05320075 ariyani fajar apriliana.thesis
TRANSCRIPT
PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
OF THE MAIN FEMALE CHARACTER LUCY SNOWE
IN CHARLOTTE BRONTE’S VILLETE
(An Analysis Using Psychological Approach)
THESIS
ARIYANI FAJAR APRILIANA
05320075
ENGLISH LETTERS AND LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND CULTURE
THE STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MAULANA MALIK
IBRAHIM OF MALANG
2009
PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
OF THE MAIN FEMALE CHARACTER LUCY SNOWE
IN CHARLOTTE BRONTE’S VILLETE
(An Analysis Using Psychological Approach)
THESIS
Presented to:
The State Islamic University Maulana Malik Ibrahim of Malang
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra (S.S)
ARIYANI FAJAR APRILIANA
05320075
Advisor:
Dra. Istiadah, M.A
NIP. 150253161
ENGLISH LETTERS AND LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND CULTURE
THE STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MAULANA MALIK
IBRAHIM OF MALANG
2009
STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICITY
Name : Ariyani Fajar Apriliana
Student ID : 05320075
Address : Dsn. Kedung Bendo, Ds. Gemekan, Kec. Sooko, Kab. Mojokerto.
Hereby, I certify that the thesis I wrote to fulfill the requirement for
Sarjana Sastra (S.s) entitled Psychological Problems of the Main Female
Character Lucy Snowe in Charlotte Bronte’s Villete (An Analysis Using
Psychological Approach) is truly my original work. It does not incorporate any
materials previously written or published by another person, except those
indicated in quotations and bibliography. Due to the fact, I am the only person
responsible for the thesis if there is any objection or claim from others.
Malang, 08th
of October 2009
Ariyani Fajar Apriliana
APPROVAL SHEET
This is certify that Ariyani Fajar Apriliana’s thesis entitled
Psychological Problems of the Main Female Character Lucy Snowe in
Charlotte Bronte’s Villete (An Analysis Using Psychological Approach)
has been approved by the thesis advisor
For further approval by the Board of Examiners.
Malang, 08th
of October 2009
Approved by Acknowledged by
Advisor, The Head of English Letters and
Language Department,
Dra. Isti’adah, M.A Galuh Nur Rohmah, M. Pd., M.Ed
NIP. 150253161 NIP. 150289814
The Dean of
The faculty of Humanities and Culture,
Drs. H. Chamzawi, M.HI
NIP. 150218296
LEGITIMATION SHEET
This is certify that Ariyani Fajar Apriliana’s thesis entitled
Psychological Problems of the Main Female Character Lucy Snowe in
Charlotte Bronte’s Villete (An Analysis Using Psychological Approach)
Has been approved by the Board of Examiners as the requirement
For the degree of Sarjana Sastra.
Malang, 17th
of October 2009
The Board Examiners Signatures
1. Mundi Rahayu, M.Hum (Chair)
NIP. 150381175
2. Dra. Andarwati, M.A (Main Examiner)
NIP. 150295493
3. Dra. Isti'adah, M.A (Advisor)
NIP. 150253161
Approved by
The Dean of the Faculty of Humanities and Culture
The State Islamic University Maulana Malik Ibrahim of Malang
Drs. H. Chamzawi, M.HI
NIP. 150218296
MOTTO
DON’T JUDGE
THE BOOK
BY
IT’S COVER
DEDICATIONS
I WANT TO DEDICATE THIS THESIS FOR:
My grandfather and my grandmother
Bapak Kusnan Djudi, Alm and Ibu Muslimah
Thanks for your pray and your pure affection
My Allah SWT will bless you.
My lovely parents
Bapak Imam Nawawi, S,pd and Ibu Nur Siyam
Without your love, your pray, and your support
I am sure that I cannot finish this thesis
My Sarjana Sastra’s Degree is for you
I LOVE YOU DAD
I LOVE YOU MOM.
My beautiful young sisters
Laili Indah Muthoharoh
And
Ummu Zahrotun Nadzifah
Your smile and your cares always make my life happy
You are the best sisters that I ever have in this world.
My all family members in Mojokerto
My Uncles and My Aunts
Thank’s for your pray and supports
And also for all My Cousins
Especially for my twins cousins
Safira Az Zahrah and Safina Az Zahra
You are my spirit when I got little bored
In doing my thesis.
My Prience in Heart
Muizzuddin Hammam, A. Md
Thanks for the best Love and Support
You are the best in My life
I hope that Our relationship
Will be the best from the best relationship
In this world
Amin..
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Bismillahirrohmanirrohim
In the name of Allah, Let’s Pray and Thanks Unto our God Allah SWT,
who has given me blessing and mercies, so that I am able to finish this thesis. I am
also grateful to Him for giving me health to finish my study; it is God’s grace and
blessing ascertaining me that I could pass the entire long path.
This thesis is intended to fulfill the requirement for achieving the degree of
Sarjana Sastra in English Letters and Language Department at The State Islamic
University Maulana Malik Ibrahim of Malang, Sholawat and Salam are delicates
to my beloved prophet Muhammad SAW who has show men to the right way to
get closer toward him.
Finishing this thesis would be a great hopes for me, it give many
experiences. This thesis would not have been completed without contribution and
support from anyone else. I would like to thank to all people who help and give
their time, thought and idea.
I would like to give a great appreciation to my advisor, Dra. Istiadah, MA
for the patient and attention to guide me, until I can finish this thesis. I also would
like to thank to The Dean of The Faculty of Humanities and Culture; Drs. H.
Chamzawi, M.HI, and The Head of English Letters and Language Department
Galuh Nur Rohman, M.Pd. M. Ed.
My deepest gratitude addressed to my beloved parents: Imam Nawawi,
S.Pd. and Nur Siyam for their love, guidance, support care and understanding
until I am able to finish my study. I also would like to thanks for my beloved
younger sisters: Laili Indah Muthoharoh and Ummu Zahrotun Nadzifah thank you
so much for the support, cares and the purities.
I also would like to give the big thank to Muizzuddin Hamam, A.md for his
motivations, patience, loves, and cares. And also for my best friends in English
Letters and Language Department 2005: Ulya, Rifa, Amin, Husna, E2n, Linda,
Mala, Sulis and then for my truly friends Elisa Nurul Lailia and Lailatus ―Ely‖
Sa’adah for your great relationship and motivation. All of you are my inspirations.
And also for my friends in Sunan Ampel 11: Niza, Iin, Rahayu, and Vida. Thank
you so much for your support.
I realize that thesis is far from excellent and need improvement; therefore, I
will appreciate the valuable criticism, suggestion, and comment from the readers.
Ariyani Fajar Apliliana
ABSTRACT
Aprilia, Ariyani Fajar, 2008. Entitled Psychological Problems of the Main Female
Character Lucy Snowe in Charlotte Bronte’s Villete (An Analysis
Using Psychological Approach), Thesis, English Letters and
Language Department, Faculty of Humanities and Culture, The
State Islamic University Maulana Malik Ibrahim of Malang.
Advisor : Dra. Istiadah, MA
Key words : Psychological Problems, Main Character.
There are three kinds of human problems; psychological problems,
emotional problems, and spiritual problems. Psychological problem is the
problem faced by human which is caused by their physical causes. Related to the
explanation above, it was interesting to conduct a psychological analysis entitled
Psychological Problems of the Main Female Character Lucy Snowe in Charlotte
Bronte’s Villete (An Analysis Using Psychological Approach).
The objectives of the study are: (1) to know the kinds of psychological
problems which are faced by Lucy Snowe in Villete by Charlotte Bronte. (2) To
know the efforts of Lucy Snowe dealing her psychological problems.
The method that the writer applies is literary criticism and she uses
psychological approach to deal with the data. Literary criticism is the study,
discussion, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. It uses psychological
approach because in this study, the analysis is focused on studying the
psychological problems of the main female character in the novel. The present
study analyzes the novel from psychological aspect dealing with the
psychoanalysis theory by applying anxiety, depression, and defense mechanism.
The writer viewed psychological approach suitable with this method from the
result of problem statement.
The research found out: (1) the main female character in the novel ―Lucy
Snowe‖ suffers psychological problems such as anxiety and depression, she
suffers anxiety after she knows the news that her boy friend ―M. Paul Immanuel‖
will leave her. Lucy shows her physical symptoms of anxiety through her thought
as like: fear, worry, and afraid. Besides that, she also shows her anxiety through
her behavior, as like: headache and dizziness. Lucy also suffers post-traumatic
stress disorder, such as: lack of interest in activities, reliving the trauma repeatedly
in memories, and sleep disturbances. Besides that she feels afraid in a new
situation and insecure in social relationship. (2) Besides the anxiety, Lucy also
suffers depression, she fells depressed because no body in this world who is able
to accompany and support her life except M. Paul Immanuel. The symptoms are:
Lucy has difficulty to concentrate about everything, she has difficulty in sleeping,
eating, and thinking, and she also feels worthless and grief. (3) Lucy tries to deal
her problems by doing defense mechanism by applying repression, she repress her
problems by avoiding talk about her boyfriend, she also move to the other town.
Besides that, Lucy uses rationalization; she has rationalized her love to M. Paul by
preparing anything that makes him happy. Moreover, after receiving the money
from Miss Marchmont, she uses the money to develop her new school.
TABLE THE OF CONTENTS
Page
STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICITY .......................................................... i
APPROVAL SHEET .................................................................................... ii
LEGITIMATION SHEET ............................................................................ iii
MOTTO ......................................................................................................... iv
DEDICATIONS ............................................................................................ v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................ vii
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................... ix
TABLE OF THE CONTENTS .................................................................... x
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study ......................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of the Problems ...................................................... 6
1.3 Objective of the Study ............................................................. 7
1.4 Scope and Limitation .............................................................. 7
1.5 Significant of the Study ........................................................... 8
1.6 Research Method ..................................................................... 8
1.6.1 Research Design .......................................................... 8
1.6.2 Data Sources ................................................................ 9
1.6.3 Data Collection ............................................................ 9
1.6.4 Data Analysis .............................................................. 10
1.7 Definition of the Key Terms ................................................... 10
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Structure of Novel ................................................................... 13
2.1.1 Theme ........................................................................ 13
2.1.2 Character ................................................................... 15
2.1.3 Point of View ............................................................ 17
2.2 Literature and Psychology ....................................................... 18
2.3 Psychological Approach .......................................................... 20
2.4 Psychoanlysis Theory .............................................................. 21
2.4.1 Anxiety ...................................................................... 23
2.4.2 Depression ................................................................. 26
2.4.3 Defense Mechanism .................................................. 28
2.4.3.1 Repression ...................................................... 29
2.4.3.2 Rationalization ............................................... 30
2.5 Previous Study ......................................................................... 31
CHAPTER III: ANALYSIS
3.1 The Psychological Problems of Lucy Snowe........................ 35
3.1.1 Lucy Snowe’s Anxiety .............................................. 37
3.1.2 Lucy Snowe’s Depression ......................................... 45
3.2 Lucy Snowe Deals Her Problems by Using
Defense Mechanism ............................................................... 52
3.2.1 Lucy Snowe’s Repression ......................................... 53
3.2.2 Lucy Snowe’s Rationalization .................................. 57
CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
4.1 Conclusion .............................................................................. 60
4.2 Suggestion ............................................................................... 61
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CURRICULUM VITAE
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This section includes background of the study, statement of the problems,
objectives of the study, scope and limitation, significance of the study, research
method, and the definition of key terms. Each of the items will be discussed as
follows.
