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10/100/1000/10G Ethernet10/100/1000/10G Ethernet

Seminar Ethernet

Thorsten ScholzThorsten [email protected]

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10/100/1000/10G Ethernet10/100/1000/10G Ethernet

Seminar Ethernet

© 2009 Ingenieurbüro T. Scholz, www.IBS-Networks.de, all rights reserved

No part or whole of this document may be reproduced,transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system or translated

into any language without prior permission of Ingenieurbüro Scholz.

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This document is provided "as is", without warranty of any kind,neither expressed nor implied, including but not limited to a particular

purpose. Ingenieurbüro Scholz may make improvements and/or changes in this document without notice at any time.

ContentsContents

• Overview

Ph i l L• Physical Layer

• MAC Layer

• Frame Forwarding

• Integrated Circuits• Integrated Circuits

• Advanced Ethernet Protocols

3

EthernetEthernet

OverviewOverviewHistoryStandards & SpecificationsISO/OSI ModelTerms and Topology

4

OverviewOverviewHistory

• 1972: Early “ALOHA” Ethernet (Xerox)

sto y

• 1985: First IEEE Standard

• 1990: 10BASE-T• 1990: 10BASE-T

• 1995: 100 Mbps

• 1997: Full Duplex Ethernet

• 1998: Gigabit Ethernet Source: IEEE802 3 Organization © Robert M Metcalfe 19731998: Gigabit Ethernet

• 2006: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

Source: IEEE802.3 Organization, © Robert M. Metcalfe, 1973

5

OverviewOverviewOrganization

• Ethernet standardized by Institute of Electrical and ElectronicsE i (IEEE)

O ga at o

Engineers (IEEE)• IEEE Working Group 802 (LAN/MAN)

• Subgroup 3 (Ethernet)

• http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/3/

• Standards available at http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/

• Promoters and additional information:• Promoters and additional information:• Ethernet Alliance: http://www.ethernetalliance.org

6

OverviewOverviewStandards

• Relevant standard is IEEE 802.3-2005

Sta da ds

• Contains all Ethernet standards until 2005

• Standards after 2005 get working titles until new overall standard released

• Fast Ethernet IEEE 802.3u now integrated into IEEE 802.3-2005

• Gigabit Ethernet IEEE 802.3z (mainly Fiber Optic and short reach copper)g ( y p pp )

• Gigabit Ethernet IEEE 802.3ab (Twisted Pair, 100m)

• IEEE 802 3an 10 Gigabit Ethernet over Copper Twisted Pair• IEEE 802.3an 10 Gigabit Ethernet over Copper Twisted Pair

• Some transmission standards refer to FDDI standards

7

• 100 Mbps Ethernet refers to ANSI X3T12

OverviewOverviewStandards

• IEEE 802.3 standard is divided in different clauses (chapters)

Sta da ds

• Containing information on transmission, coding, management, …

• Clause 3: Media access control frame structure

• Clause 25: Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) sublayer and baseband medium, type 100BASE-TX

• Clause 28: Physical Layer link signaling for 10 Mb/s, 100 Mb/s, and 1000 Mb/s Auto-Negotiation on Twisted Pair

Cl 33 D T i l E i (DTE) P i M di D d• Clause 33: Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) Power via Media DependentInterface (MDI)

• Clause 55: Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS) Physical Medium Attachment

8

• Clause 55: Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS), Physical Medium Attachment(PMA) sublayer and baseband medium, type 10GBASE-T

OverviewOverviewNaming System

• Ethernet standard naming system

a g Syste

1000BASE-T

TransmissionS d

TransmissionM h d

Medium /M L h

• 10BASE-5 10 Mbps, Baseband, 500 m segment length

Speed Method Max. Length

• 10BROAD-36 10 Mbps, Broadband, 3600 m segment length

• 10GBASE T 10 Gbps Baseband T isted Pair• 10GBASE-T 10 Gbps, Baseband, Twisted Pair

• 100BASE-FX 100 Mbps, Baseband, Fiber Optic

9

• 10GBASE-LX4 10 Gbps, Baseband, Long Reach Fiber Optic

OverviewOverviewTopology

• Bus topology for 10/100/1000 Mbps

opo ogy

• “real” bus for 10 Mbps coaxial cable

• Repeater or Hub assisted bus for 10/100/1000 Mbps Twisted Pair

• Point-to-point topology for 10 Gbps

• Star wiring for Twisted Pair cabling• Star wiring for Twisted Pair cabling

• Bus wiring for coaxial cableTwisted Pair Repeater / HubTwisted Pair Repeater / Hub

