 )

theatre of a4surd: 1?@A (>BC )

new novels: DE说 (> )4lack hu$our: FGHI (J )


42/77

2. Modernism

"he mo'ement !nown as %nglish literary

modernism grew out of a general sense of

disillusionment with 5ictorian era attitudes ofcertainty& conser'atism& and ob9ecti'e truth.


43/77

the earliest e4amples of the mo'ement=s

attitudes appeared in the mid to late

nineteenth century literary modernism reached its pea!

between the #irst and -econd $orld $ars


44/77

"he first decades of the 20th century sawse'eral ma9or wor!s of modernism published&

including

the seminal short story collection Dubliners byGames Goyce

Goseph :onrad=s Heart of Darkness

the poetry and drama of $illiam utler eats


45/77

Important no'elists between the $orld $ars

included

5irginia $oolf %. M. #orster

%'elyn $augh

A. H. 6awrence


46/77

1) the rising of all !inds of literary

trends of modernism !*&ressionis$; )K主义 (德 ) #urrealis$; LK实主义 (> )

%uturis$; MN主义

(>BO ) Dadais$; PP主义 (> ) I$agis$; &*主义 (CBJ ) strea$s of consciousness;

&QR (E说:C>J )


47/77

Modernism also touched upon 'isual arts&

music& dance and the other fields of social

life. "owards the 20s&these trends con'erged

into a mighty torrent of modernist

mo'ement& which swept across the whole%urope and 3merica.


48/77

"he ma9or figures that were associated withthis mo'ement were

Baf!a

Picasso

Pound

%liot

Goyce 5irginia $oolf Modernism was somewhat curbed in the

70s.


49/77

2. :haracteristics

) Modernism mar!s a strong and

conscious brea! with the past.

It does not only re9ect history and society&but also the moral& religious and cultural

'alues of the past.


50/77

2) Modernism rose out of the s!epticism and

disillusion of capitalism.

this made writers and artists search for new

ways to e4press their understanding of the

world and the human nature.


51/77

7) Modernism emphasies on the need tomo'e away from the public to the pri'ate&

from the ob9ecti'e to the sub9ecti'e.


52/77

It ele'ates the indi'idual and the inner being

o'er the social being& prefers the sub/

conscious to the self/conscious& andstresses on passion and will o'er reason

and intellection& on dynamic 'isions o'er the

static images.


53/77

) "he #rench symbolism heralded

modernism

appeared in the late& th century became the forerunner of modernism


54/77

>) "he theoretical bases

the irrational philosophy

the theory of psycho/analysis


55/77

?) Modernism upholds a new 'iew of timeby emphasiing the psychic time o'er the

chronological one.


56/77

It maintains that the past& the present and

the future are one and e4ist at the same

time in the consciousness of indi'idual as acontinuous flow rather than a series of

separate moments.


57/77


58/77

>) Modernism is& in many ways& a reaction

against realism.

It re9ects rationalism which is the theoreticalbase of realism

it e4cludes from its ma9or concern the

e4ternal& ob9ecti'e& material world which isthe only creati'e source of realismJ

http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.dupage88.net/aths/resources/Images%2520Master/PE01597_.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.dupage88.net/aths/resources/AT%2520MCweb02/Proquestjournals%2520English.htm&h=364&w=305&sz=7&hl=zh-CN&start=36&tbnid=yOVeojPYInWG6M:&tbnh=121&tbnw=101&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmodern%2Benglish%2Bliterature%26start%3D21%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DN


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by ad'ocating a free e4perimentation on

new forms and new techni*ues in literary

creation& it casts away almost all thetraditional elements in literature li!e story&

plot& character& chronological narration& and

etc.& which are essential to realism.

http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.dupage88.net/aths/resources/Images%2520Master/PE01597_.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.dupage88.net/aths/resources/AT%2520MCweb02/Proquestjournals%2520English.htm&h=364&w=305&sz=7&hl=zh-CN&start=36&tbnid=yOVeojPYInWG6M:&tbnh=121&tbnw=101&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmodern%2Benglish%2Bliterature%26start%3D21%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DN


60/77

3s a result& the wor!s created by the

modernist writers can often be labeled as

anti/no'el& anti/poetry or anti/drama.