1.1 Background of the Study
Literature is one of human expression, it comes from the human thought,
and it talks about the human life. Literature is presented in society to convey the
benefit things about the idea, life, thought, emotion and all of which happen in
society. According to Roberts (in Triawati, 2004: 01) literature is a fundamental
discipline for the knowledge of man, one that treads the deeper and vaster fields of
humanism. Literature help the readers grow both personally and intellectually,
because it enables them recognize human dreams and struggle in different
societies that they would never otherwise get to know.
Besides that, Hamlyn (in Purnomo, 2006: 01) stated that literature is one
of human’s creativity that has universal meaning as one of the way to
communicate each other about the emotion, spiritual and intellectual experiences
that needed to build up intellectual and moral knowledge and mankind. Literature
is concerns the imagination of an idea of human expression about the world that
has the benefit values to use in human’s life.
From the explanation about the definitions of literature above, the writer
wants to present the forms of literature. There are three kinds of literature’s forms;
prose, poetry and drama. Prose includes novel, short story, myth, parable,
romance, and epic. Poetry is much more economical in the use of imagery, figure
of speech, and rhythm. And drama according to Peck and Coyle (1984: 75), the
basic point about all plays, both in formal and thematic terms, is that the
characters are always caught up in some sorts of crisis, dilemma, of confusion;
they are always faced by some sort of problem.
Moreover, Connoly (in Salmena, 2006: 10-11) mentions that there are
three points of literature characteristics. The first characteristic is literature has the
power, it means that the use of language in certain piecework of literature may
create a powerful emotional impact in the readers’ mind. The second
characteristic is literature also vivid; it means that a literary works is meaningful
and lifelike. And the third characteristic is the language of literature is clear.
Based on the explanation above, the writer wants to study about novel in
this thesis. According to Oxford English dictionary (in Hawthorn, 1985: 01), a
novel is a factious prose narrative to tale of considerable length (now usually one
long enough to fill one or more volumes) in which characters and actions
representative of the real life of past or present times are portrayed in a plot of
more or less complexity.
Describing about a novel, Triawati (2004: 02) stated that novel contains a
number of striking incidents, and these can be separated from one another by
considerable lapses of time. Moreover, a novel is aiming to present a picture of
particular period and society in which the person, the manners, surrounding,
scenery, or even modes of speech are meticulously depicted in a way they are
supposed to belong. The unity of the novel is a far more complicated matter and
depends upon aspects of consistency in tone, character development,
subordination, and elaboration of incidents.
The reason why the writer uses psychological problems as the topic
because between literature and psychology are have close relationship. Both of
them are have the same object, that is human being. The different is psychology
has the real human being created by God as the object, but literature has the
imaginative human being created by the author as the object.
Now, the writer prefers to analyze one of classical novels by the title
Villete by Charlotte Bronte. The reason why the writer chooses this novel as the
data sources because this novel has a struggle woman as the main female
character who suffers psychological problems, her name is Lucy Snowe. She has
suffered psychological problems after she hears that her beloved boyfriend will be
left her. In this novel Lucy Snowe has told as the narrator and she will be view all
of the events in this novel by her view points. Lucy has described as the main
female character because the point of view in this novel used ―I‖ as stated in
Villete:
In the autumn of the year--- I was staying at Bretton; my
godmother having come in person to claim me of the kinsfolk
with whom was at the time fixed my permanent residence. I
believe she then plainly saw events coming, whose very shadow I
scarce guessed; yet of which the faint suspicion sufficed to impart
unsettled sadness, and made me glad to change scene and society
(Bronte, 2007: 04).
In this novel Lucy has described as a young English woman who is
destitute and thrown upon the world, besides that, she has drawn as a young
woman who has no money, family, and friends; even she has had a happy
childhood. But in this novel, Lucy has showed as the educated woman and come
from the gentle class of society like other Bronte heroines. Besides that, Lucy also
described as a woman who has psychologicl problems. Especially, after Lucy
hears the news that she will be left by someone- the only one man who really
understands, cares, and loves her, his name is M. Paul Emanuel.
M. Paul Emanuel will be send by Madame Beck, Madame Walravens, and
Pere Silas to go to Guadaloupe. They are tried to desperate the relationship
between Lucy and M. Paul because they have different faith. Lucy is a Protestant
and M. Paul is a Catholic. So that way, after Lucy hears and knows about their
planning. The writer catches that Lucy has suffered psychological problems, such
as, anxiety and depression. Moreover, the writer uses defense mechanism,
especially repression and rationalization to handle Lucy’s psychological problems.
This novel wrote by a British novelist Charlotte Bronte. Charlotte Bronte
was born in Thornton, Yorkshire, England, in 1816 and she died on March 31,
1855 in Haworth, west Yorkshire, England. She was the third of six children from
Patrick Bronte who was an Irish Anglican Clergyman and Maria Barnwell.
Charlotte was the eldest of three famous Bronte sisters whose novels have become
standards of English literature.
In this study, the writer uses a psychological approach by applying
psychoanalysis theory which is incude: depression, anxiety, and defense
mechanism. Besides that, the writer uses repression and rationalization to deal
Lucy’s psychological problems. In this study, the writer focused on analyzing the
main female character Lucy Snowe in Charlotte Bronte’s Villete using
psychological approach. This approach will be help the writer to focuses her
analysis on Lucy Snowe’s psychological problems and the way she deals with
them.
There are some students who have conducted similar study. First is
conducted by Francisca Theny Engelina (2001), a student of Petra Christian
University by the title: A study of Jim’s psychologicalpProblems in Joseph
Conrad’s Lord Jim. In this study, she has focused on analyzing Jim’s
psychological problems and the way to solve his psychological problem. And also
involve the internal and external conflicts which are faced by Jim.
The second study is conducted by Meliana Triawati (2004), a student of
Petra Christian University by the title: A Study on Three Main Character’s ways
in dealing with the psychological problems as the effect of the death of their
beloved in Banana Yoshimoto’s Kitchen. She is focused on analyze the three main
character’s Mikage Sakurai, Yuichi Tanabe, and Erico in the novel Kitchen.
The third study is conducted by Chris Andre Susanto (2007), a student of
Petra Christian University by the title: The Captain’s psychological problems and
the process of his withdrawal from reality in Strindberg’s The Father. He focused
his study on Captain’s fixations, anxieties, and the process of withdrawal in the
reality.
So that way, in this thesis the writer wants to study about the
psychological problems which are faced by Lucy Snowe as the main female
character in Charlotte Bronte’s Villete, and then her efforts to deals her
psychological problems. The writer focuses to study this thesis using
psychological approach. And then, the writer focuses her study in analysis
anxiety and depression wich are suffered by Lucy Snowe. Besides that, the writer
uses defense mechanism to handle Lucy’s psychological problems by applying
repression and rationalization.
1.2 Statements of the Problems
Based on the background of the study above, the general problems
statements is to find out the answer of the following questions:
1. What are the psychological problems that Lucy Snowe faced in Villete by
Charlotte Bronte?
2. What are the efforts done by Lucy Snowe to cope her psychological
problems?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
Referring to the formulating statements of the problems above, the
objectives of the study are:
1. To know the kinds of psychological problems which are faced by Lucy
Snowe in Villete by Charlotte Bronte.
2. To know the efforts done by Lucy Snowe to cope her psychological
problems.
1.4 Scope and Limitation
There are many aspects that can be analyzed in the novel Villete written by
Charlotte Bronte such as: in this novel the main female character Lucy Snowe has
spoken as the third person (narrator), some of the characters in this novel have
changed their childhood names to their adulthood names, there are some
borderlines supernatural events and portents, there are some coincidence, told
about the buried life, and some philosophical musings. From all of the aspects, the
writer only limited this study in analyzing the psychological problems which are
faced by Lucy Snowe as the main female character, they are anxiety and
depression.
For contributing analyze the psychological problems of the main female
character, the writer uses the intrinsic elements from the novel, as like; characters,
themes, and also point of view. All of those intrinsic elements considered the
important aspects that can help to show the psychological of main female
character’s problems. Concerning the analysis of the characters, it is focused only
the main female character. Analysis of the content is focused on the psychological
problems of Lucy Snowe.
1.5 Significance of the study
This study is supposed to give contribution in the area of literature.
Theoretically, the study is supposed to give contribution and new point of view in
the science of analyzing novel and new building of an understanding of literary
criticism using psychological approach, especially using psychoanalysis theory by
applying anxiey, depression, and defense mechanism. Furthermore, this study is
expected to give a contribution for the literature field in term of the
psychoanalysis study when it is used to criticize a literary works especially novel.
Practically, this study will help the writer and the readers to understand
about psychoanalysis study, so that they can broaden their knowledge about
psychoanalysis literary theory. In addition, the result of this study will be
important sources for the next writers who will conduct research on this field.
1.6 Research Method
Research method includes research design, data sources, data collecting,
and data analysis that will be discussed as follows.
1.6.1 Research Design
This study is literary criticism because in this study the writer conducts
discussion about literature. She uses Villete novel by Charlotte Bronte. Above all,
in this study the writer uses psychological approach. The writer also uses the
psychoanalysis theory by applying anxiey, depression, and defense mechanism as
the device to analyze the main character’s psychological problems and to find out
the answer of the statements of the problems. Besides that, the writer also stated
the intrinsic elements of the novel, which are, character, theme, and also point of
view to help her analyzed this study.
1.6.2 Data Sources
The data of this research is taken from Villete by Charlotte Bronte novel.
Villete by Charlotte Bronte is a publication of the Pennsylvania State University;
it is an Electronic Classic Series, by Jim Manis, Faculty Editor, Hazleton, PA
1820-1291 and it is a Portable Document File produced as part of ongoing student
publication project to bring classical works of literature.
1.6.3 Data Collecting
There are some steps to get the data that the writer needs. Firstly, the
writers read and understand the novel being analyzed. Secondly, she has chosen
and selected the data from the novel dealing with each problem investigated.
Thirdly, she has collected the data which have the relation to the statement of the
problems. And the last, she has agglomerated the data based on the original
quotation existing in the novel by retyping the data.
1.6.4 Data Analysis
To collect the data analysis, there are some steps that the writer has done.
After the data have been collected, the writer continued to reviewing the data and
determining the data based on the parts of event. After that, she has continued this
analysis by explaining and discovering the psychological problems which is faced
by main female character in Villete novel using psychological approach.
1.7 Definition of Key Terms
Anxiey: a painful emotional experience which is produced by excitations
in the iternal organs of the body. This excitations comes from either
internal or external stimulation and they are governed by the autonomic
nervous system. Hall (as cited in Olivia, 2004: 08).
Defense Mechanism: According to Freud, defense mechanism is a tactic
developed by the ego to protect against anxiety. Defense mechanism are
thought to safeguard the mind against feeling and thoughts that are too
difficult for the conscious mind to cope with. In same instances, defense
mechanism are thought to keep in appropriate or unwanted thoughts nd
impulses from entering the conscious mind (www.answer.com).
Depression: Depression is one of the effects of continues stresses and it is
a normal response to life stresses. Depression is characterized by loss of all
positive feeling, including joy and humor, loss appetite, lack of interest in
doing anything and feeling worthless, helplessness and despair. The
depressed person is unable to concentrate on task or function effectively‖
(Shrove, 1989, P. 29).