Coaxial cable

10

OverviewOverviewISO/OSI Layer OrganizationSO/OS aye O ga at o

ISO/OSI Ethernet related

PresentationApplication


ASCII, HTMLWeb Browser

NetworkTransportSession


IP IPXTCP, UDPHTTP

PhysicalData LinkNetwork

Media Access ControlLogical Link Control

Network

Ethernet

IP, IPX

Physical

Medium

11

Medium

OverviewOverviewISO/OSI Layer PDU NamingSO/OS aye U a g

• Characters belonging to a l


--protocol:

Protocol Data Unit (PDU)


PacketDatagramSegment• Special names for PDUs at

different layers


-FramePacket

• Colloquial use:Everything’s a “packet”

Medium

12

Medium

OverviewOverviewISO/OSI Layer Organization

• Every network element implements part or whole of the stack

SO/OS aye O ga at o

• Only identical layers “talk” to each other

• Every layer may add header and trailer information• Every layer may add header and trailer information

• Lower layers do not interpret data of higher layers• Transparent transmission

• Example: Switch Switch

PhysicalMedia Access Control

PhysicalMedia Access Control

Switch

13

Medium Medium

OverviewOverviewNetwork Elements

• Station or DTE

et o e e ts

• Implements all layers

• Repeater or Hubp• Only implements physical layer, no collision handling

• Switch• Switch• Implements physical and data-link (MAC) layer

• Router• Implements physical, data-link and network layer

14

OverviewOverviewTerms and Definitions

• Ethernet segment: Physical cable between network elements

e s a d e t o s

• Collision domain: Segments in which a collision propagates

• Broadcast domain: Network that is reached by broadcast frame• Broadcast domain: Network that is reached by broadcast frame

SwitchSwitchHubHubRouterRouter HubHubHubHubSwitchSwitch Coaxial cable

15

Ethernet segmentCollision domainBroadcast domain

OverviewOverviewTerms and Definitions

• Local Area Network (LAN)

e s a d e t o s

• Small range network within a campus

• Wide Area Network (WAN)( )• Long range network, small to medium bandwidth, branch office connection

• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)• Medium range network, high bandwidth, intra-area connection

• Global Area Network (GAN)• Long range network, high bandwidth, global connections

16

• Internet, ISP-networks

EthernetEthernet

Physical LayerPhysical LayerPlugs & CablesEncoding & Line CodeAuto-NegotiationPHY ManagementPower over Ethernet

17

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerPlugs and Cables

• Copper technology

ugs a d Cab es

• Category 3 cable (Unshielded Twisted Pair = UTP)

• Category 5 cable (UTP/Shielded TP)

• Category 6a cable

• Coaxial cable

• Optical technology• Multimode 63 5/125 µm• Multimode 63,5/125 µm

• Multimode 50/125 µm

Si l d 9/125

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• Singlemode 9/125 µm

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerCopper Plugs and CablesCoppe ugs a d Cab es

• Copper technology typically uses RJ45 plugs/jacks for TP

• BNC for coaxial 50 Ohm cable

• F-Type connector for coaxial 75 Ohm cable

19Picture sources: Product Catalog, © Conrad Electronic 2008

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerCable Classes and CategoriesCab e C asses a d Catego es

• Twisted Pair data cable divided into categories by ANSI/EIA/TIA S d d 568 l b ISO/IECANSI/EIA/TIA Standard 568, classes by ISO/IECEIA/TIA

568ISO/IEC

11801Bandwidth Data rate Application568 11801

1 1 MHz 1 Mbps POTS, ISDN, Doorbell2 4 Mbps Token Ring (4 Mbps)3 C 30 MH 16 Mb Eth t (10BASE TX 100BASE 4) ATM3 C 30 MHz 16 Mbps Ethernet (10BASE-TX, 100BASE-4), ATM4 20 Mbps Token Ring (16 Mbps)5 100/155 Mbps Fast Ethernet, FDDI, ATM (622 Mbps)5e D 100 MHz 1000 Mbps Ethernet (1000 Mbps), ATM (1,2 Gbps)6 E 250 MHz

6a EA 500 MHz 10 Gbps Ethernet (10 Gbps)

20

7 F 600 MHz

FA 1000 MHz

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerOptical Plugs and Cables

• Optical Ethernet uses variety of connectors, e.g.

