040 - human performance & limitations

8/13/2019 040 - Human Performance & Limitations

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HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONSsubj Domanda RispostaA RispostaB RispostaC RispostaD Ch!"

040 7ypoxia can !e caused !y: 1( low partial pressure of oxygen in the

atmosphere when flying at high altitudes without pressurisation andsupplemental oxygen )( a decreased saturation of oxygen in the !lood dueto car!on monoxide attached to the haemoglo!in '( !lood pooling in thelower extremities due to inertia $ ;< 4( malfunction of the !ody cells to

meta!oli<e oxygen

1, ), ' and 4 are correct 1 and ) are correct, ' and 4 are false 1 is false, ), ' and 4 are correct 1, ), ' are correct, 4 is false

040 # pilot may suffer from hypoxia after decompression at high altitude and notusing additional oxygen in time

after decompression to '0 000 feet and using100 % oxygen via an oxygen mas

if his rate of clim! exceeds * 000ft/min

if he/she is flying anunpressurised airplane at analtitude of 1* 000 feet and

!reathing 100 % oxygen

040.hy is hypoxia especially dangerous for pilots flying solo& 3ince the first signs of hypoxia are generallyhard to detect(

>ifficulties in controlling the aircraft( 7ypoxia improves night visiontherefore the pilot will have noindication of danger(

# solo pilot is more prone toillusions(

040 The symptoms of hypoxia include: ?isual distur!ances, lac of concentration,

euphoria(

@ausea and !arotitis( >ull headache and !ends( >i<<iness, hypothermia(

040 .hich of the following is/are the symptom$s of hypoxia & Aac of concentration, fatigue, euphoria 8ain in the 5oints Aow !lood pressure xcessive rate and depth of !reathing com!ined with pains inthe chest area

040 .hich statement applies to hypoxia& sensitivity and reaction to hypoxia varies

from person to person

car!on monoxide increases the tolerance of the

!rain to oxygen deficiency

you may !ecome immune to

hypoxia when exposed repeatedlyto hypoxia

it is possi!le to predict when, how

and where hypoxia reaction startsto set in

040 7ypoxia can !e caused !y a lac of red !lood cells in the !lood or

decreased a!ility of the haemoglo!in totransport oxygen

a lac of ni troge n in a m!ie nt a ir too much c ar!on d iox ide in the

!lood

increasing oxygen partial pressure

used for the exchange of gases

040 .hich symptom of hypoxia is the most dangerous for conducting safeflight &

The degradation of reasoning and perceptivefunctions(

>i<<iness( Aac of adaptation( Aac of accommodation(

040 # pilot, clim!ing in a non-pressurised aircraft and without using

supplemental oxygen will pass the critical threshold at approximately:

)0 000 ft 1C 000 ft 1" 000 ft '" 000 ft

040 Breathing 100% will elevate the pilot9s physiological safe altitude toapproximately:

40 000 ft 10 000 )) 000 ft 4* 000 ft

040 The most dangerous symptoms of hypoxia at altitude are euphoria and impairment of 5udgement hyperventilation sensation of heat and !lurred

vision

!reathlessness and reduced night

vision

040.ith hyperventilation, caused !y high levels of arousal or overstress: an increased amount of car!on dioxide isexhaled causing muscular spasms and evenunconsciousness

finger nails and lips will turn !lue $cyanosis more oxygen will reach the !rain peripheral and scotopic vision will !e improved

040 .hen flying at night the first sense to !e affected !y a slight degree of

hypoxia is the

vision cochlea sense of !alance proprioceptive sensitivity

040 The carcinogen $a su!stance with the a!ility to produce modifications incells which develop a cancer in the !ronchi of the lungs is

tar nicotine car!on monoxide lead

040 6ne of the su!stances present in the smoe of cigarettes can mae it

significantly more difficult for the red !lood cells to transport oxygen andas a conseuence contri!utes to hypoxia( .hich su!stance are we referringto&

ar!on monoxide ar!onic anhydride Tar ar!on dioxide

040 The group of tiny !ones $the hammer, anvil and stirrup are situated in the middle ear the inner ear the outer ear the maxillary sinus

040 The semicircular canals form part of the inner ear middle ear ear drum external ear

040 2t is inadvisa!le to fly when suffering from a cold( The reason for this is: pain and damage to the eardrum can result, particularly during fast descents

gentle descents at high altitude can result indamage to the ear drum

swollen tissue in the inner earwill prevent the air fromventilating through the tympanicmem!rane

swollen tissue in the ustachiantu!e will cause permanent hearingloss

040 The so-called oriolis effect $a conflict in information processing in the !rain in spatial disorientation occurs:

on stimulating several semicircular canalssimultaneously

on stimulating the saccule and the utricle of theinner ear

on stimulating the cochleaintensely

when no semicircular canal isstimulated

040.hen stopping the rotation of a spin we have the sensation that we are starting a spin into the oppositedirection

of turning in the same d ir ec tion of the sha rp d ipping of the noseof the aircraft

of the immediate sta!ili<ation ofthe aircraft




040 .hich of the following symptoms can mar the onset of hyperventilation& >i<<y feeling 3low heart !eat 3low rate of !reathing yanosis $!lueing of lips and

finger nails

040 6ut of the list of possi!le measures to counteract hyperventilation, the most

effective measure is:

!reathe into a plastic or paper !ag hold !reath avoid strenuous flight

manoeuvres

spea soothingly and get the

person to !reathe slowly

040 .hat event can cause a hyperventilation $not reuired !y physical need& 1(8ressure !reathing( )( #nxiety or fear( '( 6verstress( 4( 3trong pain( *(

Dogging(

1,),' and 4 are correct, * is false 6nly ) and ' are correct 1,),',4 and * are correct 1and * are !oth false

040 .hich of the following could a pilot experience when he ishyperventilating& 1( >i<<iness )( Euscular spasms '( ?isual distur!ances 4(yanosis

1,) and ' are correct, 4 is false 1,) and 4 are correct, ' is false 1 is false, all others are correct ) and 4 are false

040 .hat could cause hyperventilation & ear, anxiety and distress #!use of alcohol xtreme low rate of !reathing atigue

040 # pilot who is hyperventilating for a prolonged period of time may even !ecome unconscious( 7yperventilation is liely to occur, when:

the pilot is emotiona lly a rouse d the re is a low 6-pre ssure in the !lood he /she is flying a tigh t turn there i s a n inc rea se d ! lood flow tothe !rain

040 Breathing pure oxygen $without pressure will !e sufficient up to an altitudeof:

40000 T 4*000 T C0000 T "0000 T

040 TF $Time of Fseful onsciousness is: the length of time during which an individualcan act with !oth mental and physical

efficiencyG measured from the moment atwhich he/she is exposed to hypoxia

the time !efore !ecoming unconscious at asudden pressure loss

the time after pressure loss untildecompression sicness sets in

the time !etween the start ofhypoxia and death

040 The ffective 8erformance Time or Time of Fseful onsciousness aftera decompression at '* 000 ft is:

!etween '0 and C0 seconds approximately ' minutes approximately * minutes less than )0 seconds

040 The time !etween inadeuate oxygen supply and incapacitation is called

TF $Time of Fseful onsciousness( 2t

varies individually and depends on ca!in

pressure altitude

is the same amount of time for every person is not dependent on physical or

psychological pressure

varies individually and does not

depend on altitude

040 #fter a decompression to 4' 000 T the TF $Time of Fsefulonsciousness will !e approximately:

*-1* seconds '0-4* seconds 4*-C0 seconds C0-H0 seconds

040 lights immediately after 3FB#-diving $compressed gas mixtures, !ottles $I10 m depth

are for!idden can !e performed without any danger are allowed, if '"000 T are notexceeded

should !e avoided !ecausehypoxia may develop

040 8ain in the Doints $!ends is a symptom of: decompression sicness !arotrauma air-sicness hypoxia

040 #fter a ca!in pressure loss in approximately '* 000 T the TF $Time of

Fseful onsciousness will !e approximately:

'0 -40 seconds 10-1* seconds '-4 minutes * minutes or more

040 +ou suffered a rapid decompression without the appearance of anydecompression sicness symptoms( .hat should you do !efore flying &

see prompt aeromedical advice nothing, you may f ly immediate ly delay your next f light for C hours see aeromedical advice only ifthe symptoms !ecome apparent