Main Character: based on www.wilkipedia.com main character also
called by round character is a major character in a work of fiction that
encounters conflict and is changed by it. Minor characters tend to be more
fully developed described than minor or static characters.
Psychological Problems: based on Narramore (1977:44) is kinds of
human problems. There are three kinds of human problems; psychological
problems, emotional problems, and spiritual problems. Psychological
problem is the problem faced by human which is caused by their physical
causes. For example: A home maker may feel that her headaches are the
result of insufficient sleep, excessive work, or some other physical ailment
which she does not understand. On the other hand, she may not give
consideration to the fact that her headaches may stem from unresolved
conflicts. This is natural since the medical profession has made a
remarkable contribution to the solution of problems of mankind by
indicating their physical causes and medical tratment. In this thesis, the
writer uses the psychological problems as the topic because there are close
relationship between psychology and literature. In this case, this study is
literary criticism which is show the main female character’s psychological
problems.
Rationalization: Rationalization is defense mechanism that involves
explaining an unacceptable behavior or felling in rational or logical
manner, avoiding the true explanation for the behavior. For example, a
person who is turned down for date might rationalize the situation by
saying they were not attracted to the other person anyway. Rationalization
not only prevents anxiety, it may also protect self - esteem and self
concept. When the confronted by success or failure, people tend to
attribute achievement to their own qualities and skills while failures are
blamed on other people or out sides forces (www.answer.com).
Repression: repression is the process of keeping things out of
consciousness it is in active rejection of acceptable thoughts, desires,
memories and relegation to the unconscious. Repression is a ―process‖ in
which prevent our selves from doing something that might cause pain and
embarrassment (Arkoff, 1985, P. 247).
CHAPTER II
REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE
To have a basic support on developing the thesis, the aspects of the related
literature are presented in this chapter. They are, elements of the novel (that
consist of: character, theme, point of view), Literature and psychology,
Psycholoical approach, Psychoanalysis theory by appying: anxiety, depression,
and defense mechanism (which are include repression and rationalization), and
then the previous studies.
2.1 Structures of the Novel
To create a fictional world that seems real to the reader, novelist uses five
main elements: plot, characters, conflict, setting, and theme. As stated in the
previous chapter, this study focused on character of the literary works, which is
novel. To find out the character we cannot ignore the other elements of the literary
work. In this study, the elements of analysis focused on are the character, theme,
and point of view. Therefore, in this subchapter the three elements are discussed
to give better understanding to the concept needed to understand the analysis.
2.1.1 Theme
Every literary work has theme in it, but theme itself is not easy to be
found. The theme must be interpreted through the story that consists of intrinsic
and extrinsic elements. A theme is a central idea. In nonfiction prose it may be
thought of as the general topic of discussion. In poetry, fiction and drama it is the
abstract concept that is made concrete through representation in person, action,
and image. The unity of the story is established because the other aspects of the
novel refer to its theme. Dealing with that statement, William Kenney (as cited in
Salmena, 2006: 13) stated that Theme in fiction is the meaning what the author is
able to make of the total experience rendered; by the theme we mean the
necessary implication at the whole story. The theme of the story is seldom
explicit; however, a statement of the theme may sometimes appear in the story,
sometimes in the very first sentence, sometimes in so explicit a form as an axiom.
According to Hamalian and Karl (as cited in Ahmida, 2006: 17) said that a
good author suggest his theme, or purpose of his story, through character,
atmosphere, setting, plot, and style- thus theme is a kind of composite statement
which requires our comprehension of numerous other elements. Based on the
explanation above, Endraswara states that theme should be discussed first because
theme would always be related comprehensively to other elements of fiction.
Theme is reflection of human desire to make sense of experience.
Shipley (as cited in Ahmida, 2006: 18) stated in Dictionary of World
Literature that theme can be classified into five levels based on the psycho
experience.
1. Theme in the Physical level (Man as Molecule).
In this level, the literary work is showing more by physical action
frequently than the psychological activity.
2. Theme in the Organic level (Man as Protoplasm)
The theme is more related to the problem of sexuality.
3. Theme in the Social level (Man as Socious)
Society where the characters live and its interaction bound some problems,
such as economy, social, politic, education, culture, etc.
4. Theme in Egoism level (Man as Individual)
It is related to the problems of dignity, egoism, pride, character, or attitude.
5. Theme in divine level
The theme is about the relationship between man and God, for example
religiosity, faith, or vision.
Moreover, in Villete by Charlotte Bronte have includes more than one
theme, as like: the female main character (Lucy Snow) has spoken as the third
person (narrator), some of the characters in this novel have changed their
childhood names to their adulthood names, there are some borderlines
supernatural events and portents, there are some coincidence, told about the buried
life, and some philosophical musings. But the writers only limited her study in
analyzing the psychological problems of Lucy Snow.
2.1.2 Character
Character of a book is the fictional figures that move through the plot.
They are invented by the author and are made of words rather than of flesh and
blood. Therefore, they cannot be expected to have all the attributes of real human
beings. Nevertheless, novelist do to create fictional people whose situations affect
the reader as the situations of real people would, (Halili, 2004). Characters are all
the persons in a story, including their emotion, desire, attitude, morality, etc.
Characters can be understood as the persons in a dramatic or narrative
work, endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what
they say, i.e., the dialogue, and what they do, i.e., the action, the grounds in a
character’s temperament and moral nature for his speech and actions constitute his
motivation (Abram as cited in Widiyastuti, 2007: 08).
Characters are divided into protagonist and antagonist character.
Protagonist is the hero or heroine in the story, usually someone who has good
attitude. Antagonist is the character who opposes the protagonist. Besides that,
character also divided into flat character and round character. Round character is a
major character in a work of fiction who encounters conflict and is changed by it.
Round characters tend to be more fully developed described than flat or static
characters. Flat characters are minor characters in a work of fiction who do not
undergo substantial change or growth in the course of a story.
Villete by Charlotte Bronte also consist of two kinds of characters. The
major or main character is Lucy Snowe. In this novel, Lucy Snowe is the narrator,
a young English woman who is destitute and thrown upon the world. Besides that,
there are many minor characters in this novel, as like: Polly or Paulina, Graham or
Dr. John, Mrs. Bretton, Mr. and Mrs. Home, Mrs. Marchmont, Mrs. Barret,
Ginevra Fanshawe, M. Paul, Madame Beck, M. Isidore, Trinette, Desiree, Fifine,
Georgette, Rosine, P`ere Silas, Count De Hamal, Marie Broc, M. de
Bassompierre, Zelie St. Pierre, Madame Malravens, and Goton.
2.1.3 Point of View
Point of view is important in telling story, for it determines how much the
reader must know and can figure out what is happening. There are four basic
points of view in literature according to Connolly (as cited in Afifah, 2004: 18).
The first is the omniscient point of view in which the story is told by the
author using the third person, and his or her knowledge and prerogative is limited.
He or she is free to go wherever he or she chooses, to look inside the minds and
hearts of his or her characters, and tell the readers what these characters are
thinking or feeling. He or she can interpret their behavior and comment, if he or
she wishes, on the significance of the story he is telling.
The second one is the limited omniscient point of view, in which the
authors tell the story in the third person, but he or she tells it the view point of one
character in the story. The author places him or herself at the elbow of this
character so to speak, and looks at the events of the story though his or her eyes
and through his mind.
The third is the first person point of view place another restriction on the
voice that tells the story. The first point of view has local character that addressed
the readers directly, without an intermediary. This character refers to him or her as
―I‖ in the story and addresses the readers as ―You‖ either explicitly or by
implication.
The last is dramatic point of view. In this kind of point of view, the story is
told by one more. The narrator now disappears completely and the story is
allowed to present itself dramatically through action and dialog.
In Villete novel, Charlotte Bronte used the limited omniscient point of
view, in which the authors tell the story in the third person, but he or she tells it
the view point of one character in the story. The author (Charlotte Bronte) places
herself at the elbow of this character so to speak, and looks at the events of the
story though his or her eyes and through her mind.
2.2 Literature and Psychology
In Encyclopedia of knowledge (as cited in Fuadiah, 2008: 11), literature,
which originally designated all written language, is now restricted to examples of
literary genres such as drama, epics, lyrics, novel, and poetry.
Psychology is an academic and applied discipline involving the scientific
study of mental processes, emotion, personality, behavior, and relationships.
Psychology traditionally defined as ―the science of mind‖ but on recent years, and
increasingly, ―the science of behavior‖ (Rycroft, 1977: 130). Some psychologists
would wish to add that a distinction between internal behavior and external
behavior is an important part of the basic definition. Besides that literary
psychology is a literary study that considers a literary work as psychological
activity in which, the author uses the thought and feeling in producing the literary
work (Endraswara, 2004: 96).
In general application of psychological knowledge to art can generate two
kinds of illumination. First, the new field provides a more precise language with
which to discuss the creative process. Second, application goes back to the study
of the lives of authors as a means of understanding their art.
Psychological aspect is one of virtual values needed to be exposed. A
literary work is a psychological activity where the author uses his creative power,
deep feeling and inspiration (Endraswara, 2003: 96). The readers, in
understanding a literary work, will not release from their psychosocial activity. In
addition, the author in progress catches indications in his mind then, expresses it
in the written text, and it is completed by the author's experience around his
environment. Therefore, the people call such phenomenon "psychology of
literature".
Psychology of literature views that psychological phenomenon presents
psychological activity through the characters if it happens in drama or prose.
Jatman (in Endraswara, 2003: 97) states that literature and psychology have close
relationship either indirectly or functionally. Indirectly, literature and psychology
have the same object, which is human being's life. Functionally, both literature
and psychology learn about human being's psychological condition. The
difference is that in psychology the indication is real, while in literary work it is
imaginative.
There is a doubt whether psychological aspects can come into literary text
since the psychological aspects in the text is very abstract. Indeed, it is difficult to
avoid, because to understand a literary work the knowledge of psychology is
needed as literary work also concerns with human psychology (Wellek and
Warren, 1956:81). Propose that the psychology of literature have certain typical
characteristics as follows:
Psychology of literature has four research possibilities. Firstly,
the research is on the psychology of the author as a type of person
or as an individual. This study tends to be the psychology of art.
The researcher tries to catch the mental state of an author at the
moment he produces literary works. Secondly, the research is on
creative, process in accordance with the mental. This study has
relation to the psychology of creative process; on how the
psychological steps focus in expressing literary works. Thirdly,
the research is on law of psychology applied in literary works.
Here, study can be related to psychology theories. The
assumption or this study is that the author often uses certain
theories in his creation. This study seriously uses literary text as
field of the study. Fourthly, the research is on psychological
effect of literary text to the readers. This study is more focusing
on the pragmatic aspects of psychological text toward the readers.
Research on psychology of literature has a firm base as both literature and
psychology are studying the human life. The difference is that literature studies
man as imaginative creation of the author, while psychology studies man as the
real creation of God (Endraswara, 2003: 97). However, human characters in
psychology and in literature show similarity so that psychology of literature is
important to take. Despite the imagination and creation of literary works, the
author often uses the laws of psychology to develop the characters of the figure.
The author, consciously or not, has applied theories of psychology.