Opt ca ugs a d Cab es

• ST

• SC

• MTRJ

• LC

• E2000

• Replaceable transceivers for optical Ethernet are widely used• Replaceable transceivers for optical Ethernet are widely used• GBIC

SFP

21

• SFP

Picture sources: Online Shop, © glasfaserinfo.de 2008 GBICs: Datasheet Cisco Gigabit Interface Converter, © Cisco 2005

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerPlugs and Cables

• For Twisted Pair cabling a differential transmission applies

ugs a d Cab es

• Full duplex is achieved by• Separate wires (10/100 Mbps Ethernet, Optical Ethernet)p ( p , p )

• Echo cancellation (1000M/10Gbps Ethernet) or Wavelength Multiplexing

• Cables must provide crossover function• Cables must provide crossover function• Different pinouts for DTE (Layer 3 and up, Station, Router, …) and

• DCE (Hub, Switch)

• DTE and DCE devices can be connected through 1:1 cable

22• Devices of same kind must be connected by crossover cable

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerRJ45 Pinout

• Pinout 10/100 Ethernet Twisted Pair

J 5 out

Receive+ (1)Receive (2)

(1) Transmit+(2) Transmit

Switch Station

Receive- (2)Transmit+ (3)

(4)(5)

Transmit (6)

(2) Transmit-(3) Receive+(4)(5)(6) ReceiveTransmit- (6)

(7)(8)

(6) Receive-(7)(8)

• Use of more pairs for higher transmission rates

23

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerPhysical Layer Sublayersys ca aye Sub aye s

• Reconciliation Sublayer

• Optional interface specification between MAC and PHY• Media Independent Interfacep

• Physical Layer Signaling (PLS) / Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS)

h i l di h ( )• Physical Media Attachment (PMA)

• Physical Medium Dependent (PMD)

• Medium

24

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerPhysical Layer Sublayer Overviewys ca aye Sub aye O e e

Reconciliation Reconciliation ReconciliationMII

PCS

MII/GMII XGMII

XGXSXAUIPLS

Reconciliation Reconciliation Reconciliation

AUI

PCS

PCS

XGXSXGMII

XAUIPLS

XSBI

PMAMAU PMD

MDIPMA

PMDPMA

XSBI

MediumMDI

Medium MediumMDIMDI

1 Mbps 100 Mbps 10 Gbps

25

1 Mbps10 Mbps

100 Mbps1 Gbps

10 Gbps

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical Layer[…][ ]

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerPCS Scrambler: 10GBASE-RCS Sc a b e 0G S

• Self-synchronizing Scrambler

• Length of 57, polynomial:

• Sync header is not scrambled

( ) 58391 xxxG ++=

Sync header is not scrambled

+

+

+

573938210 … 56…

76

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerPCS Gearbox: 10GBASE-RCS Gea bo 0G S

• Adjusts bus width from 66 to 16 bits

• Used for WIS (WAN Interface Sublayer)

• Used for an optional interface between PCS and PMAUsed for an optional interface between PCS and PMA

• Gearbox is optional if PCS and PMA are on the same chip→ Data bus width is implementation specific

77

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerPMA: 10GBASE-SR/LR/ER 0G S S / /

• Transmit direction (to PMD)• Provide clock

• Serialization and transmission of 16 bit data

• Receive direction (from PMD)• Bit clock recoveryBit clock recovery

• Deserialization

• Provide link status information• Provide link status information

78

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerPMD: 10GBASE-SR/LR/ER0G S S / /

• Optical transceiver

• Provides signal detect information based on optical input power

• Data rate:Data rate: • 9,95328 Gbps ± 20 ppm (WAN)

• 10,3125 Gbps ± 100 ppm (LAN)

10GBASE-SR 10GBASE-LR 10GBASE-ER10GBASE-SW 10GBASE-LW 10GBASE-EW

Wavelength 850 nm 1310 nm 1550 nm

Power Budget 7,5 dB 9,4 dB 15 dB

79

Distance 26 – 300 m 10 km 30 – 40 km

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical Layer10GBASE-W / WIS Sublayer0G S / S Sub aye