040 lying immediately following a dive with 3FB# diving euipment $I 10

m depth is for!idden !ecause it:

can cause decompression sicness even when

flying at pressure altitudes !elow 1" 000 T

prevents any dangers caused !y >3

$decompression sicness when clim!ing toaltitudes not exceeding '0 000 T

has no influence on altitude

flights

will always lead to hypoxia

040 3ymptoms of decompression sicness are !ends, choes, creeps and neurological

symptoms

a re only relevant when diving can only de velop at altitudes of

more than 40000 T

are flatulence and pain in the

middle ear

040>ecompression sicness symptoms may develop due to ca!in pressure loss when f lying a t higher

altitudes $a!ove 1"000 T

sudden pressure surges in the ca!in a t altitudes

!elow 1"000 T

emergency descents after a ca!in

pressure loss

fast flights from a high-pressure

<one into a low pressure area

when flying an unpressurisedaeroplane

040The function of the ustachian tu!e is to eualise the pressure !etween the: middle ear and the external atmosphere sinuses of the nose and the external atmosphere nose, throat and the externalatmosphere

sinuses

040 >isruptions of pressure euali<ation in air-filled cavities of the head $nose,ear etc( are called:

!arotrauma em!olism hypoxia hyperventilation

040 Barotrauma caused !y gas accumulation in the stomach and intestines canlead to:

pressure pain or flatulence !arotitis decompression sicness !arosinusitis

040 .hat counter-measure can !e used against !arotrauma of the middle ear& lose the mouth, pinch the nose tight and !low out there!y increasing the pressure inthe mouth and throat( #t the same time try to

swallow or move lower 5aw

2ncrease rate of descent 3top clim!ing, start descent 8ilots should apply anti-coldremedies prior every flight to

prevent !arotrauma in the middle

ear

040 Barotrauma of the sinuses of the nose is caused !y differences in pressure !etweenthe sinus cavities and the outside air pressure

only arises in flying and not in diving is an irritation of the sinusescaused !y the over-use of nasal

is only caused !y colds and theireffects




sprays

040 ven at normal ca!in altitudes $i(e( around "000 ft you can get severea!dominal pain and flatulence after eating gas forming foods or fi<<y

drins( The correct counter-measure is:

descend to a lower altitude clim! to a higher altitude perform valsalva manoeuvre use supplemental oxygen

040 # !arotrauma of the middle ear is more liely, when the pilot is flying with arespiratory infection and during descent

is only caused !y large pressure changes duringclim!

causes severe pain in the sinuses is to !e expected during rapiddecompressions, !ut an

emergency descent immediatelyfollowing the decompression willeliminate the pro!lem

040Trapped intestinal gases can cause severe pain( .hen is this the case& Eore freuent when flying a!ove 1" 000 T

in a non-pressuri<ed aircraft(

#t lower altitudes( 6nly in pressuri<ed aircraft when

flying at higher flight levels(

>uring descent as well as during

clim!, when the ca!in pressurealtitude exceeds ) 000 T

040 .hich counter-measure can a pilot can use against a !arotrauma of themiddle ear&

3top descending, clim! again and thendescend with reduced sin rate

2ncrease the rate of descent 3top chewing and swallowingmovements

Fse drugs against a cold

040 Barotrauma of the middle ear most liely will occur when descending rapidly during a long high altitude flight when clim!ing in sudden steep turns

040Barotrauma of the middle ear is usually accompanied !y a reduction in hear ing a!ili ty and the feeling

of increasing pressure

di<<iness noises in the ear pain in the 5oints

040 The ris of a !arotrauma of the middle ear is more liely to occur with colds and rapid descents with colds and fast clim!s with colds and slow ascents after a decompression

040The 3eat-of-the-8ants 3ense is including receptors in the muscles, tendons and 5oints sensitive to the position and movement of !ody parts

semicircular canals utriculus and sacculus sin only

040 uali<ation of pressure is limited !etween the middle ear and the am!ient,when:

the ustachian tu!e is !loced the nose is pinched you !reath through the mouth !arotrauma exists in the sinuses

040 # !arotrauma of the middle ear is: an acute or chronic trauma to the middle ear

caused !y a difference of pressure on either

side of the eardrum

a !acterial infection of the middle ear a dilatation of the ustachian

tu!e

an infection of the middle ear

caused !y rapid decompression

040 The maximum num!er of unrelated items that can !e stored in woringmemory is:

a!out items very limited - only ' items a!out '0 items unlimited

040 The proprioceptive senses $seat-of-the-pants sense are important for motorcoordination( They

are completely unrelia!le for orientationwhen flying in 2E

indicate the difference !etween gravity and ;-forces

allow the pilot to determine thea!solute vertical at flightcondition

are important senses for flighttraining in 2E

040 The so-called 3eat-of-the-8ants sense is not suita!le for spatial orientation whenoutside visual references are lost

only to !e used !y experienced pilots with the permission to fly in 2E

useful for instrument and contactflight

the only sense a pilot can rely on,when flying in 2E

0403ensory input to the 3eat-of- the-8ants sense is given !y su!cutaneous pressure receptors andinesthetic muscle activity sensors

!lood rushing into legs acceleration of the stomach$nausea

pressure of the heart on thediaphragm

040 lying from ranfurt to Eoscow you will have a lay-over of 4 days( .hattime measure is relevant for your circadian rhythm on the '( day&

AT $local time( EJ $middle european time( JT $<onal time( FT $universal time coordinated(

040 6rientation in flight is accomplished !y 1( eyes )( utriculus and sacculus '(semicircular canals 4( 3eat-of-the-pants-3ense

1, ), ' and 4 are correct only 1 and 4 are correct ), ' and 4 are correct , 1 is false ), ' and 4 are false, only 1 iscorrect

040 .hat should a pilot do to optimise his/her night vision $scotopic vision& @ot smoe !efore start and during flight and

avoid flash-!lindness

#void food containing high amounts of vitamin

#

.ait at least C0 minutes to night-

adapt !efore he taes off

3elect meals with high contents of

vitamin B and 040 >uring poor weather conditions a pilot should fly with reference to

instruments !ecause:

perception of distance and speed is difficult

in an environment of low contrast

his attention will !e distracted automatically

under these conditions

the danger of a greying out will

mae it impossi!le to determinethe height a!ove the terrain

pressure differences can cause the

altimeter to give wronginformation

040.ha t a re cle arly disc erna !le ind ica tions of st re ss& 8erspi ra tion , flushe d sin, dilated pup ils , f as t !reathing(

Aowe ring of the !lood pre ssure ( as te r, de ep inha la tion, sta!! ing pain around the heart(

=ising of the !lood pressure, pupils narrowing, sta!!ing painaround the heart(

040 The 3eat-of-the-8ants-3ense can give false inputs to !ody orientationwhen visual reference is lost

is a natural human instinct which will alwaysindicate the correct !ody position in space

can !e used, if trained, to avoiddisorientation in space

can !e used as a reference fordetermining attitude whenoperating in visual and instrument

meteorological conditions

040 2lluminated anti-collision lights in 2E can cause disorientation can cause colour-illusions will improve the pilots depth perception

will effect the pilots !inocularvision




040 # shining light is fading out $i( e( when flying into fog, dust or ha<e( .hat

ind of illusion could the pilot get&

The source of light move s a wa y from him The sourc e of light stands st il l The source of light is

approaching him with increasingspeed

The light source will mae the

pilot !elieve, that he is clim!ing

040 # pilot is used to land on small and narrow runways only( #pproaching alarger and wider runway can lead to:

an ear ly or high round out a steeper than normal approach dropping low a flatter than normal approachwith the ris of ducing under

the ris to land short of theoverrun

040 The impression of an apparent movement of light when stared at for a

relatively long period of time in the dar is called

autoinesis white out oculogyral illusion oculografic illusion

040 ;enerally, the time reuired for dar adaptation is: '0 min 10 sec 1/10 sec 10 min

040 .hich pro!lem may occur, when flying in an environment of low contrast$fog, snow, darness, ha<e& Fnder these conditions it is:

difficult to estimate the correct speed and si<eof approaching o!5ects

impossi!le to detect o!5ects no pro!lem to estimate thecorrect speed and si<e of

approaching o!5ects

impro!a!le to get visual illusions

040 # pilot approaching an upslope runway may feel that he is higher than actual( Thisillusion may cause him to land short(

is performing a steeper than normal approach,landing long

esta!lishes a higher than normalapproach speed

esta!lishes a slower than normalapproach speed with the ris of

stalling out

040 The area in front of a threshold descends towards the threshold( 8ossi!ledanger is:

approach is higher than normal and mayresult in a long landing

to drop far !e low the glide path approac h is lowe r than norma land may result in a short landing

to mis5udge the length of therunway

040.hat illusion may occur if an aircraft is flying into fog, snow or ha<e& 6!5ects seem to !e farther away than in

reality

6!5ects will appear closer than they really are 6!5ects will appear !igger in si<e

than in reality

6!5ects seem to move slower than

in reality

040 #daptation is the ad5ustment of the eyes to high or lowlevels of illumination

the change of the diameter of the pupil the reflection of the light at thecornea

the ad5ustment of the c rystallinelens to focus light on the retina

040 The time reuired for complete adaptation is for high levels of illumination 10 sec and forfull dar adaptation '0 min

for high levels of illumination 10 minutes andfor low levels of illumination '0 minutes

