08-airport configuration-1 ( highway and airport engineering dr. sherif el-badawy )

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Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.

Airport Configuration


Text Books• Planning and Design of Airports, Horonjeff, R.,

Meklvey, F., Sproule, W., and Young, S., McGraw Hill,

2010.

• ICAO = International Civil Aviation Organization

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Guidance and Standards

International Standards and

Recommended Practices

United States’ Regulations and

Standards Untied States is a

“Contracting State”

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Airside

Airside Facilities

Aircraft

Runway

Taxiway

Apron

Gates

Aircraft


LANDSIDE

Landside Facilities

Terminal Building

Passenger Movement

Baggage Handling

Parking Facilities

Public Transportation

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JFK Airport


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Tampa-Florida

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Runway and Taxiway


Gates

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Airport Configuration

• Airport configuration is defined as the number

and orientation of runways and the location of

the terminal area relative to the runways.

• Number of runways depends on air traffic volume.

• Orientation of runways depends on the direction of

wind, size and shape of the area and land use and

airspace use restrictions in the vicinity of airport.

• The terminal building should be located so as to

provide easy and timely access to runways.


Airport Design

• One of the great challenges for airport planning

and design is creating facilities that accommodate

a very wide variety of aircraft.

• Aircraft vary widely in terms of:

• Physical dimensions

• Performance characteristics

• Whether they be operated for commercial air service,

cargo, or general aviation activities.

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Airport Design and its Relation to Aircraft

• Depending on the portion of the area of the airport, certain

aircraft specifications become more critical:

• Weight is important for determining the structure design of runway,

taxiway, and apron pavements,

• Takeoff and landing runway length requirements at an airport,

which in turn to a large extent influences planning of the entire

airport property.

• Wingspan and turning radii dictate width of runways and taxiways,

the distances between these traffic ways, and affects the required

turning radius on pavement curves.

• The wingspan length influence the size of parking aprons, which in

turn influences the configuration of the terminal buildings.

• An aircraft’s passenger capacity has an important bearing on

facilities within and adjacent to the terminal building.


Aircraft Characteristics

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Turning Radius

The maximum angles vary from

60 to 80.

For design purposes a steering

angle of 50° is often applied.


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Landing Gear Configuration

Single Landing Gear Configuration



Complex Landing Gear Configuration

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• The landing gear configuration plays a critical role in

distributing the weight of an aircraft on the ground it

sits on.

• Thus in turn has a significant impact on the design of

airfield pavements.

• Specifically, the more wheels on a landing gear, the

heavier an aircraft can be and still be supported on a

ramp, taxiway, or runway of a given pavement

strength.


Aircraft Weight

• An aircraft is measured with a certain number of

weight measurements, depending on:

• Its level of loading with fuel, payload, and crew, and

• Assigned maximum allowable weight values for takeoff,

landing, and at rest.

• These various measurements of aircraft weight are

important to airport planning and design, in particular

the facilities such as taxiways, and runways that are

designed to support the aircraft.

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Aircraft characteristics

The weights of an aircraft consists of the following components

1.Operating Empty Weight (OEW)

2.Maximum Payload

3.Maximum Zero Fuel Weight (MZFW)

4.Maximum Take-off Weight (MTOW)

5.Maximum Taxi Weight (MTW)

6.Maximum Landing Weight (MLW)

Weight Components

التشغيل الفارغوزن

الحمولة االنشائية الصافية

وزن الوقود الصفري

اقصي وزن انشائي لالقالع

اقصي وزن للمناورة االرضية

اقصي وزن انشائي للهبوط


Aircraft Weight: Operating Empty

Weight (OEW)

• The Operating Empty Weight (OEW), the basic weight of the

aircraft including crew and all the necessary gear required for

flight but not including payload and fuel. lightest weight

• The OEW of an aircraft is considered for the design of aircraft that

may occupy maintenance hangars, aircraft storage facilities, or

any other areas that are not intended to support the weight of an

aircraft when loaded with fuel or payload.

• The payload includes the weight of passengers and their

baggage, mail, express, and cargo.

• The maximum structural payload is the maximum load which

the aircraft is certified to carry, whether this load be passengers,

cargo, or a combination of both.

•

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Aircraft Weight: Zero Fuel Weight (ZFW)

• Zero Fuel Weight (ZFW) = OEW of an aircraft

+ payload.


Aircraft Weight: Maximum Gross

Takeoff Weight

• The maximum gross takeoff weight is the

maximum weight authorized for takeoff.

• It excludes taxi and run-up fuel and includes

the operating empty weight, trip and reserve

fuel, and payload.

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Aircraft Weight: Maximum Structural

Takeoff Weight, (MSTOW)

• The maximum structural takeoff weight (MSTOW), is typically

designed as the maximum gross takeoff weight for an aircraft

operating at sea level elevation at a temperature of 59°F

(15°C).

• It is also the maximum weight that the aircraft’s landing gear can

support.

• The MSTOW is the standard design weight measurement used in

airport planning and design.


Aircraft Weight: Maximum Structural

Landing Weight, (MSLW)

• The maximum structural landing weight (MLW) is the

structural capability of the aircraft in landing.

• The main gear is structurally designed to absorb the forces

encountered during landing; the larger the forces, the heavier

must be the gear.

• Normally the main gears of transport category aircraft are

structurally designed for a landing at a weight less than the

maximum structural takeoff weight.

• This is so because an aircraft loses weight en route by burning

fuel.

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Aircraft Characteristics

Speed of aircraft can be defined in two ways, cruisingspeed, or ground speed and air speed:Cruising speed is the speed of aircraft with respect tothe ground when the aircraft is flying in the air at itsmaximum speed.

Air speed is the speed of aircraft relative to wind.Thus, if the aircraft is at a speed of 500 kph and thereis a head wind of 50 kph, air speed will be 450 kph.

Speed of Aircraft

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Aircraft characteristics

The number of passengers, baggage, cargo, andfuel that can be accommodated in the aircraftdepends upon the capacity of aircraft.

The capacity of aircraft using an airport have animportant effect on the capacity of runwaysystems as well as that of the passenger terminalfacilities

Aircraft Capacity


Airport planning

Airport LayoutThe layout of an airport is dependant upon a number

of factors, of which the most important are:-

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(1). Runway Length

• This material will be discussed in the next

chapter which talks about the

determination of runway length.


(2). Runway Orientation

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Analysis of Wind for Orienting Runways

• Runways are oriented in the direction of prevailing

winds.

• The data on wind intensity (speed), direction and

duration are essential to determine the orientation of

runways.

• High intensity winds perpendicular to the direction

of runway cause wobbling effect and cause

problems during landing and takeoff of aircrafts.

• Smaller aircrafts are particularly affected by these

crosswinds.


Analysis of Wind• Cross wind component :

• The component of wind intensity perpendicular to

the centre line of runway is termed as cross wind

component (CWC).

• Allowable cross wind component:

• This is the maximum cross wind component that is

safe for aircraft operations. This depends on the

size of aircraft, wing configuration and the condition

of the pavement surface.

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ICAO guidelines on cross wind component

ICAO specifies that runways should be oriented so

that aircraft may be landed at least 95 percent of the

time with crosswind components as shown below:

ICAO Annex 14


Wind Rose Coordinate System

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Example Wind Data


Wind Data in Wind Rose Format

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Wind coverage for runway 9–27

90.8 percent


Wind coverage for runway 3–21

6.2%

above

that

provided

by

the

runway

oriented

90° to

270°

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Wind coverage for runways 9–27 and 3–21

97.0 percent