2.3 Psychological Approach
The writer uses psychological approach because it leads her to look into
the main female character’s psychological problems. The writer learns that Lucy
Snowe, the main female character has several psychological problems, such as
anxiety and depression. But, she is unable to handle the pain of her psychological
problems, so she tries to handle it by applying defense mechanism. However, the
writer sees that this psychological approach helps her focus her analysis on Lucy
Snowe’s psychological problems and the ways she deals with them. Since the
writer analysis about the main character’s psychological problem, she uses the
theory of depression and anxiety. Beside that, the writer also uses the theory of
defense mechanism of analyze the ways of Lucy Snowe, the main female
character deal with her psychological problems. All of the theories above are
important to understand more deeply about the psychological problem that Lucy
suffers due to the painful events that happened in her life – M. Paul’s departures
to Guadaloupe that finally he dies. M. Paul Emanuel is the only one man who ever
truly sees Lucy and understands who she really is. The writer will able to see the
ways she deals with her psychological problems. Therefore, the writer needs
psychological approach.
2.4 Psychoanalysis Theory
Psychoanalysis is based on the concept that individuals are unaware of the
many factors that cause their behavior and emotions. These unconscious factors
have the potential to produce unhappiness, which in turn is expressed through a
score of distinguishable symptoms, including disturbing personality traits,
difficulty in relating to others, or disturbances in self-esteem or general
disposition (American Psychoanalytic Association, 1998).
Sigmund Freud was the first psychoanalyst and a true pioneer in the
recognition of the importance of unconscious mental activity. His theories on the
inner workings of the human mind, which seemed so revolutionary at the turn of
the century, are now widely accepted by most schools of psychological thought.
In 1896, Freud coined the term "psychoanalysis," and for the next forty years of
his life, he worked on thoroughly developing its main principles, objectives,
techniques, and methodology.
In An Outline of Psychoanalysis, Freud (1949) explains the principal
tenets on which psychoanalytic theory is based. He begins with an explanation of
the three forces of the psychical apparatus--the id, the ego, and the superego. The
id has the quality of being unconscious and contains everything that is inherited,
everything that is present at birth, and the instincts (Freud, 1949: 14). The ego has
the quality of being conscious and is responsible for controlling the demands of
the id and of the instincts, becoming aware of stimuli, and serving as a link
between the id and the external world. In addition, the ego responds to stimulation
by either adaptation or flight, regulates activity, and strives to achieve pleasure
and avoid unpleasure (Freud, 1949: 14-15). Finally, the superego, whose demands
are managed by the id, is responsible for the limitation of satisfactions and
represents the influence of others, such as parents, teachers, and role models, as
well as the impact of racial, societal, and cultural traditions (Freud, 1949: 15).
Freud states that the instincts are the ultimate cause of all behavior. The
two basic instincts are Eros (love) and the destructive or death instinct. The
purpose of Eros is to establish and preserve unity through relationships. On the
other hand, the purpose of the death instinct is to undo connections and unity via
destruction (Freud, 1949: 18). The two instincts can either operate against each
other through repulsion or combine with each other through attraction (Freud,
1949: 19).
From the explanation about psychoanalysis above, the writer in this thesis
wants to analyze about the psychological problems which are faced by the main
female character Lucy Snowe in Charlotte Bronte’s Villete using psychoanalysis
theory. The psychological problem is kinds of human problems, so that way this
thesis will be appropriate if the writer analyze by using paychonalysis theory. In
this case, the main female character is faced two kinds of psychological problems,
they are: anxiety and depression. Moreover, she tried to handle her problems by
using defense mechanism. In this case, three of the psychological problems are
stated in Freud’s theory, that is psychoanalysis theory. More explanation about the
kinds of psychological problems which are faced by Lucy Snowe will be
presented as follow.
2.4.1 Anxiety
In the primer Freudian psychology, Hall (as cited in Olivia, 2004: 08)
states that ―Anxiety is a painful emotional experience which is produced
excitations in the internal organs of the body.‖ This excitation, as Hall explains
further, comes from either internal or external stimulation and they governed by
the autonomic nervous system. As an example, if a person feels in danger, his
heart beats faster, breathes more rapidly, his mouth becomes dry, and his palm is
sweating. Although anxiety said as painful, it may alert a person to the presence of
internal and external dangers. According to Wikipedia, anxiety is ―a complex
combination of the feeling of fear, apprehension and worry often accompanied by
physical sensation such as palpitation, chest pain or shortness of breathe‖.
Freud, one of the first to focus on the importance of anxiety differentiated
between objective anxiety and neuriotic anxiety. Freud viewed objective anxiety
as a realistic response to external danger, synonymous with fear. He believed that
neurotic anxiety stems from an unconsious conflict within the individual; since
the conflict is unconsious, the person is not aware of the reason for his or her
anxiety. Freud believe that neurotic anxiety was the result of an unconscious
conflict between id impulses and the constraints imposed by the ego and superego
(Atkinson, 1953: 431).
Anxiety – an uneasy, fearful felling is the hallmark of many psychological
disorders. To understand anxiety disorder, there are three forms that help the
writer to identify the anxiety of a person. The three disorders that can help to
identify anxiety are phobic disorder, panic disorder, and obsessive – compulsive
disorder. The writer sees panic disorder can help her to identify the main
character’s anxiety.
―In generalize anxiety disorder, distress and uneasiness persistent,
painful, and spread across multiple situation. Such anxiety can
make people thoroughly miserable and even upset about their
health. These people often think they have a serious medical
disorder because the ―symptoms‖ may include trembling, fatigue,
breathlessness, insomnia, sweating, nervousness, chest pain,
dizziness, faintness, and headache, and so on. A sense of
foreboding, apprehension and feeling of impending doom may
also be mixed with the physical symptoms. Unlike generalized
anxiety disorder, panic disorder involves specific focused, time
bound attack of intense fear, even terror. The panic attacks,
lasting from a few minutes up to an hour or more, may include
intense version of the generalized anxiety characteristics
described but may also include such severe physical symptoms as
choking or something sensation, shortness of breath, chest pain,
dizziness, numbness (Morgan, 1986: 655-656).
The writer wants to show that a person can suffer from anxiety through
panic disorder. The individual usually fells panic, when she or he heard about
something that makes her panic she or he has physical symptoms of panic
disorder, when she or he hears about something bad that happens in her or his
family ( beloved ones ). The physical symptoms are hand shook, teeth catered,
chest tighten, and slow breathing. Besides that, people who suffers anxiety
sometimes suffers post traumatic sress disorder.
―People who live though events that are beyond the normal range
of human suffering sometimes developed post traumatic stress
disorder. The major symptoms include (a) felling numb to the
world, with lack of interest in former activities and a sense of
estrangement from others (b) reliving the trauma repeatedly in
memories and dreams and sleep disturbances, difficulty
concentrating and over alertness. Post traumatic stress disorder
may develop immediately after the disaster or it may be brought
on by some minor stress weeks, months or even years later, and it
may along time―. Atkinson (as cited in Olivia, 2004: 09).
Post traumatic stress disorder becomes a theory that identifies a person
who suffers from anxiety. In this case, Atkinson wants to show that the individual
who face traumatic event in the life may develop his or her feeling immediately
after the event. She or he also has major symptoms like feeling numb, lack of
interest in activities, relives the trauma repeatedly in memories and sleep
disturbances. In addition, about the definition and symptoms of severe anxiety,
Narramore says:
Severe anxiety is a result of basic feelings of inadequacy and
inferiority. Throughout carry life, the person has usually been
subject to criticism, failure and guilt. He or she has come to be
fearful of new situation and insecure in social relationship. Even
the slightest stress situations may cause great discomfort and
anxiety. Any threat, personal criticism, direct suggestion, of
forceful personality in big his or her environment will
immediately re-emphasize the individual’s feelings of inadequacy
and inferiority‖ (Narramore, 1996: 42).
2.4.2 Depression
Psychoanalysis derives from Sigmun Freud’s stydies of dreaming as a
window into the unconscious mind (Fine, 1979). Since there are currently many
schools of psychoanalysis, not all strictly adhering to Freud’s theory, spective on
depression. In fact, while Freud himself suffered from symptoms of depression,
neither the diagnosis nor the explanation of depressive symptoms plays a large
part in his works (Frisch & Frisch, 1998: 247).
In 1917, Freud published ―Mourning and Melancholia.‖ By this paper, ―he
meant that the mourner feels as if somehow the lost person is still emotionally
present until the work of mourning is complited.‖ In this paper, Freud described
depression (melancholia) as loss of an internal quality, such as self esteem during
the crisis deriving from a child’s discovery of his inability to assume the social
and sexual role of the same-sex parents. Freud later viewed depression as a
conflict between the ego (the conscious self) and the superego (an inner voice,
something like an internalized parent). In depression, the superego punishes the
ego for having forbidden wishes or for not living up to the superego’s expectation
(usually similar to those of one’s actual parents). The result of that conflict was
guilt, self-hate, and anger turned inward; this processes in turn led to depression
(Frisch & Frisch, 1998: 247).
Depression can be identifying after the individual has already identify as a
stressor. Depression usually occurs to a person after he or she suffers from stress.
Depression is the intense felling of depressed, down mood (Frisch & Frisch, 1998:
240). It is characterized by a mixture of felling, thoughts and behavior that are
strikingly distinct from the usual range of felling and functioning. Depression is
ordinarily a reaction to a sense of loss (Kendall, 1992:31). Sadness and loss are
universal, but symptoms severe enough to justify a diagnosis of depression are
much rarer (Frisch & Frisch, 1998: 239).
Depression is a state of sadness, decreased initiative, and introversion.
This refers either to an emotion, it means in low spirits, gloomy; when referring to
a diagnosis, it refers to a SYNDROME of which the emotion ―depression‖
constitutes one element (Rycroft, 1977: 30). Depression involves the body, mood
and thoughts. It affects the way a person eats and sleeps, the way someone feels
about himself or herself, and the way somebody think about things. Depression
can even make the most basic life function such as sleeping, eating and thinking
become very difficult.
―Depression is one of the effects of continues stresses and it is a
normal response to life stresses. Depression is characterized by
loss of all positive feeling, including joy and humor, loss appetite,
lack of interest in doing anything and feeling worthless,
helplessness and despair. The depressed person is unable to
concentrate on task or function effectively‖ (Shrove, 1989: 29).
A person experiencing a depressive episode may express feelings of
sadness and hopelessness or may express the sense of feeling empty or having no
feelings (Frisch & Frisch, 1998: 240). Besides that, a person experiencing grief
will have many of the same symptoms as one who is depressed. A grieving person
may also exhibit loss of appetite, weight loss, sleep disturbances, and mobility to
concentrate, make decision, and carry out daily activities (Frisch & Frisch, 1998:
224). A person who experiences grief because of loss someone she loves as in the
novel usually has a several symptoms above. It means that the person experiences
the same symptoms as someone who is depressed.
2.4.3 Defense Mechanism
In Sigmund Freud’s topographical model of personality, the ego is aspect
of personality that deals with reality. While doing this, the ego also has to cope
with conflicting demands of the Id and superego. The id seeks to fulfill all wants,
needs, and impulses while the superego tries to get the ego to act in an idealistic
and moral manner.
Freud used the term defense mechanism to refer to unconscious processes
that strategies do not alter the objective conditions of danger; they simply change
the way the person perceives or think about it (Atkinson, 1953: 433).
According to Freud, defense mechanism is a tactic developed by the ego to
protect against anxiety. Defense mechanisms are thought to safeguard the mind
against feeling and thoughts that are too difficult for the conscious mind to cope
with. In same instances, defense mechanisms are thought to keep in appropriate or
unwanted thoughts and impulses from entering the conscious mind
(www.answer.com).