for day and night: '0 min for night 10 sec and for day '0min

040 The reuirement of good sunglasses is to a!sor! enough visi!le light to eliminate glarewithout decreasing visual acuity

f it to the p ilots ind ividual taste e liminate d istort ion in a irc ra ftwindshields

increase the time for daradaptation

040 3canning at night should !e performed !y: slight eye movements to the side of the o!5ect scanning with one eye open concentrated fixation on ano!5ect $image must fall on thefovea

avoiding food containing ?itamin#

040 # pilot accustomed to landing on a wide runway may find, whenapproaching to a narrow runway, that he/she is at a:

greater height than he actually is with thetendency to land short

lower than actual height with the tendency toovershoot

greater height and the impressionof landing short

lower height and the impressionof landing slow

040 licering light when reflected from spinning rotor !lades can cause spatial disorientation and/or nausea has no effect can !e avoided when the stro!e-lights are switched on

should !e avoided, !ecause it maydestroy the optic nerve

040 #lcohol, even when taen in minor uantities can mae the !rain cells to !e moresuscepti!le to hypoxia

will stimulate the !rain, maing the pilotresistant to hypoxia

will have no effect a t a ll may improve the mentalfunctions, so that the symptoms ofhypoxia are much !etter to !e

identified

040 # pilot approaching a runway which is narrower than normal may feel he is

at a greater height than he actually is( To c ompensate he may fly a

flatter than normal approach with the

tendency to undershoot

compensatory glide path and land long compensatory glide path and stall

out

higher than normal approach with

the tendency to overshoot

040The proprioceptive senses $3eat of-the-8ants-3ense give incorrect information, when outsidevisual reference is lost

is a natural human instinct, always indicatingthe correct attitude

can !e used, if trained, to avoidspatial disorientation in 2E

can neither !e used for motorcoordination in 2E and ?E

040 .hen assessing an individual9s ris in developing coronary artery disease,the following factors may contri!ute: 1(o!esity )(distress '(smoing4(family history

1, ), ' and 4 are correct ) and ' are correct, 1 and 4 are false 6nly ' is correct, 1, ) and 4 arefalse 1, ) and ' are correct, 4 is false

040 =esonance of the !ody parts can result from: vi!rations from 1 to 100 7< vi!rations from 1C 7< to 1" 7< acceleration along the

longitudinal !ody axis

angular velocity

040 7ypoxia will effect night vision at approximately *000 T less than day vision and causes the autoinetic

phenomena

and causes hyperventilation

040 3tress management programmes usually involve: the prevention and/or the removal of stress only the removal of stress only the prevention of stress the use of psychoactive drugs

040 The meta!olisation of alcohol is a uestion of time is uicer when accustomed to drin it can !e accelerated even more !ycoffee

can !e influenced !y easilyo!tained medication

040 .hat does not impair the function of the photosensitive cells& 7igh speed 6xygen deficiency #cceleration Toxic influence $alcohol, nicotine,

medication

040 The fovea is the area of !est day vision and no nightvision at all

the area of the !lind spot $optic disc where the optic nerves cometogether with the pupil

the area of !est day vision and !est night vision




040 2n order to completely resynchronise with local time after <one crossing,

circadian rhythms reuire

less time when flying from east to west more time when flying from east to west a!out one day per )(* hours of

time shift

a!out one wee per )(* hours of

time shift

040 The retina of the eye is the light-sensitive inner lining of the eye

containing the photoreceptors essential forvision

filters the F?-light is the muscle, changing the si<e

of the crystalline lens

only regulates the light that falls

into the eye

040 The ustachian tu!e is the passage way !etween the throat and the middle ear nose, throat and inner ear nose, throat and the external

auditory canal

sinuses and the throat

040 .hich force$s affect$s the otoliths in the utriculus and sacculus& ;ravity and linear acceleration ;ravity alone Ainear acceleration and angularacceleration

#ngular acceleration

040 The semicircular canals of the inner ear monitor angular accelerations movements with constant speeds relative speed and linear

accelerations

gravity

040 .hich part of the ear could !e affected !y air pressure changes during

clim! and/or descent&

The ustachian tu!e and the tympanic

mem!rane $ear drum

The semicircular canals The cochlea The saccules and utricles

040 .hich part of the inner ear is responsi!le for the perception of sound& The cochlea The semicircular canals The sacculus and utriculus The ustachian tu!e

040 .hich part of the vesti!ular apparatus is affected !y changes in gravity andlinear acceleration&

The sacculus and utriculus The semicircular canals The cochlea The eustachian tu!e

040 .hich part of the vesti!ular apparatus is responsi!le for the detection of

angular acceleration&

The semicircular canals The cochlea The sacculus and utriculus The ustachian tu!e

040 The vesti!ular apparatus reacts to linear/angular acceleration andgravity

give s the impression of he ar ing re ac ts to pre ssure c ha nge s in themiddle ear

reacts to vi!rations of the cochlea

040 .hich is the audi!le range to human hearing& Between )0 7< and )0 K7< Between )0 E7< and )0 000E7< Between )0 K7< and )0 K7< Between )0 7< and )0 E7<

040 .hich of the following components !elong to the middle ear& 6ssicles 6toliths ndolymph 3emicircular canals

040 Through which part of the ear does the euali<ation of pressure tae place,

when altitude is changed&

ustachian tu!e ochlea Tympanic mem!rane xternal auditory canal

040oncerning the effects of drugs and pilotLs performance the pr imary and the side effects have to !econsidered

the side effects only have to !e considered medication has no influence on pilotLs performance

only the primary effect has to !econsideredG side effects are

negligi!le

040 .hat is understood !y air-sicness& # sensory conflict within the vesti!ularsystem accompanied !y nausea and vomiting

#n illness caused !y evaporation of gases in the !lood

#n illness caused !y reduced air pressure

#n illness caused !y an infectionof the middle ear

040 lying a coordinated level turn will mae the !odyMs pressure receptors feel anincreased pressure along the !odyMs vertical

axis

first give the impression of clim! , then theimpression of descent

mae the !lood !eing pooled inthe head

mae the seat-of-the-pants sensefeel a decreased pressure along

the !odyMs vertical axis

040 .hich sensations does a pilot get, when he is rolling out of a prolongedlevel turn&

Turning in the opposite direction lying straight and level lim!ing Turning into the original direction

040 7ow can a pilot overcome vertigo, encountered during a real or simulated

instrument flight& 1( sta!lish and maintain an effective instrument cross-chec( )( #lways !elieve the instrumentsG never trust your sense of feeling('( 2gnore arising illusions( 4( Eove the head sidewards and !ac and forthto shae-off illusions(

1, ) and ' are correct 1and ) are correct, ' and 4 are false 6nly 4 is correct 1, ), ' and 4 are correct

040 >i<<iness and tum!ling sensations, when maing head movements in a tightturn, are symptoms of

8ilotMs vertigo @ystagmus licer-vertigo 6culogravic illusion

040 8ilot9s vertigo is the condition of di<<iness and/or tum!lingsensation caused !y contradictory impulses tothe central nervous system $@3

is the sensation to eep a rotation aftercompleting a turn

is the sensation of clim!ingcaused !y a strong linearacceleration

announces the !eginning ofairsicness

040.hat can a pilot do to avoid licer ver tigo when flying in the clouds& 3witch stro!e-lights off >im the cocpit l ights to avoid reflections ngage the autopilot until !reaing the clouds

ly straight and level and avoidhead movements

040 .hat do you do, when you are affected !y pilotMs vertigo& 1( sta!lishand maintain an effective instrument cross-chec( )( Believe the

instruments( '( 2gnore illusions( 4( Einimi<e head movements(

1, ), ' and 4 are correct 1, ) and ' are correct, 4 is false 1 and ) are correct, ' and 4 arefalse

6nly 4 is false

040 .hat is the correct action to counteract vertigo& Believe the instruments =educe rate of !reathing until all symptomsdisappear, then !reathe again normally

oncentrate on the vertical speedindicator

=ely on the information from thesemicircular canals, since these

will !e transmitting correct




information

040The ri s of spat ia l di sorien ta tion inc rea se s when: the re i s c ont ra dictory in forma tion !e twe enthe instruments and the vesti!ular organs

the pilot is !ucled tightly to his/her seat andcannot sense the attitude changes of the aircraft

!y the 3eat-of-the-8ants-3ense

the pilot is performing aneffective instrument cross-chec

and is ignoring illusions

information from the vesti!ularorgan in the inner ear are ignored

040 .hich flight-manoeuvre will most liely induce vertigo& Turning the headwhile

!aning clim!ing descending flying straight and level

040 .hat is the name for the sensation of rotation occurring during flight and

which is caused !y multiple irritation of several semicircular canals at thesame time&

