06 elt brief history

7/27/2019 06 ELT Brief History

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Nature

Purpose Theory

Materials Techniques

Teacher Student

Testing Skills


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Classical Till 1880. Grammar-TranslationPurpose Greek & Latin

Erudition

Focus on Grammar

Translation of texts

Theory

Materials

Techniques

Teacher

Student

Testing

Skills


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ClassicalPurpose

Theory

Materials

Techniques

Teacher

Student

Testing

Skills

Till 1880. Grammar-Translation


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ClassicalPurpose

Theory

Materials

Techniques

Teacher

Student

Testing

Skills

Classics of the target language

Bilingual wordlist



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ClassicalPurpose

Theory

Materials

Techniques

Teacher

Student

Testing

Skills

Deductive application of rules

Asking factual questions

Exercises

Memorisation

Translation of passages

L1 is the medium of instruction



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ClassicalPurpose

Theory

Materials

Techniques

Teacher

Student

Testing

Skills

Know-it-all

Dictator

One-way-monologue



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ClassicalPurpose

Theory

Materials

Techniques

Teacher

Student

Testing

Skills

Passive reader

Passive writer

Active translator



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ClassicalPurpose

Theory

Materials

Techniques

Teacher

Student

Testing

Skills

Synonyms and antonyms in isolation

Composition

Factual questions

Structure identification



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ClassicalPurpose

Theory

Materials

Techniques

Teacher

Student

Testing

Skills



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Direct 1880 (Gouin: Series) . 1890 (Berlitz: Direct)Purpose

Theory

Materials

Techniques

Teacher

Student

Testing

Skills

Spontaneous use of language


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Theory

Materials

Techniques

Teacher

Student

Testing

Skills

L2 Learning = L1 Learning

No translation

Little use of grammatical rules


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Theory

Materials

Techniques

Teacher

Student

Testing

Skills

Speaking , hence less printed materials


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Theory

Materials

Techniques

Teacher

Student

Testing

Skills

Instruction in the target language

Inductive approach to grammar

Everyday vocabulary was taught

Concrete vocab. > pictures & objects

Abstract vocab. > association of ideas


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Theory

Materials

Techniques

Teacher

Student

Testing

Skills

Active speakers

Passive listeners


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Theory

Materials

Techniques

Teacher

Student

Testing

Skills

Speaking


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Theory

Materials

Techniques

Teacher

Student

Testing

Skills

Speaking


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Audio-Ling America . 1944: Army Method . 1950: ALBritainStr. Situ . India: 1960s: S-O-SPurpose

Theory

Materials

Techniques

Teacher

Student

Testing

Skills

Oral communication to the allies and theenemies

Listening

Received pronunciation


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Audio-Ling America - 1944: Army Method . 1950: ALBritainStr. Situ. India - 1960s: S-O-SPurpose

Theory

Materials

Techniques

Teacher

Student

Testing

Skills

Psychology (1924-1957)

Watson, Thorndike, Skinner, Ivan Pavlov

Tried to know how animals/birds learnt

Learning = Series of habits +

Stimulus-Response bonds

Applied to human beings

Linguistics

Palmer, Bloomsfield, Fries, Lado, Hornby

Language = Set of structures


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Audio-Ling America - 1944: Army Method . 1950: ALBritain - Str. Situ. India - 1960s: S-O-SPurpose

Theory

Materials

Techniques

Teacher

Student

Testing

Skills

Textbooks & Cassettes

Selection, gradation, presentation

Grammar exercises in context

This boy has played / jumped

He is

playing / jumping

Substitution tables


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Theory

Materials

Techniques

Teacher

Student

Testing

Skills

Presentation > Practice > Production

P = Teacher or the record

P = Controlled choral repetition

Memorization of dialogues

Reading aloud P = Mechanical reproduction

Error free

Subordination of L1

Early & continued training of ear/tongue

Words taught in context

Learning of structure through repetition


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Theory

Materials

Techniques

Teacher

Student

Testing

Skills

Various kinds of drills

01. Repetition

02. Inflection

03. Replacement

04. Restatement05. Completion

06. Transposition

07. Expansion

08. Contraction

09. Transformation10. Integration

11. Rejoinder

12. Restoration


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Theory

Materials

Techniques

Teacher

Student

Testing

Skills

Slave to the textbook

Rigid

Zero tolerance towards error

Against creativity


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Theory

Materials

Techniques

Teacher

Student

Testing

Skills

Slave to the teacher

Ape


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Theory

Materials

Techniques

Teacher

Student

Testing

Skills

Reading aloud Dictation (pronunciation)

Composition


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Theory

Materials

Techniques

Teacher

Student

Testing

Skills

Speaking? Controlled Listening? Restricted


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Designer 1970-1980s: Psychological factors in learning.

Silent Way

Gattegno (1972)

Cognition based

Problem-solving

Autonomy &

Cooperative

learning

Teacher - silent

Suggestopedia

Lozanov (1979)

Psychological

research in

Soviet Russia

Relax to retain

Students

become

suggestible

TPR

Total Physical

Response

(1977)

James Asher -

Children first

gesticulate

Respond to

language input

with movements

Relax and less

anxious

CLL

CommunityLanguageLearning

Charles A Curren(1972)

Paul La Forge(student, 1983)

Teacher ascounsellor

Student as client

Emphatic

understanding

Bilingual

Student autonomyretained


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CLT 1960s,1970s: shift from teacher to learnerPurpose

Theory

Materials

Techniques

Teacher

Student

Testing

Skills

Communication

Acquire language skills


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Theory

Materials

Techniques

Teacher

Student

Testing

Skills

Authentic

Culturally sifted

Means to communicative end.


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Theory

Materials

Techniques

Teacher

Student

Testing

Skills

Authentic tasks

Awareness raising

Materials are culturally sifted

Problem-solving approach

Encourages self and peer-assessment

Individual differences taken care of


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Theory

Materials

Techniques

Teacher

Student

Testing

Skills

Facilitator

Consultant

Coordinator

Co-communicator


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Theory

Materials

Techniques

Teacher

Student

Testing

Skills

Creator

Leader

Manager

Any role given to him/her


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Theory

Materials

Techniques

Teacher

Student

Testing

Skills

Real-life tasks

Simulated materials


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Theory

Materials

Techniques

Teacher

Student

Testing

Skills

All language skills


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CC


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06 elt brief history

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