ethernet & ethernet over sonet (eos)
DESCRIPTION
Ethernet & Ethernet over SONET (EoS)TRANSCRIPT
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*Ethernet & Ethernet over SONET (EoS)
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*Ethernet: Quick Review
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*Basic Ethernet ImplementationPC APC BPC CPC FPC GPC D PC HPC JPC E Whoever transmits owns the wire!Broadcast Domain
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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CSMA/CDIf the bus is busy, do not transmitIf a collision occurs, back off and retransmit
What is the problem of this network?EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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How to improve the scalability?Still use buses, but multiple domainsUse switchesEL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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Switched EthernetEL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*A switch has an internal forwarding table. When it received a packet, it performs the following:Gets the destination address from the packet headerPerforms table lookup using the addressObtains the output port numberForward the packet to that output port
AddrPortA1B2C3D4
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*Physical Layer: Go Faster
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*10M100M1000M10GMotivations101001000, faster LAN10G, extend Ethernet to WANChallengesHow to accelerate the link speed (still using the twisted pairs)How to maintain compatibility
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*Unshielded Twisted PairDifferential signalsLow interferenceLow costEasy to deploy
How can we use UTP to support 10, 100, 1000 Mbps?
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*10Base-TLink encoding: Manchester code
Can we extend this to 100Base-T?
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*100Base-THow to achieve 100 Mbps on the line without significantly increasing the clock frequency?Multi-Level Transition 3 (MLT3) codeBandwidth = bit rate 4B/5B encoding for synchronization(100 * 5/4 )*1/4=31.25 MHz
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*Power Density Spectrum (PDS)
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*Synchronization and 4B/5B EncodingWhat would be the problem if we convert bit streams to MLT-3 waveform?If the bits are 000000000000000, the corresponding MLT-3 will be flat!Flat signalno way to recover the clock to reach synchronizationSolution: 4B/5BUse 5 bits to represent 4 bits based on the table (left)This guarantees there would not be long consecutive 0s
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*1000Base-TUse 4 parallel channelsEach channel250 Mbps5-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM5){-2, -1, 0, 1 2}125 MbaudSpectrum about the same as MLT-30 used for FEC
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*10G EthernetDesigned for WANOptical fiber basedCopper version newly developed
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*CompatibilityFrame formatKeep the sameLink operation modePerform auto-negotiation before data exchange
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*Ethernet over SONET/SDH
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*Why EoS?Existing infrastructuresEthernet LANSONET MAN/WANRequirementInterconnect LANs within a MANWAN access
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*Protocol Stackuser1user2SONET
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*Things to doMappingEthernet is packet-based, SONET is circuit-based.Capacity adaptationEthernet: 10M, 100M, 1G, 10GSONET: 51.84M, 155.52M, 622.08M, 2.488G Bandwidth adjustmentNon-fixed bandwidth provisioning
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*GFP-Generic Framing ProcedurePure SONETOptimized for voice, not for dataMapping from data to circuit neededProblems of existing encapsulation protocolsHDLCATM
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*GFP-Generic Framing ProcedureQuestion: What to send during the interval of two packets?
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*VCAT-Virtual ConcatenationFact:Mismatch between Ethernet & SONET bandwidthRequirement:Achieve high bandwidth efficiencySolution:Group a number of circuits for higher bandwidthMain problem to solve:Different delay along different circuits
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*VCAT: Bandwidth Efficiency
ServiceBit RateUtilization Without VCATUtilization with VCATFast Ethernet100 MbpsSTS-3c/VC-4 (67%)STS-1-2v/VC-3-2v (100%)Gigabit Ethernet1000 MbpsSTS-48c/VC-4-16c (42%)STS-3c-7v/VC-4-7v (95%)
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*LCAS-Link Capacity Adjustment SchemeDynamically adjust link capacityAdjustment without traffic lossBenefitBandwidth on demandQuality of ServiceLoad balancingFault tolerance
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*Architecture of Line Card
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*Carrier Ethernet: Extending to Metro and Wider Areas
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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Virtual LAN (VLAN)In this network, all the computers are interconnected using Ethernet switchesWithout special configuration, they can see each other.EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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Virtual LAN (VLAN)We want to make the network looks like three independent LANs: VLAN1, VLAN2, VLAN3How?EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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IEEE 802.1Q VLANExtend the MAC header to include a VLAN IDIn a switch, a VLAN ID is associated with certain ports.EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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Virtual LAN (VLAN)EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*VLAN1VLAN3
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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Extending to More VLANs802.1Q supports up to 4096 VLANs only802.1AD extends this to include two VLAN IDs
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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Going to Wider AreaGoal: to interconnect multiple Ethernet networks through a backbone so that they look like a LANEL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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Basic IdeaUse MPLS LSPs or IP tunnels to build a full meshEL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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What are the Issues?If we think the core network as a giant switch, what does this switch do?Why we say MAC address space is flat?Why flat address space causes problem?What about ARP?Can we avoid broadcast storm?EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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The Big IssueScalability Each edge router has to know the MAC address of every single computer!Full mesh would not scale wellSolutionUse a hierarchical architectureEL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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Provider Backbone BridgesCE: customer edgePEB: provider edge bridgePB: provider bridgeIB-BEB: I-type backbone edge bridge, processing I-TagBCB: backbone core bridgeB-BEB: B-type backbone edge bridge, processing B-TagPE-BEB: provider edge bridge
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University*
EL 638: High Speed Networks Kang Xi, Polytechnic University
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