8ilot9s ?ertigo( 3udden incapacitation( 3eat-of-the-8ants illusions( ;raveyard spin(

040 .ithout visual reference, what illusion could the pilot get, when he is

stopping the rotation to recover from a spin& 7e will get the illusion of

spinning into the opposite direction spinning into the same dire ction stra ight and le ve l flight c lim!ing and turning into the

original direction of the spin040.hen accelerating forward the otoliths in the utriculus/sacculus will give the illusion of clim!ing $!ody tilting

!acwards, nose of the a/c going up

give the illusion of !aning give the illusion of straight and

level flight

give the illusion of descending

$!ody tilting downwards, orforwards, nose of the aircraftgoing down

040 # pilot, acce lerating or dece lerating in level flight ma y expe rience: the illusion of clim!ing or descending the feeling of rotation the illusion to turning the impression of sta tionaryo!5ects moving to the right or left

040 2 n his/her !ehaviour, the ide al professional pilot is: !oth person and goal oriente d pe rson ra ther than goal orie nted neither person nor goaloriented

goal rather than personoriented

040 F sing a c he clist prior sta rt is a contri!ution to safety, !ecause the conc entration on thechec list items will draw the pilotLs attentionto flight related tass, reducing distractionfrom personal stress

stress, !ecause time pressure prior tae-off isalways present

worload, !ecause usingcheclists will increase the pilotLsworload prior tae-off

frustration

040 .hich of the following symptoms may a pilot experience when su!5ected to

hypoxia& 1( atigue( )( uphoria( '( Aac of concentration( 4( 8ain in the

5oints( *( 8ain in the inner ear

1, ) and ' are correct 4 and * are correct 1, ), ' and 4 are correct 6nly * is false

040 .hen drugs against sleep disorders and/or nervosity have !een taen andthe pilot intends to fly, attention has to !e paid to

the effect they have on reaction time and perceptional awareness

the e ffe ct they ha ve on he aring the fa ct that there i s no d iff ere ncein the uality of sleep produced

under the influence of thosedrugs compared to normal drug-free sleep

schedule only those pilots, whoshow no reactions to these

medications

040 The reason why a pilot should not tae antihistamines is !ecause they

cause: 1( >rowsiness and di<<iness )( 7ypoglycaemia '( 7yperventilation4( latulence .hich of the following lists all the correct answers &

only 1 ' and 4 ), ' and 4 1 and '

040 The consumption of medicines or other su!stances may have conseuenceson ualification to fly for the following reasons: 1( The disease reuiring a

treatment may !e cause for disualification( )( light conditions maymodify the reactions of the !ody to a treatment( '( >rugs may cause adverseside effects impairing flight safety( 4( The effects of medicine do not

necessarily immediately disappear when the treatment is stopped(

1, ), ' and 4 are correct 1, ) and ' are correct, 4 is false ' and 4 are false, 1 and ) arecorrect(

6nly ) is false(

040 ?itamin # and possi!ly vitamins B and are chemical factors and essential

to good night vision: 1( ?itamin deficiencies may decrease night vision performance )( #n excess intae of vitamin # will improve night vision performance significantly '( 8ilots should !e carefully concerned to tae a

!alanced diet containing sufficient vitamin # 4( ?itamin deficiencies maydecrease visual acuity in photopic vision !ut not in scotopic vision

1 and ' are correct, ) and 4 are false 1, ), ' and 4 are correct 6nly 4 is false 1 and ' are false, ) and 4 are

correct

040 igarette smoing has particular significance to the flyer, !ecause there are

long-term and short-term harmful effects( rom cigarette smoing the pilotcan get:

a mild car!on monoxide poisoning

decreasing the pilotLs tolerance to hypoxia

a mild car!on dioxide poisoning increasing the

pilot9s tolerance to hypoxia

a mild car!on monoxide

poisoning increasing the pilotLstolerance to hypoxia

a suppressed desire to eat and

drin

040 # pilot who smoes will loose some of his capacity to transport oxygencom!ined with hemoglo!in( .hich percentage of his total oxygentransportation capacity would he give away when he smoes one pac of

cigarettes a day&

* - "% 0(* - )% 1) - 1"% )0 - )*%

040 lying at pressure altitude of 10 000 ft, a pilot, !eing a moderate to heavysmoer, has an oxygen content in the !lood eual to an altitude

a!ove 10 000 T of 10 000 T lower than 10 000 T of 1*000 T when !reathing100% oxygen




formal errors( -4: lull the pilots into security( The correct statement$s is

$are:

040 .hich of the following statements fits !est the concept of latent error&

Aatent errors:

have !een present in the system for a certain

length of time and are difficult to understandas a result of the time lag !etween thegeneration and the occurrence of the error

are rarely made !y front-line operators, and are

conseuently readily identified and detected !ythe monitoring, detection and warning lins

are mainly associated with the

!ehaviour of front-line operatorsand are only detected afteradvanced pro!lem-solving

rapidly may !e detected via their

immediate conseuences on theaction in progress

040 # system is all the more relia!le if it offers good detecta!ility of errors( Thelatter is the result of: -1: tolerance of the various systems to errors( -): thesum of the automatic monitoring, detection and warning facilities( -': the

relia!ility of the Ean-Ean and Ean-Eachine lins( -4: the alertingcapa!ility of the Ean-Eachine interface( The com!ination of correct

statements is:

) and 4 1, ) and 4 1 and ' ' and 4

040 To avoid wrong decisions !y the pilot, an aircraft system should at least !ea!le to

report its malfunction report the deviation correct the deviation tolerate the deviation

040.hen can a system !e said to !e tolerant to error& .hen: the conseuences of an error will notseriously 5eopardise safety

its safety system is too permea!le to error its safety system has taenaccount of all statistically

pro!a!le errors

latent errors do not entail seriousconseuences for safety

040 .hy must flight safety considerations consider the human errormechanism& -1: 2t is analysis of an incident or accident which will mae it

possi!le to identify what error has !een committed and !y whom( 2t is the process where!y the perpetrator is made responsi!le which may lead toelimination of the error( -): 2f we have a !etter understanding of the

cognitive error mechanism, it will !e possi!le to adapt procedures, aircraftinterfaces, etc( -': 2t is error management procedure which ena!les us tocontinuously ad5ust our actions( The !etter we understand the underlyingmechanism of an error, the !etter will !e our means for detecting and

adapting future errors( -4: 3ince error is essentially human, once it has !eenidentified !y the use of procedures, a person will !e a!le to anticipate anddeal with it automatically in the future( The correct statement$s is $are:

) and ' ' and 4 ) and 4 1 and 4

040 The normal rate of !reathing when at rest is 1) to )0 cycles a minute )* to '0 cycles a minute ') to 40 cycles a minute C0 to 100 cycles a minute

040 The main function of the red !lood cells is to transport oxygen to participate in the process of coagulation ofthe !lood

the cellular defence of theorganism

to contri!ute to the immuneresponse of the organism

040 #ltitude-hypoxia, when !reathing am!ient air, should not usually occur$indifferent phase

!elow ' 000 m up to * 000 m !etween ' 000 m and * 000 m !etween * 000 m and 000 m

040 The Bends as a symptom of decompression sicness consists of: pain in the 5oints pain in the thorax and a cough @3-distur!ances loss of peripheral vision

040 The primary symptom of >ecompression sicness/illness is: the Bends the hoes red coloured chees and lips neurological damages to the @3

040 The part$s of the eye responsi!le for night vision are the rods are the cones are rods and cones is the cornea

040 The fovea is an area in which cones predominate is sensitive to very low intensities of light is an area in which rods predominate

is the area responsi!le for nightvision

040 .hen the optical image forms in front of the retinaG this results in: myopia hypermetropia pres!yopia astigmatism

040 #ttitudes are defined as: tendencies to respond to people, institutionsor events either positively or negatively

the conditions necessary for carrying out anactivity

the genetic predispositions forthining and acting

a synonym for !ehaviour

040 .ithin communication, what element suggests that a message has !eenreceived and understood &

eed!ac( oding( 3ynchroni<ation( ncoding(

040 The process of responding to a sender !y confirming the reception of amessage is called

feed!ac redundancy synchroni<ation transference

040 >uring paradoxical sleep rapid eye movements can !e o!served the tone of the muscles is similar to that in thewaing state

respiration is very regular the rhythm of the heart is veryregular

040 # fatigued pilot will show signs of increased irrita!ility is acting similar as when encountering a state ofdepression

will get precordial pain considera!ly increases the a!ilityto concentrate

040 Eotor programmes are: stored routines that ena!le patterns of !ehaviour to !e executed without continuous

rules that ena!le us to deal with novel situations rules that ena!le us to deal with preconceived situations

stored routines that ena!le patterns of !ehaviour to !e




conscious control executed only under continuous

conscious control

040 .oring memory ena!les us, for example, to remem!er a clearance long enough to write

it down

to store a large amount of visual information for

a!out 0(* seconds

to ignore messages for other

aircraft

to remem!er our own name

040The re la tionship !e twe en arousal and flying pe rforma nc e i s a pproxima te ly the form of an inve rted F a pprox ima te ly linea r inc re as ing a pproxima te ly exponent ia l a pprox ima te ly sinusoida l