• Additional WIS sublayer to adapt to SONET

• Speed difference adaptation• STM-64, STS/OC-192 transport mode, p

• WIS stretches Interframe Gap from 96 bit times to 200 bit times

• This additional time is “consumed” by the PHY for rate adaptationThis additional time is consumed by the PHY for rate adaptation

• Special frame format with path/header information

80

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerPCS: 10GBASE-TCS 0G S

• Forming of 64 bit blocks by 2 XGMII transfers

• Adding of a control/data bit extends block size to 65 bit

• Use of Scramblers with 65 bit blocks (EMC purposes)Use of Scramblers with 65 bit blocks (EMC purposes)• Ensure that data is not equal on all pairs

E th t d t i t d d i d• Ensure that same data is not send and received

→ Use of two different scramblers for link partners

→ Need for distinguishable stations: master / slave

82

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerPCS 64B/65B Code: 10GBASE-TCS 6 /65 Code 0G S

• Data and Control code: • S: Start, T: Terminate, D: Data octet, C: Control octet

Data Ctrl Type Payload

D0D1D2D3D4D5D6D7 0 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

S0D1D2D3D4D5D6D7 1 0x78 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

C0C1C2C3S4D5D6D7 1 0x33 C0 C1 C2 C3 D5 D6 D7

T0C1C2C3C4C5C6C7 1 0x87 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7

D0T1C2C3C4C5C6C7 1 0x99 D0 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7

D0D1T2C3C4C5C6C7 1 0xaa D0 D1 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7

D0D1D2D3D4D5D6T7 1 0xff D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6

83

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerPCS: 10GBASE-TCS 0G S

• 50 blocks of 65 bits are assembled to single group → 3250 bits

• CRC8 checksum is added → 3258 bits

• Auxiliary channel information bit is added → 3259 bitsAuxiliary channel information bit is added → 3259 bits

• Division into 3 x 512 bits + 1723 bits

• 1723 bits LDPC coded (adds 325 check bits) to 2048 bits

• The resulting 7 x 512 bits form 512 7 bit labels containingg g• 3 uncoded and 4 coded bits

84

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerPMA/PMD: 10GBASE-T/ 0G S

• Single DSQ symbol consists of two transfers• One PAM-16 unprotected 3-Bit transfer

• One PAM-16 protected 4-Bit transfer

• 800M transfers per second

• Resulting maximum frequency is about 400 MHz• Resulting maximum frequency is about 400 MHz • 55 m with Cat. 6 cabling

• 100 m with Cat. 6a cabling

88

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerEthernet Link Active but no Activityt e et ct e but o ct ty

• If no frames are transferred (10BASE-T):• 16 ms ± 8 ms Idle

• Link Test Pulse

• Repeat

• Link Test Pulse is single positive pulse on LineLink Test Pulse is single positive pulse on Line• Only seen by Physical Layer

→ Also referred to as “Normal Link Pulse” (NLP)→ Also referred to as Normal Link Pulse (NLP)

• No transferred frames above 10BASE-T

95

• Idle codes on the line

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerLink Test Pulseest u se

• Single positive pulse

96Diagram Source: IEEE 802.3-2005 Standard, © IEEE 2005

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerLink State for 10BASE-TState o 0 S

• Link established if 2 – 10 NLPs are received or data received• Time between NLPs must be within 25 – 150 ms

• “Ignore time” after NLPs 2 – 7 ms

• Link lost after 50 – 150 ms of inactivity• No NLP receivedNo NLP received

• No data received

97

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerLink State (100 Mbps and above)State ( 00 bps a d abo e)

• Link established if data received• Link after 330 – 1000 µs of data or idle

→ Special pattern transmitted on idle condition

• Link lost after physical loss of signal• Poor signal quality or levelPoor signal quality or level

98

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerAutomatic Polarity Correctionuto at c o a ty Co ect o

• Correction of interchanged RX+ and RX-• Due to cabling fault

• Monitoring of Link Pulseg• Link Pulse is always only positive

• If negative (Link) Pulse is detected prior to Link state• If negative (Link) Pulse is detected prior to Link state• Interchange RX+ and RX-

• Monitoring of Idle to Start-of-Frame

• Operation is only performed at the receivers

99

p y p

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerAuto-Negotiationuto egot at o

• Automatic setting of speed and duplex

• 100BASEX uses same link pulses as 10BASE-T, but• Uses bursts of NLP, time between pulses is 62,5 ± 7 µs, p , µ