Because of anxiety provoking demands created by the id, superego and
reality, the ego has developed of number of defense mechanism to cope with
anxiety. Although we may knowingly use these mechanism, in many cases these
defense occur unconsciously and work it distort reality. While all defense
mechanism can be unhealthy, they can also be adaptive and allow us to function
normally. The greatest problems arise when defense mechanisms are overused in
order to avoid dealing with problems.
There are numbers of defense mechanism that are discovered by Sigmund
Freud, but there will be two of defense mechanism that the writer will use. It is
called repression rationalization.
2.4.3.1 Repression
Repression is another well-known defense mechanism. Repression acts to
keep information out of conscious awareness. However, the memories do not just
disappear; they continue to influence our behavior. Repression is apart of
psychoanalysis theory that has been found by Sigmund Freud, which is later
developed and explained by many psychologists.
Beside that, repression is the process of keeping things out of
consciousness it is in active rejection of acceptable thoughts, desires, memories
and relegation to the unconscious. Repression is a defense against internal threat.
In repression, impulses or memories that are too threatening are excluded from
action or consciousness awareness (Atkinson, 1953: 434). Everyone uses
repression, because it works. Repression saves them from are other pain or
anxiety. In repression, it requires large amount of energy to keep unacceptable
thoughts or feeling from entering to consciousness. As result, the energy is tied up
in this process and is unavailable for other using.
Completely successful repression results in a total forgetting—a total
absence of awareness of unacceptable motive and behavior is resulting from such
a motive. Usually, however, repression is not completely successful, and impulses
find indirect expression. Some of the following defense mechanisms protect the
individual from awareness of partially repressed impulses (Atkinson, 1953: 435).
2.4.3.2 Rationalization
Rationalization is defense mechanism that involves explaining an
unacceptable behavior or felling in rational or logical manner, avoiding the true
explanation for the behavior. For example, a person who is turned down for date
might rationalize the situation by saying they were not attracted to the other
person anyway. Rationalization not only prevents anxiety, it may also protect self
- esteem and self concept. When the confronted by success or failure, people tend
to attribute achievement to their own qualities and skills while failures are blamed
on other people or out sides forces ( www.answer.com ). In rationalization, the
person reduces anxiety by finding a rational explanation (or excuse) for a behavior
that really has done for unacceptable reasons.
Rationalization does not mean ―to act rationally‖; it is the assignment of
logical or socially desirable motives to what we do so that we seem to have acted
rationally or properly. Rationalization serves two purposes: (1) it eases our
disappointment when we fail to reach a goal, and (2) it provides us with
acceptable motives for our behavior (Atkinson, 1953: 435).
In this chapter, the writer writes about the theory that supports her to
analyze the main female character, Lucy Snowe. The write uses three theories that
lead her to write the next chapter. The three theories are theory of anxiety, theory
of depression, and theory of defense mechanism.
2.5 Previous Studies
The writer takes some previous studies that are related to this novel. The
first research is conducted by Nur Afifah (2004), the student of State Islamic
University of Malang, entitled A psychological Analysis of Ashley Patterson in
“Tell Me your Dreams” by Sydney Sheldon. In her thesis, the specific purpose is
to find out a description of Multiple Personality Disorders (MPD). She has
focused on the analysis because it is one of the branches of psychology and to
make suitable with the content of the novel. The problems of this study are: What
kinds of the character traits does Ashley Patterson have, and What are the
psycholoical aspects of the main characters found in that novel. From her analysis,
she has concluded: (1) the chracter traits of Ashley Patterson exist on the
psychological aspects of “Tell Me Your Dreams”. The charactertrits are: the
character of Ashley Patterson as the main characters of this novel have Multiple
Personality Disorders (MPD) and overload at trauma, stress, emotion, and
anxiety. (2) the psychological aspects of the main characters found in the
psychological analysis of Multiple Personality Disorders (MPD).
And besides that, there are some students from Petra Christian University
that have conducted the research about psychological problems, they are:
First is conducted by Francisca Theny Engelina (2001), a student of Petra
Christian University by the title: A study of Jim’s psychological Problems in
Joseph Conrad’s Lord Jim. In this study, she has focused on analyzing Jim’s
psychological problems and the way to solve his psychological problem. And also
involve the internal and external conflicts which are faced by Jim. Lord Jim is
basically a novel in which the central character has some psychological problems.
Joseph Conrad’s Lord Jim presents the main character, Jim, as a man who has a
dream to be a hero. Jim is trying hard to realize his dream; however, he meets his
failures which are caused by his psychological problems in reaching the dream.
This thesis examines what Jim’s psychological problems are and how Jim solves
his psychological problems. In order to examines Jim’s psychological problems
and the way out, she (the thesis writer) has based her study on the literary theories,
such as; characterization and conflicts, as well as psychological theory , that is
anxiety and the definition of dream. From the analysis, she has found that Jim is a
tough person. Although he fails in realizing his dream, he never gives up until he
finally can reach it. Jim is a man who is willing to die for his dream.
The second study is conducted by Meliana Triawati (2004), a student of
Petra Christian University by the title: A Study on Three Main Character’s ways
in dealing with the psychological problems as the effect of the death of their
beloved in Banana Yoshimoto’s Kitchen. She is focused on analyze the three main
character’s Mikage Sakurai, Yuichi Tanabe, and Erico in the novel Kitchen. In
this thesis, the writer interested to take one of the Japanese novels by Banana
Yoshimoto, because she is a talented and interesting young writer. Her style of
writing is considered to be magical realism. Meaning that there is a miracle in our
life and it may happen every day. The writer chooses Kitchen than the other work
because of the outstanding theme in that novel. Kitchen itself is a story about
dealing with death of the beloved. To answer the statement of the problems, she
uses psychological approach by applying psychoanalysis theory, as like: anxiety,
gender dysporia, and defense mechanism. Through this analysis, she wants to
show that for some people, it is not easy to deal with the beloved’s death, altough
death is a ntural thing. She has added that when people try to seek the way out,
sometimes, they do not realize that their chosen way does not overcome their
problem and just create another new problem.
The last study is conducted by Chris Andre Susanto (2007), a student of
Petra Christian University by the title: The Captain’s psychological problems and
the process of his withdrawal from reality in Strindberg’s The Father. He focused
his study on Captain’s fixations, anxieties, and the process of withdrawal in the
reality. This study reveals the psychological complications of the Captain, the
main character of Strindberg’s The Father, which has been hailed as probably the
most powerful play of the naturalistic school. Regarding the gruesome tension
between the two main characters within the three acts, the Captain exposes much
more of his certain fear and paranoid attitude, as the effect of the lack of
gratification in his childhood, than the wife, Laura, who is verbally violent and
aggresively fighting of her own will over her husband. In this analysis, he (the
thesis writer) is interested in inquiring what kinds of fixation and anxiety that the
Captain’s undergoes and how he finally withdraws from reality. Therefore, he
uses psychological approach with Freu’s psychoanalysis is needed in dissecting
the complexity of the mental condition of the Captain.
From the previous studies above, the writer gets the contribution from
each previous study, as like: the fourth previous studies above have analyzed
about the character in the novel who have psychological problems. Besides that,
the previous studies above are used psychological approach as the devices, but
each of them are have different solving problems. So that way, in this thesis, the
writer feels sure that her studies will be different with other studies because
although she uses psychological approach but she uses different data (source), she
used Villete by Charlotte Bronte’s novel as the source. And the main character
―Lucy Snowe‖ in this novel who has psychological problems is different with the
others characters that have been analyzed by the previous researchers. Besides
that, the writer also uses psychoanalysis theory by applying: anxiety, depression,
and defense mechanism to support her studies. So that way, this study is the new
study that different with the others studies.
CHAPTER III
ANALYSIS
3.1 The Psychological Problems of Lucy Snowe
In this chapter, the writer analyzes Lucy Snowe’s psychological problems
in order to get the answer of the statement of the problems. The reason of the
writer analyzes Lucy Snowe’s psychological problems because the writer wants to
describe that she has several psychological problems such as anxiety and
depression. The thesis writer sees that Lucy Snowe has both of psychological
problems, it is mention that:
With me it was a difficult and anxious time till my facts were
found, selected, and properly jointed; nor could I rest from
research and effort till I was satisfied of correct anatomy; the
strength of my inward repugnance to the idea of flaw or falsity
sometimes enabled me to shun egregious blunders; but the
knowledge was not there in my head, ready and mellow; it had
not been sown in Spring, grown in Summer, harvested in Autumn,
and garnered through Winter; whatever I wanted I must go out
and gather fresh; (Bronte, 2007: 482).
This quotation above shows about Lucy’s anxiety. She tells to the readers about
her feeling, and from the quotation above the writer catches the point that Lucy is
suffered anxiety. Besides the anxiety problems, Lucy also suffered depression;
especially after she knows that her boyfriend, M. Paul Emanuel will be leave her
because of some people did not like about her relationship with M. Paul and want
to separate both of them. It is mentioned that:
The week consumed. We were told that he was going on such a
day, that his destination was ―Basseterre Guadaloupe;‖ the
business which called him abroad related to a friend’s interest, not
his own: I thought as much (Bronte, 2007: 529).
From this quotation above, Lucy wants to share to the reader that she is
worry about Mr. Paul Emanuel’s departure to ―Basseterre Guadaloupe‖, because
his departure is not his own interest, but it is caused by his friend’s interest.
Actually ―Basseterre Guadaloupe‖ is in West Indie.
Then, the writer wants to analyze the ways Lucy Snowe deals with her
psychological problems. In this case, Lucy Snowe deals her psychological
problems by doing defense mechanism. To conduct this analysis, the writer uses
psychological approach, main the theory of anxiety and depression. Moreover, the
writer uses the theory of defense mechanism to find the ways of Lucy deals with
her psychological problems.
Lucy Snowe, the narrator is a young English woman destitute and thrown
upon the world. Actually, she is educated and from the ―gentle‖ class of society,
but she is without money, family, and friends, even though she has a happy
childhood. In this novel, Lucy Snowe speaks early of herself in the third person
point of view. It is kind of detachment this utter alienation not only for her entire
world but even from her self, that is a characteristic of the unconventional nature
of the narrator of this novel. In this novel, Lucy talks often of herself as a separate
person, and as part of this, she makes it clear throughout the novel that she is not
sharing everything (or every important plot point) with the reader. She is sharing
only the ―Lucy Snowe‖ that she wants us to see. This was a stylistic choice by
Charlotte Bronte and a commentary on the alienated and marginalized life of
woman like Lucy in her society. (www.wikipedia.com).
Here, in the thesis, the writer tries to identify Lucy Snowe’s psychological
problems. In addition, she can describe the ways of Lucy deals with her
psychological problems. The writer starts her analysis by showing that Lucy
Snowe has psychological problems and the ways she deals with them by doing
defense mechanism. There are several ways that Lucy uses to avoid her
psychological problems. From these ways, Lucy thinks that she can handle her
psychological problems. Therefore, the writer divides this chapter into two. The
first, the writer identifies the psychological problems of Lucy Snowe. Moreover,
the writer analysis the ways of Lucy deals with her psychological problems.
The main female character in this novel named Lucy Snowe has
psychological problems in her young life after she hears the news that she will be
left by M. Paul Emanuel to Guadaloupe. In this chapter, the write wants to
describe about Lucy Snowe’s psychological problems. Lucy has some symptoms
that lead her to have two psychological problems. The two psychological
problems that Lucy suffers are anxiety and depression.