040 2n a complex tas high levels of arousal narrow the span of attention improve performance lead to !etter decision-maing reduce failures

040 2n the short-term-memory, information is stored for approximately )0 seconds * minutes 1 hour a couple of days

040 The 9coctail party effect9 is the a!ility to pic up relevant information

unintentionally

the a!ility to drin too much at social gathering the tendency to !elieve

information that reinforces our

mental model of the world

the tendency not to perceive

relevant information

040 6 nce we ha ve constructed a mental mode l we tend to give undue weight to information thatconfirms the model

to give undue weight to information thatcontradicts the model

to give eual weight tocontradicting and confirming

information

to alter that model unnecessarilyfreuently

040 ?e ry high am!ition and need for a chievement distur! the climate of coopera tion fulfil the reuirements of stress resistance always promote te amwor improves the coping proc ess with personal failures

040 6ur mental model of the world is !ased on !oth our past experiences and the sensory

information we receive

entirely on the sensory information we receive entirely on past experiences on !oth our past experiences and

our motor programmes

040 .hich of the following tass are possi!le to do simultaneously withoutmutual interference&

Eaintain manual straight and level flight andsolve a pro!lem(

Aisten attentively and solve a pro!lem( Tal and rehearse a freuency inworing memory(

=ead and listen attentively(

040 # copilot has passed an upgrading course to !ecome a captain( .hich psychological conseuence is most liely&

7is/her self-concept is going to change !ecause of new roles and tass which have to

!e incorporated(

7is/her self -concept is going to !e sta!ili<ed !ecause of the higher status as a captain(

The increased commandauthority leads to a higher

professionalism(

#n upgrading does not have anyof the mentioned psychological

conseuences(

040ognitive and physical rehearsal of actions during training: is most important for the acuisition ofcomplex perceptual motor sills

is most important for self-control leads to an increased error rate is more effective than practicaltraining

040 7 ow can a pilot avoid a utoma tion compla cenc y& =e ga rd the automa tic system as additiona l

crew mem!ers that needs to !e crosschecedas well

#lways try to enhance your aviation related

nowledge during low worload periods

#lways fly the whole flight

manually to remain in man-machine loop

@othing, !ecause it is system-

inherent

040 7 ow can the process of learning !e fac ilitated& By reinforcing succ essful e fforts By increa sing the psychologica l pressure on thestudent

By punishing the learner forunsuccessful trials

By reinforcing errors

040 Eental training is helpful to improve flying sills at all levels of flying proficiency only for student pilots only for instructor pilots only at a certain level of flying

experience

040 # high level of motivation is related to high levels of arousal to high levels of intelligence to complacency to monotony states

040 .hat is meant !y the term 9complacency9& areless negligence or un5ustified self-confidence

To uestion possi!le soluti ons #n a gre eme nt !etween capta inand co-pilot due to rew=esources Eanagement

8hysiological conseuences on pilots !ecause of fear of flying

040 9nvironmental capture9 is a term used to descri!e which of the followingstatements& 1(The tendency for a sill to !e executed in an environment in

which it is freuently exercised, even if it is inappropriate to do so )(The

tendency for a sill acuired in one aircraft type to !e executed in a newaircraft type, even if it is inappropriate to do so '( The tendency for people

to !ehave in different ways in different social situations 4( The gaining ofenvironmental sills

1 and ) are correct 1, ) and ' are correct ) and ' are correct 4 is correct

040 # high degree of cocpit automation may alter the traditional tass of the pilots in a way, that

the attention of the cocpit crew will !ecomereduced with the conseuence of 9!eing out of

the loop9

it is guaranteed that the crew maintains alwayssituational awareness

rew oordination can !eneglected on long haul flights

without compromising safety

the crew can pay more attention tosolve the pro!lem in an a!normal

situation without monitoring theautomatic systems

040 2t is desira!le to standardi<e as many patterns of !ehaviour $operating procedures as possi!le in commercial aviation mainly !ecause

such !ehaviour reduces errors even underadverse circumstances

this lowers the a!ility reuirement in pilotselection

this reduces the amount oftraining reuired

it maes the flight dec easier todesign

040.hen a pilot is facing a pro!lem during f light he should tae as much time as he needs and isavaila!le to mae up his mind

always mae up his mind uicly to givehimself as much spare time as possi!le

avoid maing up his mind untilthe very last minute

mae up his mind !eforeconsulting other crew mem!ers

040 T he decision maing in emergenc y situations reuire s firstl y: distri!uti on of tass and crew c oordination speed of reac tion informing #T thoroughly a!outthe situation

the whole crew to focus on the pro!lem




!readowns

040 Thining on human relia!ility is changing( 7uman errors are now considered as !einginevita!le

7uman errors can !e avoided( #ll it taes is to !e vigilant and to extend one9s nowledge

The individual view of safety hasgradually replaced the systemic

view of safety

2t is thought that it will !e possi!le to eliminate errors in the

near future

040.hich of the following statements concerning communication is valid& 8rofessional communication means: using arestricted and specific language, tailored to

minimi<e misunderstandings(

8rofessional communication means to exchangeinformation as little as possi!le(

The syntax of communication isof little importance to its success(

6nly the words uttered areimportant(

ommunication must tae priorityover any other flight activity

under all circumstances

040 .hich of the following statements is true& 3tressors accumulate thus increasing thelielihood to exhaustion(

3tressors are independent from each other( 3tress should always !e avoidedunder any circumstances(

8eople are capa!le of livingwithout stress(

0407ow should a pilot react, when suffering from chronic stress& #ttempt to reduce the stress !y using aconcept which approaches the entire !odyand improves wellness(

Fse moderate administration of tranuilli<ers !efore flight( 2gnore the particular stressors andincrease your physical exercises( #lways consult a psychotherapist !efore the next flight(

040 2n case of in-flight stress, one should: use all availa!le resources of the crew only trust in oneselfG !eing sure to now theown limits

demonstrate aggressiveness tostimulate the crew

always carry out a !reathingexercise

040 The !ehavioural effects of stress may include: -1: manifestation ofaggressiveness( -): a willingness to improve communication( -': awillingness for group cohesion( -4: a tendency to withdrawal( -*:inappropriate gestural agitation( The com!ination of correct statements is:

1,4 and * are correct 1 and 4 are correct 1,) and ' are correct ),4 and * are correct

040 The cognitive effects of stress may include: -1: excessive haste( -): an

improvement in memory( -': a complete !loc: action is impossi!le( -4: aris of focusing on a particular aspect( -*: ease of decision-maing( -C: anincrease in the rate of mistaes( The com!ination which !rings together all

correct statements is:

1,',4,C 1,),* ),',*,C ',4,*

040 .hat is the effect of stress on performance & -1: 2t always reduces performance( -): 6ptimum performance is o!tained with optimum arousal(

-': xcessive stress weaens performance( -4: 2nsufficient stress weaens performance( The com!ination of correct statements is:

),',4 1,),' 1,',4 1,),4

040 .hat are the characteristics of the alarm phase of the stress reactions& -1:increased arousal level as a result of adrenaline secretion( -): an increase inheart rate, respiration and release of glucose( -': a decrease in stress

resistance( -4: activation of the digestive system( -*: secretion of cortisol tomo!ili<e attention( The com!ination of correct statements is:

1,),' 1,) ),4,* 1,',*

040.ha t a re the thr ee pha se s of ;e ne ra l #da ptat ion 3yndrome & #larm, re si stance , e xha us tion ( #lert , re si stance , pe rforma nc e( a la rm, re sis ta nc e, pe rforma nc e, a le rt, re sis ta nc e, e xha us tion

040 T he organism is mo!ili<ed !y a proc ess nown as: ;#3: ;enera l #daptation 3yndrome @#3: @atural #daptation 3yndrome ;E3: ;ene ral Eo!ili< ation3yndrome(

;#: ;eneral #daptationunction(

040 3tress appears: -1: only in a situation of imminent danger( -): only when

faced with real, existing and palpa!le phenomenon( -': sometimes viaimagination, the anticipation of a situation or its outcome( -4: !ecause of thesimilarity with a formerly experienced stressful situation The correctstatement$s is $are:

',4 1,) ), ' 1,),4

040ognitive evaluation which leads to stress is !ased on: the evaluation of the situation and the

evaluation of capa!ilities to cope with it

the evaluation of the situation and the state of

fatigue of the individual

the evaluation of the capa!ilities

of the individual and the timeavaila!le

the capa!ilities of the individual

and the solutions provided !y theenvironment

040 .hich of the following physical stimuli may cause stress reactions& -1:

noise( -): interpersonnal conflict( -': temperature( -4: an a dministrative pro!lem( -*: hunger( The com!ination of correct statements is:

1,',* 1,',4 ',4,* ),',*

040 .hich of the following statements concerning stress is correct& 3tress will !e evaluated differently dependingon whether it improves or reduces

performance(

3tress always creates a state of high tensionwhich decreases cognitive and !ehavioural

performance(

3tress is evaluated as a positivemechanism only in connectionwith precise tass of the ind

encountered in aeronautics

3tress is a necessary way ofdemonstrating one9s own wor(

040 #cute stress uicly leads to the mo!ili<ation of resources reuired tocope with the stressor

a decrease in the amount of resources mo!ili<edto face the situation

a permanent state ofincapacitation

a state of overactivation !eyondthe control of willpower

040 The resistance phase of stress reaction is characteri<ed !y: -1: activation of 1 and 4 are correct 1,) and ' are correct ) , ' and 4 are correct ' and 4 are correct




the autonomic nervous system $#@3( -): testosterone secretion which

ena!les fats to !e converted into sugar( -': a sudden fall in stress resistance(-4: the appearance of psychosomatic disorders when lasting over a

prolonged time( The com!ination of correct statements is:

040 3tress may !e defined as: a normal phenomenon which ena!les anindividual to adapt to encountered situations

a poorly controlled emotion which leads to areduction in capa!ilities

a psychological phenomenonwhich only affects fragile

personalities

a human reaction which one mustmanage to eliminate

040 .hat is a stressor& #n external or internal stimulus which isinterpreted !y an individual as !eing stressful

#ll external stimulation are stressors since theymodify the internal euili!rium

# psychological pro!lemdeveloped in a situation of danger

The adaptation response of theindividual to his environment

040 .hat triggers stress in humans& The su!5ective interpretation an individualgives to a situation experienced

6!5ective stimulation from the environmentregards of su!5ective perceptions

6nly strong excitations of thesensory organs: a flash of light,

noise, the smell of smoe

#lways the awareness of anemotion and a physiological

activation $e( g( rapid heart rate

040 .ith regard to the average influence of age on pilot performance, it may !esaid that age:

has little impact when the pilot is a!le tocompensate for it !y his/her flight e xperience

sharply reduces performance without, however,affecting cognitive capa!ilities

has a ma5or impact owing to theimpairment of memory

increases in impact as speed ofthought and memory deteriorate

040 6f the following statements, which apply to coordinated cooperation& -1: 2t

allows for synergy in the actions !etween the captain and the pilot( -): 2trepresents the simultaneous execution of a single action !y the variousmem!ers of the crew( -': ommunication here results in synchronisedactions and the distri!ution of responsi!ilities( -4: ommunication is

centred around the outside world( .hich of the following lists all thecorrect statements &

1 and ' 1,) and 4 ) and ' 1 and 4

040 .hat are the advantages of coordination& =edundancy, synergy, clarification of

responsi!ility(

ooperation, cognition, redundancy( 2nteraction, cognition,

redundancy(

=edundancy, exploration, risy

shift(

040 6f the following statements, select those which apply to information( -1:2t is said to !e random when it is not intended for receivers( -): 2t isintended to reduce uncertainty for the receiver( -': 2t is measured in !its( -4:

ach !it of information reduces uncertainty !y a uarter( The correctstatement$s is $are:

) and ' are correct 1,),' and 4 are correct ),' and 4 are correct only 1 is correct

040oaction is a mode of coordination which recommends: woring parallel to achieve one commono!5ective

woring parallel to achieve individual o!5ectivessustained cooperation on actionsand the formulation of

commitments concerning flightsituations

the application of proceduralnowledge in the conduct of

specific actions

0403uccess in achieving the o!5ectives of a message reuires: the matching of ver!al, non-ver!al andcontextual meanings

differences in contexts for the sender and thereceiver

a form of the message, whichshould not match the expectationof the receiver

different codes !etween form andmeaning

040 2n order to mae communication effective, it is necessary to: -1: avoid thesynchroni<ation of ver!al and non-ver!al channels( -): send information inline with the receiver9s decoding a!ilities( -': always concentrate on the

informational aspects of the message only( -4: avoid increasing the num!erof communication channels, in order to simplify communication( Thecorrect statement$s is $are:

only ) is correct 1,) and ' are correct ' and 4 are correct ) and 4 are correct

040 .hich of the following statements regarding interpersonal interactions arecorrect& -1 2f the sender finds the receiver competent, he/she tends to reduce

ver!al redundancy content of his sentences -) 2f the interlocuter is of non-native tongue, the sender will reinforce what he is saying !y using morecomplicated words so as to optimi<e understanding -' 2f he/she finds himincompetent, he tends to simplify the content of sentences -4 3implification

of chec list in a crew who now each other essentially taes place in thecase of interpersonal conflict The correct statement$s is $are:

1 and ' are correct 1 and ) are correct ) and ' are correct ' and 4 are correct

040 8rofessional languages have certain characteristics, for example: -1: They

use a limited voca!ulary ( -): They are rich and adapted to the c ontext,which sometimes lead to am!iguities( -': Their grammar is rathercomplicated and complex( -4: ontext provides meaning, therefore reducesthe ris of am!iguities( The correct statement$s is $are:

1 and 4 are correct 1 and ' are correct ) and ' are correct only 4 is correct

040.ith regard to communication in a cocpit, we can say that: communication uses up resources, thus

limiting the resources allocated to wor in

communication is always sufficiently automated

to ena!le an activity with a high worload

communication is only effective

if messages are ept short and

all the characteristics of

communication, namely output,




progress element to !e carried out at the same time sufficiently precise to limit their

num!er

duration, precision, clarity, etc(

are sta!le and are not muchaffected !y changes in worload

040 The intended recipient of a message must: -1: give priority and adapt to thesender9s situation( -): acnowledge the receipt only in case of dou!t( -': !ea!le to re5ect or postpone a communication attempt if the pilot is too !usy(

-4: sta!ili<e or finish a challenging manoeuvre !efore starting a discussion(The com!ination of correct statements is:

' and 4 are correct 1,) and 4 are correct 1 and ) are correct ) and ' are correct

040 .hat are the communication ualities of a good !riefing& # good !riefing

must: -1: contain as much information and !e as comprehensive as possi!le(-): !e of a standard type so that it can !e reused for another flight of the

same type( -': !e short and precise( -4: !e understanda!le to the other crewmem!er$s( The correct statement$s is $are:

),' and 4 are correct 1 and ) are correct 1, ) and 4 are correct 1 and 4 are correct

040.hich of the following statements concerning chec list is correct& The most important items should !e placed at

the !eginning of a chec list since attention isusually focused here

The most important items must !e placed at the

end of chec list, allowing them to !e ept nearat hand so that they are uicly availa!le for anysupplementary chec

The most important items must

!e placed in the middle of checlist so that they come to !eexamined once attention isfocused !ut !efore concentration

starts to wane

#ll the items of a chec list are

eually importantG their seuenceis of no importance

040 .hich of the following statements are correct with regard to the design of achec list& -1: The longer a chec list, the more it must !e su!divided into

logical parts( -): The triciest points must !e placed in the middle of thechec list( -': hec lists must !e designed in such a way that they can !elumped together with other tass( -4: .henever possi!le, a panel scanseuence should !e applied -*: ritical points should have redundancies(

The com!ination of correct statements is:

1, 4 and * are correct 1, ) and ' are correct 1, ) and * are correct 1, ' and * are correct

040The use of chec lists should !e carried out in such a way that: their execution should not !e donesimultaneously with other actions their execution may !e done simultaneouslywith other actions their execution should !ecom!ined with other importanttass

they should only !e carried outwhen time is availa!le

040 #ccording to =asmussen9s model, errors in rule-!ased control mode are ofthe following type$s:

errors of technical nowledge routine errors handling errors creative errors

040 #ccording to =asmussen9s model, errors are of the following type$s insill-!ased control mode:

routine errors nowledge errors handling errors creative errors

040 The planning and anticipation of future actions and situations maes it

possi!le to: -1: create a precise reference framewor( -): avoid saturation ofthe cognitive system( -': automate planned actions( -4: activate nowledgewhich is considered necessary for the period to come( The correct

statement$s is $are:

1, ) and 4 are correct 1 and ) are correct ) and 4 are correct ' and 4 are correct