• Maximum of 33 possible pulses

• Time between two bursts: still 16 ms ± 8 ms (same as 10BASE-T)Time between two bursts: still 16 ms ± 8 ms (same as 10BASE T)

→ Named: Fast Link Pulse (FLP)

… … …10BASE-T, NLP

100BASEX, FLP1000BASEX, FLP

t

100

1000BASEX, FLP

16 ± 8 ms 62,5 ± 7 µs

t

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerAuto-Negotiation: Fast Link Pulseuto egot at o ast u se

• Link Information is coded in the 33 possible pulses of FLP• Every 2nd pulse is referred to as clock-pulse

• Every 2nd+1 pulse is referred to as data-pulse

→ Possibility to transfer 16 bit of information

t

CLKD0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15

CLK CLK

• Auto-Negotiation performed before link established (100/1000)

101

• Nominal length of FLP: 2 ms + 100 ns

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerAuto-Negotiation: Gigabit Ethernetuto egot at o G gab t t e et

• No space for Gigabit Ethernet in base page selector field• Transmission of one additional message pages

• Transmission of two additional unformatted pages

• Message page has a value of 0b00000001000 (0x008)

• 1st unformatted page Bit Capability / Description• 1st unformatted page Bit Capability / Description

U0 1000BASE-T Manual Master/Slave Configuration

U1 1000BASE-T Manual Master

U2 1000BASE-T Multiport device

U3 1000BASE-T Full-Duplex

U4 1000BASE-T Half-Duplex

110

U10:U5 Reserved

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerAuto-Negotiation: Gigabit Ethernetuto egot at o G gab t t e et

• 2nd unformatted page• Contains 11 bit Master/Slave seed value in U10:U0

• Gigabit Ethernet does a Master/Slave negotiationg g• Master provides clocking

• Master is always the multiport device (e g switch)Master is always the multiport device (e.g. switch)

• If both devices are multiport the one with higher seed value becomes Master

T f l i t f ll 4• Transfer always consists of all 4 pages

111

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerPHY Managementa age e t

• Management done by dedicated management interface

• Realized by serial bidirectional interface• Clock line MDC

• Data line MDIO

• Architecture S it h IC• Architecture• Register based addressing

Switch IC

PHY PHY PHY PHY

µCMDC

MDIO

• 16 bit data transfer

• Master-Slave bus architecture

PHY PHY PHY PHY

120

→ Multiple PHYs manageable by one controller

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerPHY Standard RegistersSta da d eg ste s

• 32 possible register• Registers 0 to 15 are specified

• Registers 16 to 31 are vendor-specific

Reg Description 10/100 1000

0 Control X X

1 Status X X

2, 3 PHY ID Opt. Opt.

4 Auto-Negotiation Advertisement Opt. Opt.

5 Auto-Negotiation Link Partner Abiity Opt. Opt.

6 Auto-Negotiation Expansion Opt. Opt.

7 Auto-Negotiation Next Page Transmit Opt. Opt.

126

8 Auto-Negotiation Link Partner Next Page Opt. Opt.

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerPHY Standard RegistersSta da d eg ste s

Reg Description 10/100 1000

9 MASTER SLAVE C l R i O O9 MASTER-SLAVE Control Register Opt. Opt.

10 MASTER-SLAVE Status Register Opt. Opt.

11 PSE Control Register Opt. Opt.

12 PSE Status Register Opt Opt12 PSE Status Register Opt. Opt.

13 MMD Access Control Register Opt. Opt.

14 MMD Access Address Data Register Opt. Opt.

15 Extended Status - X

• For 10 Gigabit Ethernet a special extended management interface

15 Extended Status - X

• For 10 Gigabit Ethernet a special extended management interfaceapplies

127

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerPHY Control RegisterCo t o eg ste

• Control Register (Register 0)Reg Name Description Description R/W

0.15 Reset 1 = PHY reset 0 = normal operationR/WSC

0 14 Loopback 1 = enable loopback mode 0 = disable loopback mode R/W0.14 Loopback 1 = enable loopback mode 0 = disable loopback mode R/W

0.13 Speed Selection (MSB) R/W

0.6 Speed Selection (LSB) R/W

0.6 0.131 1 = Reserved1 0 = 1000 Mbps0 1 = 100 Mbps0 0 10 Mb(LSB)