3.1.1 Lucy Snowe’s Anxiety
Anxieties are characterisized by marked degree of unfounded dread, worry
and apprehension. Some people are subject to periods of intense worry and
concern these times are accompanied by a variety of physical symptoms such as :
breathing difficulties, excessive perspiration, headache, dizziness, tremors,
palpitation of the heart, restlessness, and inability to sleep.
In this novel, Lucy Snowe as the main female character has detected as a
person who suffers anxiety. Hall states that ―Anxiety is a painful emotional
experience which is produced excitations in the internal organs of the body.‖ This
excitation, as Hall explains further, comes from either internal or external
stimulation and they governed by the autonomic nervous system. As an example,
if a person feels in danger, his heart beats faster, breathes more rapidly, his mouth
becomes dry, and his palm is sweating. Although anxiety said as painful, it may
alert a person to the presence of internal and external dangers (Hall, 1979: 61).
In this case, Lucy Snowe fears and worries if M. Paul Emanuel, someone
she loves so much will go away from Rue Fossete for three years. The first
reaction of Lucy Snowe after hearing the news is panicked. It is mention that:
A cray at this moment might have ruined me. Be the spectacle
what it might, I could afford neither consentration, scream, nor
swoon. Besides, I was not overcome. Tempered by late incidents,
my nerves disdain hysteria (Bronte, 2007: 565).
The words ―my nerves disdain hysteria‖ means that Lucy snowe wants to
share to the reader that she suffers nervous system in this case, nervous system is
one of the symptoms of anxiety.
Moreover, Lucy watches Pere Silas, Madame Beck, and Madame
Walravens for a while. The school gossip was that these three had hatched the
plan to get M. Paul to leave for Guadalupe; it is makes Lucy’s heart broken
because she fears to continue her future life without M. Paul Emanuel besides her.
Moreover, Lucy and M. Paul have planned to build a new school if both of them
are married. Furthermore, her feeling of fear leads her to have some physical
symptoms. It mentioned that:
Morning wasted. Afternoon came, and I thought all was over. My
heart trembled in its place. My blood was troubled in its current. I
was quite sick, and hardly knew how to keep at my post—or do
my work (Bronte, 2007: 532).
From the quotation above, the writer sees that Lucy Snowe feels fear and worry
about M. Paul. As a result, she does not realize about her physical action which
express panic. In fact, her physical action ―my hard trembled; it means that Lucy
has suffered kinds of physical symptoms, that is the palpitation of the heart.
Than, Lucy feels afraid and worried that the literature lesson that is
conducted by M. Paul Emanuel in Labassecouriness will be suspended because of
M. Paul’s departures Lucy and some pupils in Labassecouriness have followed the
lesson of literature that is conducted by M. Paul. By this lesson, Lucy and M. Paul
have built the good relationship. So that way, Lucy fells very afraid that she
cannot find M. Paul again. It stated as follows:
―Your professor, Ladies,‖ she went on, ―Intends, if possible, dully
to take leave of you. At the present moment he has not leisure for
that ceremony. He is preparing for a long voyage. A very sudden
and urgent summons of duty calls him to a great distance. He has
decided to leave Europe for an indefinite time. Perhaps he may
tell you more himself. Ladies, instead of the usual lesson with M.
Emanuel, you will, this morning, read English with mademoiselle
Lucy‖ (Bronte, 2007: 527).
This quotation is a Madame Beck’s says. She says and informs to the
students in the literature class that M. Paul cannot teach his lesson because he
should prepare anything before his voyages. The said of Madame Beck has
insulted Lucy. Moreover, Lucy has known that between Pere Silas, Madame
Beck, and Madame Walravens are willing to let M. Paul has his life for their own
interests, because the distance to Guadalupe is far and the climate is hazardous. It
is mentioned that:
―But the distance was great the climate hazardous‖ (Bronte, 2007: 555).
Then, Lucy Snowe feels very afraid and worried about M. Paul’s
departure. She is fears that she cannot meet with M. Paul again. She fears that M.
Paul does not to have farewell with her. It is stated that:
―It kills me to be forgotten, Monseiur,‖ I said. ―All these weary
days I have not heard from you one word, and I was crushed with
the possibility, growing to certainty, that you would depart
without saying farewell‖ (Bronte, 2007: 579).
If this were my lst moment with him, I would not wasted it in
forced, unnatural distance. I love him well—too well not to smite
out of my path even Jealousy herself, when she would have
obstructed a kind farawell (Bronte, 2007: 577).
From the two quotations above, the writer can see that Lucy Snowe has
the physical symptoms that lead her to suffer from anxiety. The fact that, the
words ―it kills me‖ and ―all these weary days‖ shows that these physical
symptoms are pertinent to the physical symptoms of anxiety. Here, Lucy feels fear
about M. Paul’s departure. It means that she cannot meet with M. Paul gain. She
also thinks that her thought is right because she knows about the plan of Pere
Silas, Madame Beck, and Madame Walravens who want to separate Lucy and M.
Paul Emanuel. This is the most terrible thing that ever happens in the life. And in
the second quotation, in the words ―I love him well—too well not to smite out of
my path even Jealousy herself,‖ Lucy wants to show her feeling that she really
loves M. Paul Emanuel
Moreover, Lucy Snowe not only shows her anxiety through her thought,
but also through her behavior. Lucy Snowe shows her anxiety trough physical
symptoms that the writer identifies in her behavior. It can be seen that Lucy feels
apprehension and may also be mixed with physical symptoms such as numbness,
dizziness, headache, and soon. Once again, the writer sees that Lucy has physical
symptoms of anxiety in the novel; Lucy has the physical symptoms such as
headache and dizziness. It happens after Lucy knows the news of M. Paul’s
departure and after she receives M. Paul letters, Lucy’s headache can be seen in
this quotation:
―what I now suffered was called illness-a headache‖ (Bronte, 2007: 359).
Besides that, after Lucy received the farewell letter from M. Paul
Emanuel. Lucy feels dizzy. In this quotation, the writer will be shows M. Paul’s
letter to Lucy Snowe:
―It was not my intention to take leave on you when I said good-
bay to the rest, but I hoped to see you in classe. I was
disappointed. The interview is deferred. Be ready for me. Ere I
sail, I must see you at leisure, and speak whit you at lenght. Be
ready;my moments are numbered, and just now, monopolized,
besides, I have a private business on hand which I will not share
with any, not communicate-event to you. PAUL‖ (Bronte, 2007:
535).
This quotation above is a letter from M. Paul to Lucy Snowe. After
receiving this letter, Lucy feels dizzy it is mentioned that:
Oh! I would be ready, but could that longed-for meeting really be
achieved? The time was so short, the schemers seemed so
watchful, so active, so hostile; the way of access appeared strait
as a gully, deep as a chasm-Apallyon straddled across it,
Breathing flames―(Bronte, 2007: 535).
From the quotation above, the writer sees that Lucy Snowe’s physical symptoms
such as the feeling of dizzy and headache are pertinent with the physical
symptoms of anxiety.
Next, Lucy Snowe also suffers from the post-traumatic stress disorders
that bring her to get her anxiety. The writer uses this theory because a post
traumatic disorder is a theory that identifies Lucy’s anxiety clearly. In this case,
People who live though events that are beyond the normal range of human
suffering sometimes developed post traumatic stress disorder. The major
symptoms include (a) felling numb to the world, with lack of interest in former
activities and a sense of estrangement from others (b) reliving the trauma
repeatedly in memories and dreams and sleep disturbances, difficulty
concentrating and over alertness. Post traumatic stress disorder may develop
immediately after the disaster or it may be brought on by some minor stress
weeks, months or even years later, and it may along time―(Atkinson, 1993: 584).
From the symptoms of this theory, the writer can sees the anxiety of Lucy
Snowe; the main female character has major symptoms of post traumatic stress
such as lack of interest in activities, reliving the trauma repeatedly in memories,
and sleep disturbances. After the writer shows about her symptoms of her general
anxiety, the writer wants to analyze about her symptoms of post traumatic stress
that leads her to suffer from anxiety.
Firstly, people who suffer from post traumatic stress usually do not have
any interest to do something else. It is also happens in Lucy, Lucy Snowe does not
have any interest to do her daily activity after she knows that M. Paul Emanuel
will be left her alone in Rue Fossete. After Lucy knows the news about M. Paul’s
departure to Guadalupe from Madame Beck, she has lacked her interest to be an
English teacher in Labassecouriness, it is mentioned that:
―with my head bent, and my forehead resting on my hands, I sat
admits grouped free-stems and branching brush wood‖ (Bronte,
2007: 556).
This quotation shows about Lucy’s lack of interest to do her jobs.
Secondly, the writer also can be seen Lucy Snowe’s anxiety through reviling her
memories about M. Paul Emanuel. Before being a close friend, Lucy Snowe and
M. Paul are often to quarrel each others. And it is made Lucy feels trauma if she
remains about the quarrels, because between Lucy Snowe and M. Paul are being a
friend and have a good relationship now. Lucy feels afraid if M. Paul’s departures
will make them quarrels again, it is stated that:
For what I felt there was no help, and how could I help the
feeling? M. Emanuel had been very kind to me of late days: he
had been growing hourly netter and kinder. It was now a month
since we had settled the theological difference, and all that time
there had been no quarrel (Bronte, 2007: 530).
Finally, Lucy Snowe shows her anxiety, especially Lucy has sleep
disturbances. After Lucy knows that M. Paul Emanuel will leave her alone in
Labassecouriness, every night Lucy has suffered sleep disturbances. It is stated
that:
―Basseterre in Guadaloupe‖. I had little sleep about this time, but
whenever I did slumber, it followed infallibly that I was quickly
roused with a start, while the words ―Basseterre‖, ―Guadaloupe‖,
seemed pronounced over my pillow, or ran athwart the darkness
round and before me, in zigzag characters of red or violet light
(Bronte, 2007: 530).
Besides the symptoms above, the writer identifies that Lucy Snowe suffers
from severe anxiety. She feels afraid of new situation and insecure in social
relationship. The writer sees that this symptom is relevant with Lucy Snowe. Lucy
Snowe is a new comer in Labassecouriness. Between Lucy and the people in
Labassecouriness are have the different faith. Lucy is a Protestant and
Labassecouriness’s people are Catholic. It is made Lucy feels afraid about her
new situation because she always underestimated by the people around her. She
feels that there is no one who can understand her except M. Paul Emanuel, but in
this case M. Paul Emanuel will leave Europe to Guadaloupe and it is insulted
Lucy’s heart. M. Paul Emanuel is the only one man who is really understands
about Lucy’s conditions. But when Lucy has conversation with M. Paul, Lucy
tries to convince M. Paul that her faith is same with her faith it mentioned that:
―Monsieur, I don’t scorn it-at least, not as your gift, monsieur, sir
down; listen tome. I am not a heathen, I am not hard-hearted, I am
not unchristian, I am not dangerous, as they tell you; I would not
trouble your faith, you believe in good and Christ and the Bible,
and so do I‖ (Bronte, 2007: 502).
Finally, the writer concludes that Lucy Snowe as the main female
character in this novel has a psychological problem because of M. Paul Emanuel’s
departure to the Guadaloupe. Lucy Snowe is suffers anxiety, the symptoms are;
Lucy has the physical symptom as like: headache and dizzy. Besides that, she is
also suffers post traumatic stress disorder, the symptoms are: lack of interest in
activities, reliving the trauma repeatedly in memories, and sleep disturbances.