040 The purpose of action plans which are implemented during !riefings is to: initiate procedures and reactions for

situations that are most liely, risy ordifficult during the flight

define general planning of the flight plan allow everyone to prepare their

own reactions in a difficultsituation

activate a collective mental

schema with respect to non- procedural actions to !e carriedout

040 2n order to overcome an overload of wor during the flight, it is necessaryto: -1: now how to use one9s own reserve of resources in order to ease the

!urden on the crew( -): divide up tass among the crew( -': a!andonautomatic mode and instead process as much information as possi!le

consciously( -4: drop certain tass and stic to high-level priorities( Thecorrect statement$s is $are:

1, ) and 4 are correct 1 and ' are correct 1, ) and ' are correct ' and 4 are correct

040 .orload may !e said to: -1: !e accepta!le if it reuires more than H0 % ofthe crew resources( -): !e accepta!le if it reuires C0 % of the crew

resources( -': depend on the pilot9s expertise( -4: always correspond to theamount of resources availa!le The com!ination of correct statements is:

) and ' are correct 1and 4 are correct 1 and ' are correct ) and 4 are correct

040The availa!le cognitive resources of the human !rain: are limited and mae it impossi!le to performtwo attentional tass at the same time

are limited !ut mae it possi!le to easily perform several tass at the same time

are virtually unlimited allow for twin-tass operationwithout any loss of effectiveness

040 Eental schemes correspond to: memorised representations of the various

procedures and situations which can !e

the memorisation of regulatory procedures

associated with a particular situation

memorised procedures which

develop and change rapidly

daily planning of pro!a!le

dangerous situations




reactivated !y the pilot at will during change-over to a new

machine

040The acuisition of expertise comprises three stages $ #nderson model: cognitive, associative and autonomous cognitive, associative and nowledge associative, autonomous and

expert

automatic, cognitive and

nowledge

040 2 mprovement of huma n relia !ilit y should entail: an effort to understand the cause s and findmeans of recovery for errors committed

in aviation, the elimination of errors on the partof front-line operators

the elimination of latent errors !efore they can effect

performance

the analysis of modes of humanfailures

040 .hat are the various means which allow for !etter error detection& -1:2mprovement of the man-machine interface( -): >evelopment of systemsfor checing the consistency of situations( -': ompliance with cross-overredundant procedures !y the crew( -4: #daptation of visual alarms to all

systems( The correct statement$s is $are:

1, ) and ' 1and ' ), ' and 4 ' and 4

040 .hat means can !e used to com!at human error& -1: =educing error-pronemechanisms( -): 2mproving the way in which error is ta en into account in

training( -': 3anctions against the initiators of error( -4: 2mproving recoveryfrom errors and its conseuences( The com!ination of correct statements is:

1, ) and 4 ' and 4 1 and ) ), ' and 4

040 oncerning the relation !etween performance and stress, which of thefollowing statement$s is $are correct&

# moderate level of stress may improve performance(

# student will learn faster and !etter undersevere stress(

>omestic stress will not affectthe pilot9s performance !ecausehe is a!le to leave this type of

stress on the ground(

# well trained pilot is a!le toeliminate any ind of stresscompletely when he is scheduled

to fly(

040 3tress is a freuent aspect of the pilot9s 5o!( Fnder which of the followingcircumstances does it occur& 1( 3tress occurs whenever the pilot must revise

his plan of action and does not immediately have a solution )( 3tress occurswith inexperienced pilots when the situational demands exceed theirindividual capa!ilities '( 3tress occurs if a pilot is convinced that he willnot !e a!le to find a solution for the pro!lem he/she faces(

1, ) and ' are correct 6nly 1 is false 1 and ) are correct, ' is false 1 is correct, ) and ' are false

040 >ivided attention is the a!ility: 1( to execute several mental activities atalmost the same time $i(e( when switching attention from outside the aircraftto the airspeed indicator on the instrument panel )( to monitor the progressof a motor programme $i(e( flying or taxiing the airplane on a relativelysu!conscious level, while maing a radio call at the same time $reuiring a

rather conscious level ' (to select information and chec if it is relevant tothe tas in hand( #t the same time no other operation can !e performed( 4(to delegate tass to the copilot while concentrating on the procedures

1 and ) are correc t, ' and 4 are false 1,) and ' are correct, 4 is false 1 and ' are corre ct, ) and 4 arefalse

6nly ' is false

040 7ypoxia is: a physical condition caused !y a lac ofoxygen to meet the needs of the !ody tissues,leading to mental and muscular distur!ances,

causing impaired thining, poor 5udgementand slow reactions

a condition of lacing oxygen in the !raincausing the circulatory system to compensate !ydecreasing the heart rate(

often produced during steep turnswhen pilots turn their heads in adirection opposite to the direction

in which the aircraft is turning

a physical condition caused !y alac of oxygen saturation in the

!lood while hyperventilating(

040 7yperventilation is due to an excessive rate of !reathing and can producethe following symptoms:

di<<iness, tingling sensation in the fingersand toes, nausea and !lurred vision

reduced heart rate and increase in visual acuity a state of overconfidence andreduced heart rate

!lue finger-nails and lips

040 2n order to get rid of excess nitrogen following scu!a diving, su!seuent

flights should !e delayed

)4 hours ' hours after non decompression diving 'C hours after any scu!a diving 4" hours after a continuous ascent

in the water has !een made

040 >uring flight in 2E, the most relia!le sense which should !e used toovercome illusions is the:

visual sense, interpreting the attitudeindicator

3eat-of-the-pants-3ense vesti!ular sense visual sense !y looing outside

040 3patial disorientation will !e most liely to occur during flight: if the !rain receives conflicting information

and the pilot does not !elieve the instruments

when flying in and out of clouds and the pilot

maintains good instrument cross chec

when flying in light rain !elow

the ceiling

when flying in !right sunlight

a!ove a cloud layer

040 The chemical su!stance responsi!le for addiction to to!acco is nicotine car!on monoxide tar the com!ination of nicotine, tar

and car!on monoxide

040 2t is inadvisa!le to fly when suffering from a cold( The reason for this is: the tissue around the nasal end of theustachian tu!e is liely to !e swollen thus

causing difficulty in eualising the pressurewithin the middle ear and the nasal/throatarea( 8ain and damage to the eardrum canresult, particularly during fast descents

although the change in air pressure during aclim! at lower altitudes is very small, it

increases rapidly at high altitudes( 2f the tissuein the ustachian tu!e of the ear is swollen,gentle descents at high altitude would result indamage to the ear drum

swollen tissue in the inner earwill increase the rate of meta!olic

production resulting inhyperventilation

!ecause it will seriously affect peripheral vision




040 .hat aircraft euipment mared a su!stantial decrease in hull loss rates in

the eighties&

;8.3 >E 33= T#3

040 2ncapacitation is most dangerous when it is: insidious o!vious sudden intense

0406ne negative aspect of the highly automated cocpit results in: complacency among the crewmem!ers pilots disregarding the automatic euipment constantly high crew overload

with regard to the monitoringtass

less experienced crews !ecause of

more transparent system details

040 .hich of the following human error rates can !e descri!ed as !oth realisticand pretty good, after methodical training

1 in 100 times 1 in 1000 times 1 in 10000 times 1 in 100000 times

040 Between which components, with reference to the 37AA oncept, covers pilot misinterpretation of the old three-point altimeter&

Aiveware - 7ardware Aiveware - 3oftware Aiveware - nvironment Aiveware - Aiveware

040 The errors resulting from an illogical indexing system in an operationsmanual are related to an interface mismatch !etween

Aiveware - 3oftware Aiveware - 7ardware Aiveware - nvironment Aiveware - Aiveware

040.hich of the following provide s the !a sis of all pe rc ep tions& The in te ns ity of the st imuli( The aura l or vi sua l s ign if ic anc e a tt ri!u te d in

short term memory(

The aural or visual significance

attri!uted in long term memory(

The separation of figure and

!acground(

040 The gestalt laws formulates: !asic principles governing how o!5ects arementally organi<ed and perceived

!asic principles governing the relationship !etween stress and performance

!asic principles governing theeffects of ha!it and experience

!asic principles regarding to therelationship !etween motivationand performance

040 The effect of experience and ha!it on performance can !oth !e !eneficial and negative is always negative is never negative is always !eneficial

040 3ituations particularly vulnera!le to reversion to an earlier !ehaviour pattern are: 1( when concentration on a particular tas is relaxed )( when

situations are characterised !y medium worload '( when situations arecharacterised !y stress

1( and '( 1( and )( '( )( and '(

040The most dangerous characteristic of the false mental model is, that it is freuently extremely resistant to correction will mainly occur under conditions of relaxation will only occur under conditions

of stress

can easily !e changed

040 ixation or tunnel vision is primarily to !e expected when: stress is high stress is medium stress and motivation are medium stress and motivation are low

040.hich of the following concepts relating to human relia!ility is true & 2f euipment is designed in such a way that itcan !e operated wrongly, then sooner or later,it will !e(