0.12 Auto-Neg Enable 1 = enable Auto-Negotiation 0 = disable Auto-Negotiation R/W

0.11 Power Down 1 = power down 0 = normal operation R/W

0.10 Isolate 1 = electrically isolate PHY 0 = normal operation R/W

0 0 = 10 Mbps

y p

0.9 Restart Auto-Neg 1 = restart Auto-Negotiation 0 = normal operationR/WSC

0.8 Duplex Mode 1 = full duplex 0 = half duplex R/W

0 7 C lli i T 1 bl COL i l 0 di bl COL i l R/W

128

0.7 Collision Test 1 = enable COL signal test 0 = disable COL signal test R/W

0.5 Unidirect. Enable 1 = TX enable link override (if 0.12 = 0 and 0.8 = 1) R/W

0.4:0 Reserved Write as 0, ignore on read R/W

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerPHY Status RegisterStatus eg ste

• Status Register (Register 1)Reg Name Description Description R/W

1.15 100BASE-T4 1 = PHY 100BASE-T4 capable 0 = PHY not 100BASE-T4 capable RO

1.14 100BASE-X Full 1 = PHY 100BASE-X FD capable 0 = PHY not 100BASE-X FD capable RO

1.13 100BASE-X Half 1 = PHY 100BASE-X HD capable 0 = PHY not 100BASE-X HD capable RO1.13 100BASE X Half 1 PHY 100BASE X HD capable 0 PHY not 100BASE X HD capable RO

1.12 10 Mbps Full 1 = PHY 10 Mbps FD capable 0 = PHY not 10 Mbps FD capable RO

1.11 10 Mbps Half 1 = PHY 10 Mbps HD capable 0 = PHY not 10 Mbps HD capable RO

1.10 100BASE-T2 Full 1 = PHY 100BASE-T2 FD capable 0 = PHY not 100BASE-T2 FD capable RO

1.9 100BASE-T2 Half 1 = PHY 100BASE-T2 HD capable 0 = PHY not 100BASE-T2 HD capable RO

1.8 Extended Status 1 = Extended status in Register 15 0 = No extended status in Register 15 RO

1.7 Unidir. ability 1 = able to transmit independent of link 0 = transmit only with link RO

1 6 MF P bl S 1 t bl d f 0 t t bl f RO1.6 MF Preamble Sup. 1 = accept preamble suppressed frames 0 = not accept preamble sup. frames RO

1.5 Auto-Neg Complete 1 = Auto-Negotiation completed 0 = Auto-Negotiation not completed RO

1.4 Remote Fault 1 = remote fault condition detected 0 = no remote fault condition detected RO

1.3 Auto-Neg Ability 1 = PHY is able to perform Auto-Neg 0 = PHY is not able to perform Auto-Neg RO

129

g y p g p g

1.2 Link Status 1 = link is up 0 = link is down RO

1.1 Jabber Detect 1 = jabber condition detected 0 = no jabber condition detected RO

1.0 Extended Capability 1 = extended register capabilities 0 = no extended register capabilities RO

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerPHY Extended Status Registerte ded Status eg ste

• Extended Status Register (Register 15)

Reg Name Description Description R/W

15.15 1000BASE-X Full 1 = PHY 1000BASE-X FD capable 0 = PHY not 1000BASE-X FD capable RO

15.14 1000BASE-X Half 1 = PHY 1000BASE-X HD capable 0 = PHY not 1000BASE-X HD capable ROp p

15.13 1000BASE-T Full 1 = PHY 1000BASE-T FD capable 0 = PHY not 1000BASE-T FD capable RO

15.12 1000BASE-T Half 1 = PHY 1000BASE-T HD capable 0 = PHY not 1000BASE-T HD capable RO

15.11:0 Reserved ignore when read

130

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerPHY Management 10 Gigabit Etherneta age e t 0 G gab t t e et

• More management registers needed

• Extension to the management frame defined

Preamble

0 O

PHY REG

T

Data Mgmt format < 10 GbpsPreamble

01O

P PHY REG

TA Data

32 2 2 5 5 2 16

Mgmt format < 10 Gbps

• New OP-Codes: 0b00 → Address0b10 Read → Post-read-increment-address 0b01 Write → Write0b11 → Read

• PHY address renamed to Port address (PRTAD)

131

• REG address renamed to Device address (DEVAD)

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerPower over Ethernet (PoE)o e o e t e et ( o )