Lucy feels anxiety because she fears and worries to continue her future life
without her loves, M. Paul Emanuel. As long as she stays in French after moving
from the house of Bretton in England, only M. Paul Emanuel who really cares,
understands, and loves her, the psychological problem of Lucy Snowe can be
categorized as anxiety.
3.1.3 Lucy Snowe’s Depression
Besides the anxiety problems, the next psychological problem that is
shown by Lucy Snowe is depression. Lucy Snowe never imagines living alone in
this world without any friends and family. She feels depressed because no body in
this world who is able to accompany and support her life except M. Paul Emanuel.
She becomes very depression because M. Paul Emanuel will be left her for about
three years to Guadaloupe. Depression is ordinary reaction to a sense of lose. For
example; loss of the family or loss someone who’s really loves. In this novel,
Lucy Snowe feel depressed after she knows that her beloved close friend, M. Paul
Emanuel will be sails to Guadaloupe. She is shocked and does not believe about
M. Paul’s departure to Guadaloupe. She knows that no bodies that will be support
her life again, because Lucy feels that her life will be miserable without M. Paul.
Shrove stated that depression is one of the effects of continues stresses and it is a
normal response to life stresses. Depression is characterized by loss of all positive
feeling, including joy and humor, loss appetite, lack of interest in doing anything
and feeling worthless, helplessness and despair. The depressed person is unable to
concentrate on task or function effectively. It stated that:
―If he were really my brother, how should like to go to him just
know, and ask what it is that presses on his mind‖ (Bronte, 2007:
460).
From this quotation, the writer sees the feeling of Lucy towards her love.
For Lucy, M. Paul means everything to her and she loves M. Paul Emanuel very
much: She also needs her loves in this world. She needs M. Paul to love and to
protect her life. Therefore, from the quotation above, the write sees that Lucy
wants to share to the readers that she is apprehension about M. Paul’s departure.
Moreover, when M. Paul asks that if she were his sister, and would she like to
always stay with a brother such as him? And Lucy says that indeed she would.
One of the symptoms that shows Lucy Snowe’s depression is she has
difficulty to concentrate about everything. Lucy has difficulty to concentrate
because she feels worried about the condition of M. Paul Emanuel. It stated that:
I become conscious of a relaxation of discipline, a sort of growing
disorder, as if my girls felt, that vigilance was withdrawn, and
that surveillance had virtually left, the classe. Habit and the sense
of duty enabled me to really quickly, to rise in my usual way, to
speak in my usual tone, to enjoin, and finally to establish quite. I
made the English reading long and close. I kept them at it the
whole morning (Bronte, 2007: 528).
From the quotation above, the writer can sees that Lucy has difficulty to
concentrate when she is teaching English reading, so that way, the lesson becomes
long and close because she cannot handle the lesson well. Moreover, Lucy’s
depression is caused by the feeling of loss which is suffered by her. She feels
depressed because no bodies that can help her to restrain M. Paul Emanuel’s
departure even herself, it mentioned that:
―For what I felt there was no help, and how could I help the
feeling?‖ (Bronte, 2007: 530).
This quotation is explained how very depressed Lucy’s feeling. That world
―for what I felt there was no help‖ means that actually she needs a help for
everybody besides her to keep restrain M. Paul departure to Guadaloupe. The
writer thinks that Lucy Snowe has the psychological problem especially
depression because she cannot concentrate when she is teaching English reading,
and then she also feels depressed when she is aware that there are no people who
can help her to restrain M. Paul’s departure to Guadaloupe.
The next symptoms is loss of all positive feeling including joy and humor.
It is mention that:
He learned his error. Thought answer to the questions suged up
fast, my mind feeling like a rising well, ideas were there, but not
words. I either could not, or would not speak— I am not sure
which: partly, I think, my nerves had got wrong, and partly my
humour was crossed (Bronte, 2007: 481).
From the quotation above, the words ―I think, my nerves had got
wrong, and partly my humour was crossed‖ shows about Lucy’s
depression, because she says that she has lack of her homour.
Another symptom that shows Lucy Snowe’s depression is she has
difficulty in sleeping, eating and thinking. In this case, Lucy Snowe shows her
depression in her behavior and her though. After she knows that Madame Beck
will send M. Paul Emanuel to Guadaloupe in the extreme weather, she has
difficulty in sleeping and thinking. In fact, thus psychological problems have
disturbed her most basic life functions such as sleeping and eating. This is a clear
example in the novel:
―Let me persuade you to calm, mess; let me lead you to your
chamber,‖ said she, trying to speak softly.
―No!‖ I said; ―neither you nor another shall to persuade or lead
me‖.
―Your bed shall be warmed Gotton is sitting up still. She shall
make you comfortable: she shall give you a sedative‖.
―Madame‖, I broke out, ―you are a sensualist. Under all your
serenity, your peace, and your decorum, you are an undenied
sensualist. Make your own bed warm and soft; take sedatives and
meats, and drinks spiced and sweet, as much as you will. If you
have any sorrow or disappointment-and, perhaps, you have-nay, I
know you have seek your own palliatives, in your own chosen.
Leave me, however. Leave me, I say!‖ (Bronte, 2007: 537).
This quotation is a conversation between Lucy Snowe and Madame Beck;
Madame tries to offer her to go to sleep and something to eat. But, Lucy Snowe
does not want to go to sleep and eat something; the writer sees that it is not usual
for Lucy to have difficulty in sleeping and eating. Before she knows about M.
Paul’s departure to Guadaloupe is a part of Madame’s planning to separate her
and M. Paul, she does not have difficulty to eat or to sleep. The writer considers
that Lucy feels depressed because the writer sees that her physical reaction that
showing ―No!‖ I said: neither you nor another shall to persuade or lead me―and
―take sedatives and meals, and drinks spiced and sweet, as much as you will‖ are
pertinent to the symptoms of depression.
Furthermore, the writer analyzes that Lucy Snowe also does not want to
think about anything. She does not want to thing about her love with M. Paul
Emanuel, and also M. Paul Emanuel’s departure. She did want to think about a
discord. It stated that:
All that evening I waited, trusting in the dove-sent olive-life, yet
in the most of my trust, terribly fearing. My fear pressed heavy.
Cold and peculiars, I know it for the partner of a rarely-belied
presentiment. The first hours seemed long and slow; in spirit I
clung to the flying skirts of the lost. They passed like drift cloud-
like the scudding before a storm (Bronte, 2007: 536).
This quotation shows that Lucy does not want to think anything including M.
Paul’s departure. It showed in the words ―My fear pressed heavy‖ and ―like the
wrack scudding before a storm‖ means that Lucy feels really depressed because
she will be leaved by M. Paul Emanuel alone in Labassecouriness. The writer sees
that it happens because Lucy feels depressed about M. Paul’s journey to
Guadaloupe.
Besides that, the symptom that happens in Lucy Snowe is she feels lack of
interest in doing anything and she feels worthless. In this case, the writer wants to
analyze about the worthless feeling of Lucy Snowe. First, the writer sees that
Lucy feels worthless because she cannot help and restrain M. Paul in order that he
will still stay in Labassecouriness with her. She thinks that it is unless for her to
live in this world. She feels despair because she is a worthless person and she does
not have M. Paul Emanuel as a someone she loves besides her, and she cannot
persuade Madame Beck, Madame Walravens, and Pere Silas to cancel M. Paul’s
voyages. It is mentioned that:
There, when, were Madame Walravens, Madame Beck, Pere
Silas- the whole conjuration, the secret junta. The sight of them
thus assembled did me good. I cannot say that I felt weak before
them, or abashed, or dismayed out numbered me, and I was
worsted and writer their feet; but, as yet, I was not dead (Bronte,
2007: 553).
The writer sees that Lucy Snowe calls Madame Beck and her two friends
as the ―conjuration, the secret junta‖, because they are people who have conspired
against Lucy to send M. Paul away. From the quotation above, Lucy is aware that
her desire to keep stay M. Paul in Labassecouriness is useless because her desire
has been blocked by Madame Beck and her two friends. The writer sees that Lucy
Snowe also feels despair because her efforts to defend M. Paul useless. It is that:
He deemed me born under his star: he seemed to have spread over
me its beam like a banner. Once-unknown, and unloved, I held
him hars and strange; the low stature, the wiry make, the angles,
the darkness, the manner, displaced me. Now, penetrated with his
influence, and living by heart –I preferred him before all
humanity.
We parted: he gives me his pledge and them his farewell. We
parted: the next day he sailed (Bronte, 2007: 590).
From the quotation above, the writer sees that Lucy really feels despair. Lucy
feels about her thinks that she really sad when will parted with M. Paul Emanuel.
The words ―we parted: he gives me his pledge, and then his farewell. We parted:
the next day-he sailed‖ means that M. Paul pledges to marry her (Lucy Snowe)
when he returns, and they parted, because M. Paul should sails to Guadaloupe the
next day. Those two quotations make the writer sees about Lucy’s feeling of
worthlessnesss and despair toward her life.
The last symptom that shows Lucy’s depression is that expresses grief
after M. Paul Emanuel left to Guadaloupe. Lucy expresses grief because she loses
her lover, M. Paul. A person experiencing grief will have many of the same
symptoms as the one who is depressed. Therefore, the writer identifies that Lucy
feels depressed. Moreover, the writer also sees that Lucy also has another
symptom of depression. Lucy Snowe experiences a grief event in her life, so it
makes Lucy unable to think about her future. Before M. Paul goes away, Lucy has
told to M. Paul that she wants to have her own school. Besides that Lucy wants to
achieve, through M. Paul, two of main goals of her life: Independence and love.
Lucy feels grief because she cannot partake of the love in the normal fashion of
married life with M. Paul Emanuel ennobles her, and her early training in
adversity perhaps has made it easier for her to bear that it would have been for
either of the girls if they were faced with the same tragedy. It is mentioned that:
―He passed quietly, like a shadow sweeping the sky, at noon.
Nothing but a chilling dimness was seen or felt. I looked up.
Chariot and demon charioteer were gone by, the votary still lived.
M. Emanuel was away three years. Reader, they were there year
of my life‖ (Bronte, 2007: 591).
From the quotation above, the writer thinks that lucy feels grief because behind
her successes in her life, she cannot enjoy her successes with someone she loves,
while it is strongly implied that M. Paul dies in a shipwreck, the fact that Lucy
will not write the words of the event shows the abortiveness that has reigned over
much of Lucy’s life. She leans to love but never has the consummation of it.
While Lucy does have some success in her life (the independence of running her
own school was certainty usual for women in her time- and admirable, event
though it was still a job). M. Paul surprisingly, brought her into his own heart and
his other couples. But unfortunately, Lucy and M. Paul would not enjoy the
success together. And it is makes Lucy feels grief. Thus, based on the symptoms
above, both emotional and physical disturbances, the writer surely concludes that
this main female character suffers from depression.
3.2 Lucy Snowe Deals Her Psychological Problems by Using Defense
Mechanism
After Lucy has her psychological problems, she also has some ways to
handle her painful memories of the loves. After she knows about the news of M.
Paul’s departure to Guadaloupe, she wants to avoid the situation that makes her
remember her loves. It is hard for Lucy Snowe to forget her beloved M. Paul. But
the writer analyzes that Lucy Snowe tries to escape from the painful situation
there are two ways which shows her efforts to avoid from her painful situation,
that repression and rationalization. It can be sees in the following subchapters.