61/77

#trea$ of Consciousness

-tream of :onsciousness was a literary

techni*ue in which a character=s thoughts

are presented in the confusing& 9umbled&and inconse*uential manner of real life

without any clarification by the author.

It=s best !nown writers are Marcel Proust&5irginia $oolf & and Games Goyce.


62/77


63/77

5irginia $oolf e4perimented with -tream of:onsciousness in her boo! such as Mrs.

Dalloway (2>)& To the Lighthouse (2).

-he was mentally unstable& and in 2& she

drowned herself.

http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.weltchronik.de/bio/cethegus/p/proust.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.weltchronik.de/bio/cethegus/p/proust.html&h=416&w=304&sz=19&hl=zh-CN&start=3&tbnid=-Y4rHbEk1U21-M:&tbnh=125&tbnw=91&prev=/images%3Fq%3DMarcel%2BProust%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26rls%3DAMSB,AMSB:2007-07,AMSB:zh-CN


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arcel =roust

WXU >YZ[\ Marcel Proust was a #rench no'elist who

wrote Re"e"brance of Things #ast (0>)&

which is probably one of the greatest no'elsof the 20th century. He wrote it after retiring from Parisian

society and li'ing alone from 0


65/77

?a$es ?oyce

]^[ >_伊[

Games Goyce de'eloped the -tream of

:onsciousness style of writing by allowing

his readers to li'e in the minds of thecharacters.

orn in Ireland in 112& he continued to

write about Ireland for the rest of his life&e'en though he had left.

http://images.google.cn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mantex.co.uk/graphics/joyce-04.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.mantex.co.uk/ou/a319/joyce-02.htm&h=217&w=197&sz=8&hl=zh-CN&start=6&tbnid=JZ7NcMBj3z_0sM:&tbnh=107&tbnw=97&prev=/images%3Fq%3DJames%2BJoyce%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26rls%3DAMSB,AMSB:2007-07,AMSB:zh-CN%26sa%3DG


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He wrote $lysses (22)& an immensely

influential boo!& using the framewor! of the

Homer myth to create his own pri'atelanguage.


67/77

He too! this a step further in %innegans

Wake (7)& where he e4plored dream

consciousness. He also wrote Dubliners ()& and the

autobiographical & #ortrait of the &rtist as a

'oung Man (?) before dying in .


68/77

MK% $I"%-

@eats `abcUde (18-+718"8)

Aide f德b>ge (1-8718+1)

#tein [hiV3bJge (1/'718'-) ,$y owell jkU (1/'718+)

ilke lUmbn:利e (1/+718-)

Tho$as ann b德ge (1/+718++)


69/77

Carl #and4urg (1)vw\"CxJgs3e


70/77

!.. %9#T!

3n %nglish no'elist& %dwin Morgan #orster=s

wor! concerned the differences betweentruth and falsehood& culture and emotion&

and pri'ate and public life.


71/77

0e wrote

The Longest Journey (18/)#yz的{|-

A Room with a View (18) #}~•€

的‚ƒ- Howard‘s End (181) #„!德…†-

A Passage to India (18') #‡ˆ‰

Š- Aspects of the Noe! (18/) #E说‹‹Œ-


72/77

%ran afka

+erman writer born to controlling and

dominating Gewish parents.

He writings reflect his sense of seclusion& andhis inhibitions and shortcomings.

His writing is often surreal and nightmarish

with characters in'ol'ed in impossiblesituations.


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His wor!s include

The Hunger &rtist

The Trial

The !astle

&"erika

Meta"orphosis


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T.#. !I9T

3 ma9or twentieth century poet.

3n 3merican li'ing in %ngland& he used

modern styles to present classical andtraditional ideas.

He wrote #rufock and (ther (bserations

(


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His most famous poem& The Waste Land

(22)& portrayed the chaos of modern life.

He was awarded the @oble Prie for6iterature in 1.

3fter becoming a ritish sub9ect& he wrote

many plays and poetical dramas before hisdeath in 6ondon in ?>.


76/77

$illiam utler eats

Irish poet and dramatist.

He led the :eltic enaissance andcofounded Aublin=s Irish 6iterary "heatre

(later the 3bbey "heatre).

,sing nationalism as his dri'ing theme& hewrote hea'ily on Irish legend in his early

poetry.


77/77

6ater his wor! matured as in The Wild

Swans at !oole (

1 20th century literature

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