• Incorporated into 802.3-2005 Clause 33, prior IEEE 802.3af

• Used to supply power to end devices (DTE) connected by TP• Primary target: Access Points, IP Phones, IP Camera, Print Server, …y g , , , ,

• Definition of Powered Device (PD) and Power Sourcing Equipment (PSE)

• Power supplied by• Power supplied by• Unused pairs

• Add power to the data pairs (offset voltage)

• Power may be added by “Midspan Power Insertion Equipment”

136

• Only defined for unused pairs and only defined for 10/100 Mbps

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerPoE: Detection of Powered Deviceo etect o o o e ed e ce

• It must be prevented to power a non-power capable device

• Powered Device (PD) must be detectable

• AC based detection for Cisco proprietary pre-802 3af equipmentAC based detection for Cisco proprietary pre-802.3af equipment• Implements low-pass filter between RX and TX

P S i E i t (PSE) d l f t• Power Sourcing Equipment (PSE) sends low-frequency tone

• If PSE receives this tone apply power

138Source: Power over Ethernet: Cisco Inline Power and IEEE 802.3af, © Cisco Systems 2004

Ethernet Physical LayerEthernet Physical LayerPoE: Detection of Powered Deviceo etect o o o e ed e ce

• DC based detection for IEEE 802.3af equipment• PSE applies small voltage

• Expects to see 25 (19 – 26,5) kOhm resistance and ≤ 150 nF capacitance

• PSE probes at least two times with different voltages ΔV ≥ 1V

• Test voltage must be between 2,8 and 10 V

• Probing is done in intervals no less than 2 ms

Aft f l d t ti PSE ti ll l if PD• After successful detection PSE may optionally classify PD• Based on power class

139

• 5 Power classes (up to 15,4 Watts)

EthernetEthernet

MAC LayerMAC LayerTasks & OperationAddressingFrame FormatVirtual LANsFlow ControlAdvanced Chip Functions

144

MAC LayerMAC LayerMedia Access Control – ISO/OSI Modeled a ccess Co t o SO/OS ode

• Layer 2 in the ISO/OSI reference model

• Electrical MII interface to physical layer device (PHY)

• Protocol (frame) interface to layer 3 (e g IP IPX NetBEUI)Protocol (frame) interface to layer 3 (e.g. IP, IPX, NetBEUI)

Network Network


Media Access ControlLogical Link Control

Network

Physical

Medium

145

Medium

MAC LayerMAC LayerMedia Access Control – Tasksed a ccess Co t o as s

• Data encapsulation• Framing

• Addressing

• Error detection

• Media access managementMedia access management• Medium allocation (collision avoidance)

• Contention resolution (collision handling)• Contention resolution (collision handling)

→ Ethernet uses CSMA/CD scheme for half duplex links

146

MAC LayerMAC LayerHalf Duplex Flow Control

• Half Duplex relies on CSMA/CD protocol

a up e o Co t o

• Station waits for a quiet period on the medium before sending

• Half Duplex Back-Pressure Flow ControlHalf Duplex Back-Pressure Flow Control• If queues are full any incoming packet is collided

JAM i l d• JAM signal send

• Sender retries after back-off time

SwitchSwitchHubHubRouterRouter HubHubHubHub Coaxial cable

163

Coaxial cable

MAC LayerMAC LayerHalf Duplex Flow Control

• Half Duplex Defer Flow Control

a up e o Co t o

• If queues are full medium is occupied by receiver

• Preamble is send continuously

• Prevents sending of other stations without collisions

• Half Duplex Flow Control used up to Gigabit EthernetHalf Duplex Flow Control used up to Gigabit Ethernet• If Hubs/Repeaters are used

• If Half Duplex is negotiated/set• If Half Duplex is negotiated/set

164

MAC LayerMAC LayerHalf Duplex – Gigabit Example

• Cascading of multiple Switches

a up e G gab t a p e

165Half-Duplex Full-Duplex Picture Source: Datasheet GigaStack Gigabit

Interface Converter, © Cisco Systems 2002

MAC LayerMAC LayerFull Duplex Flow Control

• No CSMA/CD on full duplex links

u up e o Co t o

• Full-Duplex always involves “intelligent” devices

• Flow Control achieved by exchange of framesFlow Control achieved by exchange of frames

• Uses MAC Control frame structure and addresses• MAC Control frames are not forwarded by switches