3.2.1 Lucy Snowe’s Repression
Lucy Snowe’s uses defense mechanism to handle her psychological
problems. The psychological problems that are suffered by Lucy Snowe are
anxiety and depression. So that, she uses repression to deal with psychological
problems. Arkoff said that repression is a ―process‖ in which prevent our selves
from doing something that might cause pain and embarrassment. In repression, it
requires large amount of energy to keep unacceptable thoughts or feeling from
entering to consciousness. As result, the energy is tied up in this process and is
unavailable for other using.
Before M. Paul’s departure, he has prepared a little house with a small
school to Lucy Snowe, it is mention that:
―Did you do this, M. Paul? Is this your house? Did you furnish it?
Did you gets this papers printed? Do you mean me? Am I the
directress? Is there another Lucy Snowe? Tell me: say something
(Bronte, 2007: 584).
Besides that, after Lucy knows that M. Paul have prepared anything for
her, he promise to do anything for M. Paul. M. Paul wants that Lucy always keep
her loves, it is mention that:
―Lucy, take my love. One day share my life. Be my dearest, first
on earth.‖ (Bronte, 2007: 590).
Because of the last message from M. Paul above, Lucy tries to handle her
psychological problems trough avoid talk about her beloved, M. Paul. In this case,
she repressed her painful memories about M. Paul’s departure with talking about
something that makes her happy. It is because of the fact is so hurtful for Lucy, so
she tries to forget about her beloved (M. Paul Emanuel) by discussing about her
activities in her new school, especially the school is an inheritance of M. Paul. She
wants to avoid everything that will remind her about her beloved boyfriend by her
own ways. In this case, she tries to throw away her memory about M. Paul by
telling the reader about her activities in her new school. It mentioned that:
M. Emanuel was away three years. Reader, they were three
happiest years of my life. Do you scout paradox? Listen. I
commenced my school, I worked, I worked hard. I deemed my
self the steward of his property, and determined, God willing, to
render to good account. Pupils came –burghers at first a higher
class are long. About the middle of the second years an
unexpected chance threw into my hand an additional hundred
pounds (Bronte, 2007: 591).
This quotation above shows that Lucy wants to repress her felling by discussing
her happy pair in her new school. She does not want to discuss about M. Paul but
she wants to share to the reader about her activities in her new school. It can be
seen, when she shares to the reader ―Reader, they were three happiest years of my
life. Do you scout the paradox? Listen. I commenced my school; I worked – I
worked hard‖ (P. 591). From this sentence, Lucy chooses ―the three happiest years
of her life‖ as the topic discussion. By discussing those topics, she wants to share
to reader that she are able to life independently. She is able to manage her school,
her own school by herself. The writer looks for the information of Lucy’s three
happiest in her life. So, the writer finds that the three of Lucy’s happiest in her life
are Lucy does have some success in her life, the independence of running her own
school, and she has gained some friends. Therefore, she really wants to tell the
readers that she has successes in her life by her own ways. Although her feeling is
so terrible, she does not want to think and to show it. It seems that she wants to
repress until she can accept it.
Furthermore, the main female character in his novel also represses her
psychological problems by moving to the other town. Before M. Paul has sailed to
Guadaloupe, she has prepared a little house in the Foubourg because he does not
want to leave Lucy Snowe in Rue Fossete, or Labassecouriness School alone. It is
slated that:
He did not like me leaving in Rue Fossete; he feared I should
miss him there too much- I should feel desolate – I should grow
sad -?’ (Bronte, 2007: 581).
Because of her message from M. Paul, Lucy has decided to move to Faubourg
although the house is small, but looked pleasant. And Lucy Snowe wants to start a
new life in numero 7, Faubourg Clotilde, Directrice. It is stated as follows:
The secret of my success did not lie so much in myself, in any
endowment, any power of mind, as in a new state circumstances,
wonderfully changed life, a relieved heart. The spring which
moved my energies lay far away beyond seas, in an Indian isle.
At parting, I had been left a legacy, such a thought for the present,
such a hope for the future, such a motive for persevering, a
laborious, an enterprising, a patient and a brave course- I could
not flag. Few things shook me now. Few things had importance to
vex, intimidate, or depress me most things pleased more trifles
had a charm (Bronte, 2007: 592).
From the statement, ―in new state of circumstances, are wonderfully changed
lives, a relived heart‖ (P: 592). The writer sees that Lucy tries to handle her
psychological problems by deciding to move to Faubourg. She wants to leave her
memories with her beloved in Rue Fossete behind because she thinks that the
leave of her beloved M. Paul Emanuel is her past time. She realizes that M. Paul
has leaved her alone, and he never comes back again. So she wants to leave all her
memories of M. Paul in Rue Fossete, especially in school of Labassecouriness by
moving to Faubourg.
From this analysis above, it can be seen that the main female character,
Lucy Snowe undergoes her psychological problems after she knows the news that
her beloved boyfriend M. Paul Emanuel will leave her to sail to Guadaloupe. In
this case, Lucy Snowe as the main female character experiences anxiety and
depression, when her beloved boy friend, M. Paul Emanuel leaves her. She must
face the fact that her relationship with M. Paul has been forced Madame Beck,
Madame Walravens, and Pere Silas to be parted. Although Lucy Snowe is not
strongly implied in the last chapter that M. Paul Emanuel has dies in ship wreck,
but the writer can take the point that M. Paul has really died. Because if M. Paul
Emanuel still alive, it seems, Lucy and M. Paul will be a happier couple than
others. But the fact that, in the last chapter, Lucy has explained that she has been
happy without M. Paul beside her. She tries to cope her painful memories with M.
Paul by telling to the reader about her activities in her new places, new home and
new school in Faubourg and than she tries to cope her painful memories by
moving from Rue Fossete to Faubourg. So, the writer knows that Lucy Snowe
uses repression to handle painful memories.
3.2.2 Lucy snowe’s Rationalization.
Another ways that Lucy Snowe uses to deals her psychological problems
is rationalization. Rationalization is a defense mechanism that involves explaining
an unacceptable behavior or feeling in a rational or logical manner, avoiding the
true explanation for the behavior. Rationalization not only prevents anxiety, it
may also protect self-esteem and self concept. When confronted by success and
failure, people tend to attribute achievement to their own qualities and skills while
failures are blamed on other people or outside forces.
In this case, Lucy Snowe uses rationalization to handle psychological
problem. The psychological problems that are suffered by Lucy Snowe are
anxiety and depression. So that, she uses rationalization to deal with her
psychological problems. Rationalization not only prevents anxiety, it may also
protect self - esteem and self concept. When the confronted by success or failure,
people tend to attribute achievement to their own qualities and skills while failures
are blamed on other people or out sides forces (www.answer.com).
In rationalization, the person reduces anxiety by finding a rational
explanation (or excuse) for a behavior that really has done for unacceptable
reasons. In this case, Lucy wants to rationalize her psychological problem by
proving her behavior as justifiable and rational. It is mentioned that:
And now the three years are past, M. Paul Emanuel return is
fixed. It is Autumns, he is to be with me are the mists of
November come. My school is flourishes, my house is ready. I
have made him a little library, filled it selves with the books he
left in my care. I have cultivated out of love for him (I was
naturally no florist) the plants he preferred, and some of them are
yet in bloom. I thought I loved him when he went away, I love
him now in another degree, he is more my own (Bronte, 2007:
593).
This statement shows that Lucy wants to rationalize her love through M. Paul
Emanuel by preparing anything that will make him happy. The words ―I have
made him a little library, filled its selves with the book he left in my care (P: 593)
are the Lucy’s rationalization to prove her love to M. Paul Emanuel. Although
Lucy has known that M. Paul Emanuel will never come again but Lucy tries to
prepare everything to make him happy.
And the next Lucy’s rationalization, when she has received the money
from Miss Marchmont. She has tried to make the money useful for her new
school, it is mentioned as follow:
About the middle of the second year an unexpected chance threw
into my hands an additional hundred pounds: One day I received
from England a letter containing that sum. It came from Mr.
Marcmonth, the cousin and heir of my dear and dead mistress. He
was just recovering from a dangerous ilness; the money was a
peace-offering to his conscience, repoaching him in the matter of,
I know not what, papers or memoranda found after his
kinswoman’s deth—naming and recomending Lucy Snowe. Mrs.
Barret had given his my address, I never rquired. I asked no
questions, but took the cash and made it useful (Bronte, 2007:
591-592).
From this qotation above, the writr gets the ponits that during the second
year of Mr. Paul Emanuel’s departure, Lucy Snowe receives one hundred pounds
from the nephweu of the late Miss Marcmont. Lucy does not know what prompts
him to send the money, but she is grateful and turns her day school into a
boarding school by leasing the building next door.
Beside that, Lucy wants to rationalize her wishes to have a happy life; she
has worked hard to make her own school well known. And she has been success
to make her dream come true. It is mentioned that:
―my school flourishes, my house is ready―(Bronte, 2007: 593).
The quotation above means that Lucy Snowe has been successful to manage her
own school and also her own life because after the miserable life that she has been
faced, now she has a happy succeeding life. Lucy works hard because she has
been given hope for the future.
From the explanation about the kinds of defense mechanism which are
include repression and rationalization above, the writer finally concludes that
Lucy Snowe is succeded to handle her psychological problems in her life by using
repression and rationalization.
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
In This section, the writer will give the conclusion from her analysis and
also she will give the suggestion for other or next researchers who want to study
about the novel.
4.1 Conclusion
After making the analysis of the main female character ―Lucy Snowe‖, the
writer concludes that Lucy finally suffers from two psychological problems after
she knows that her boy friend (M. Paul Emanuel) will leave her. Lucy’s
psychological problems are: anxiety and depression.
Anxiety is a painful emotional experience which is produced excitations in
the internal organs of the body. The writer has found that Lucy Snowe suffers
anxiety. She shows her physical symptoms not only through her though but also
through her behavior. Besides that, Lucy also suffers post traumatic stress
disorder. The major simian are includes Lucy’s lack of interest in activities
reliving the trauma repeatedly in memories, and sleep disturbances
The next psychological problem is depression. Depression is ordinary
reaction to a sense of lose. Lucy Snowe suffers depressions by some symptoms
such as: loss of all positive feeling, difficult to concentrate about anything, help
lessnes, difficulty in sleeping, eating, thinking, fells of worthless, despair and fells
of grief.
To deal Lucy’s psychological problems, she uses defense mechanism. The
writer analyzes that Lucy tries to cope from the painful situation by using
repression and rationalization.
4.2 Suggestion
The analysis of literary works can be done from various points of view.
Besides from psychological aspect, it can be analyze from the other aspects. This
thesis is an example of an analysis by using psychological approach, it would be
much better to enrich this analysis when it is done from other approaches.
In this study, the writer only focuses on the psychological problems of
main female character ―Lucy Snowe‖ after she hears the news that she will be left
by her boyfriend, M. Paul Emanuel. The writer hopes that the further writer will
conduct an analysis on the feminist aspect because the main female character in
this novel is a woman. And the writer also hopes that this study could be the
source and reference for the next writer.
Finally, the writer whishes that the reader will be familiar with Charlotte
Bronte’s work. As we know that Charlotte Bronte’s works are good classical
fiction novel. Thus, after reading this study the writer expects that the reader can
appreciate Charlotte Bronte’s work by doing analyzes of the other works.
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