• Destination address is 01-80-C2-00-00-01 (Multicast)

• Ethernet type is 0x8808 (MAC Control)

• Standard: IEEE 802.3x Full Duplex Flow Control

166

p

• Exchanged frames are named PAUSE

MAC LayerMAC LayerChip Functions – CRC Generation

• Transmit direction

C p u ct o s C C Ge e at o

• Usually chip takes Ethernet frame consisting of

• DA – SA – Type – Payload

• CRC is optionally generated by chip

• Receive directionReceive direction• Chip shall check CRC of incoming frame

• False CRC frame should be optionally dropped (if possible)• False CRC frame should be optionally dropped (if possible)

• Usually not possible for end stations

N tifi ti i t f d i t f h k th

170

• Notification in transfer descriptor of wrong checksum among other errors

MAC LayerMAC LayerChip Functions – MAC Filtering

• Possibility for checking incoming frames against

C p u ct o s C te g

• One or a set of MAC-Address(es)

• Broadcast address (destination address all FF’s)

• Incoming frames not matching filter shall be dropped

• Possibility to bypass filter(s): Promiscuous mode• Possibility to bypass filter(s): Promiscuous mode• Necessary for Switch equipment

• Used by network analysis tools (sniffers)

171

MAC LayerMAC LayerChip Functions – Quality of Service

• Quality of Service (QoS) usually a matter of Switches & Routers

C p u ct o s Qua ty o Se ce

• Classification of frames into 8 different priority classes• Use of flow-based approach (IP level)pp ( )

• Use of Class-of-Service / User Priority (MAC level)

• Use of DSCP/IP Precedence (IP level)Use of DSCP/IP Precedence (IP level)

• Use of VLAN information (MAC level)

• Use of Port information (PHY level)• Use of Port information (PHY level)

• For DSCP/TOS chip must parse IP header

174

• Chip may implement different queuing strategies

MAC LayerMAC LayerChip Functions – QoS Queuing

• Threshold based queues (early tail drop queue)

C p u ct o s QoS Queu g

50% Drop Treshold60% D T h ld

• Multiple queues and priority queues

60% Drop Treshold80% Drop Treshold

100% Drop Treshold

• Multiple queues and priority queues

VDV Classify1

VDV y

2

179

• Combinations

EthernetEthernet

Integrated CircuitsIntegrated CircuitsPHYsSwitchesNetwork Interface Card ICsMedia Converters

205

Integrated CircuitsIntegrated Circuits10/100/1000 Mbps PHY0/ 00/ 000 bps

• Realtek RTL8211CL

• Features:• Crossover and Polarity Detection & Correctiony

• Auto-Negotiation

• Built-in switching regulator for 1 0 V core voltageBuilt in switching regulator for 1,0 V core voltage

• MII interface for 10/100 Mbps Ethernet

• RGMII interface for 1000 Mbps Ethernet• RGMII interface for 1000 Mbps Ethernet

• Management Interface

Pi t 48

206

• Pincount: 48


RGMIIAnalog signals

GNDGND

LEDs

Digital Supply

Core SupplyCo e Supp y

208

Picture source: RTL8211CL-GR Integrated 10/100/1000 Gigabit Ethernet Transceiver Datasheet, Rev. 1.1, © Realtek Semiconductor Corp. January 2008


209Picture source: RTL8211CL-GR Integrated 10/100/1000 Gigabit Ethernet Transceiver Datasheet, Rev. 1.1, © Realtek Semiconductor Corp. January 2008

Integrated CircuitsIntegrated Circuits10/100/1000 Mbps Switch0/ 00/ 000 bps S tc

• Realtek RTL8366

• Features• 5 Port Switch plus MII/GMII/RGMII and management interfacep g

• VLAN support

• QoS (two queues)QoS (two queues)

• Port Mirroring

• Frame counters per port• Frame counters per port

• MAC security filtering

4096 t l k t bl (SRAM)

211

• 4096 entry lookup table (SRAM)

• Flow control

Integrated CircuitsIntegrated Circuits10/100/1000 Mbps Switch0/ 00/ 000 bps S tc

• Realtek RTL8366

• Special Transceiver linkwith 2,5 GHz interface

212Picture source: RTL8266/RTL8369 6/9 Port 10/100/1000MbpsSwitch Controller Datasheet, Rev 1.1, © Realtek Semiconductor Corp. September 2005

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