=esponse to a particular stressful influence doesnot vary from one person to another(

xpectation has no influence on perception(

8erformance is totallyindependent of motivation(

040 2n order to perceive colour vision, it is necessary: -1: for there to !econsidera!le amount of light $am!ient luminosity -): at night to loo at the

point to !e o!served at an angle of 1*N -': to allow the eye a period of timeto get used to the light -4: to avoid white light

1 1,),' ),4 '

040 The retina allows for colour perception as a result of the: cones located in its central part rods located in its central part crystalline lens rods located in its peripheral <one

040 #ccommodation, which ena!les a clear image to !e o!tained, isaccomplished !y which of the following&

The crystalline lens The rods The cones The retina

040 2n civil air transport, linear accelerations $;x: - 1: do not exist - ): haveslight physiological conseuences - ': may, in the case of pull-out, lead toloss of consciousness - 4: may cause sensory illusions on the pitch axis

),4 1 ',4 '

040 .ith regard to the humidity of air in current in a pressuri<ed ca!in, wenow that it: -1: varies !etween 40 and C0% -): varies !etween * and 1*%

-': may cause dehydration effecting the performance of the crew -4: has nospecial effects on crew mem!ers

),' 1,' ),',4 1,4

040 The following occurs in man if the internal !ody temperature increases to'"N:

impairment of physical and mental performance

apathy considera!le dehydration nothing significant happens at thistemperature( The first clinical

signs only start to appear at 'HN

040 .hich of the following mechanisms regulate !ody temperature whenexposed to extreme high environmental temperatures& -1: 3hivering -):?aso-constriction of peripheral !lood vessels -': 3weating -4: ?aso-dilation

of peripheral !lood vessels

',4 1,',4 ),' 1

040 The following can !e o!served when the internal !ody temperature falls !elow '*N:

shivering, will tend to cease, and !e followed !y the onset of apathy

the appearance of intense shivering mental disorders, and even coma profuse sweating

040.e can o!serve the following in relation to a state of hypothermia: reasoning pro!lems as soon as !ody a su!stantial increase in internal !ody a rapid fall in am!ient greater capacity for adaptation




!etween individuals 4( ?aries su!stantially among individuals .hich of the

following lists all the correct statements &

040 . hat seem to !e the main roles of deep sleep & 2t esse ntially allows for physical recovery

and the reconstitution of neuron energyreserves

2t is confined to physical recuperation associated

with fatigue

2ts main role is associated with

activities of memory activitiesand restoration of attentioncapa!ilities

?ia physical recovery, it is

characterised !y an alternation ofdream phases and paradoxical

phases

040 .hat are the main effects of a lac of sleep loss on performance & 2t increases fatigue, concentration andattention difficulties, the ris of sensoryillusions and mood disorders

2t increases fatigue and concentrationdifficulties, !ut facilitates stress management !ymuscular relaxation,

2t causes muscular spasms 2t reduces concentration andfatigue only with sleep lossgreater than 4" hours

040 .hat is the effect of tiredness on attention & 2t reduces the a!ility to manage multiplematters

2t increases the a!ility to manage multiplematters

2t leads to one9s attention !eingdispersed !etween different

centres of interest

2t has no specific effects onattention

040.hich of the following statements concerning tiredness is correct & Tiredness is a su!5ective sensation which isreflected in hypovigilance or in poor

management of intellectual capa!ilities

Tiredness is always the result of an intellectualoverload

Tiredness is the conseuence of adiminution of performance

Tiredness is an o!5ective psychophysiological symptom of

a reduction in attentioncapa!ilities

040 .hich of the following solutions represent antidotes to conflicts & 1(3eeing ar!itration )( #ctively listening to other people '( #!andoningfacts so as to move the conversation to a more emotional level 4( Becoming

aware of cultural influences

1,),4 1,),' ),',4 ),4

040.ha t e le me nts e sta!l ish syne rgy within the cre w & 3ynergy must !e !ui lt up from the start of themission $!riefing and !e maintained until it

comes to an end $de!riefing

3ynergy esta!lishes itself automatically withinthe crew, right through from !riefing to

de!riefing

3ynergy is independent of thenatural individual characteristics

of the group mem!ers$communication, mutualconfidence, sharing of tass, etc(

2t is only the captain9s statuswhich allows the esta!lishment of

synergy within the crew

040 .hich of the following statements !est characterise a synergetic cocpit& 1(

>ecisions are taen !y the captain, !ut prepared !y the crew )( There islittle delegating of tass '( ommunications are few in num!er !ut preciseand geared purely to the flight 4( luid, consensual !oundaries exist inregard to leadership-style, which fluctuate !etween authority and laisse<-faire

1,4 1,',4 ),' ),4

040 .hich of the following statements !est characterise a self-centeredcocpit &

.ithout taing note of what the othermem!ers are doing, each one does his ownthing while at the same time assuming that

everyone is aware of what is !eing done orwhat is going on

The egoistic and self-centered personality of thecaptain often leads to a synergetic cocpit

The communication !etweencrew mem!ers always increaseswhen the captain taes charge of

a situation

.hile decreasing c ommunication,the independence of each mem!er

!olsters the crew9s synergy

040 .hat may !ecome the main ris of a laisse<-faire cocpit & 2nversion of authority 2ncreased captain9s authority #ppearance of aggressiveness >isengagement of the co-pilot

040.ha t i s c ha ra cter i< ed !y a la isse< -f air e c oc p it & # pa ss ive approa ch !y the ca ptain a llowsdecisions, choices and actions !y other crewmem!ers

ach mem!er carries out actions and maeschoices informing the other mem!ers a!outthem

The captain9s authority rules allthe actions or decisionsassociated with the situation

The high level of independencegranted to each mem!er !y thecaptain uicly leads to tension

!etween the various crew

mem!ers040 .hat are the most freuent and the least appropriate reactions on the part of

a co-pilot when faced with a highly authoritarian captain & 1( 3elf-assertion)( # scapegoat feeling '( >elayed reactions to o!served discrepancies 4(

>isengagement

),',4 1,) ',4 1,',4

040 .hat are the most freuent results of an self-centred captain on the flightdec &

2n a two-pilot flight dec, the co-pilot isignored and may react !y disengaging,

showing delayed responses or demonstratethe scapegoat effect

7igh group performance despite the strainedrelations

# ma5or ris of authorityinversion if the co-pilot is

unassertive

8erformance is very poor as self-centred !ehaviour leads to an

increase of cooperation andefficiency

040 #n autocratic cocpit is descri!ed !y: The captain9s excessive authorityconsidera!ly reduces communications andconseuently the synergy and cohesion of the

crew

>espite the overly strong authority of thecaptain, everything functions correctly owing tohis natural leadership

ach of the mem!ers chooseswhat 5o! to do without telling theothers and in the !elief that

everyone is aware of what he isdoing

The atmosphere is relaxed thansto a captain who leaves completefreedom to the various mem!ers

of the crew




040 .hat optimises crew co-operation & 1( 3haring and common tas )(

onfidence in each others capa!ility '( 8recise definition of functionsassociated with each crew mem!ers role

1,),' 1 1,) ),'

040 .hat distinguishes status from role & .hile role defines- via !ehaviour- thefunctions that must !e performed !yindividuals, status defines the en5oyment of a

hierarchical position and its recognition !ythe group

.hile role defines the en5oyment of ahierarchical position and its recognition !y thegroup, status defines - via !ehaviour- the

functions that must !e performed !y individuals

Fnlie status, role is fixed and isnot modified either !y thesituation in flight or !y the

interactions of a new crew

Fnlie status, role is fixed and ismodified either !y the situation inflight or !y the interactions of a

new crew

040 .hat characterises the notion of role & The function and !ehaviour associated with

the particular role

6nly the functions associated with role The characteristic !ehaviour

associated with the description ofthe various roles of a particular

status

The hierarchical position of the

function and the associated !ehaviour

040 The needs of an individual lead to: a change in the individuals motivation andconseuently to an adaptation of the

!ehaviour

preservation from dangers only if social needsare !eing satisfied

no change in his motivation andconseuently to the persistence of

the individuals !ehaviour inregard to the desired outcome

prolonged suppression of all !asicneeds in favour of high self-

actuali<ation

040 ontrary to a person9s personality, attitudes: #re the product of personal disposition and past experience with reference to an o!5ect or

a situation

form part of personality and that, as a result,they cannot !e changed in an adult

are non-evolutive adaptation procedures regardless of the

result of the actions associatedwith them

are essentially driving forces !ehind changes in personality

040 .hich of the following elements mae up the personality of an individual &1( 7eredity )( hildhood environment '( Fp!ringing 4( 8ast experience

1,),',4 1,),4 ),' ),',4

040 .hat is synergy in a crew & The coordinated action of all mem!erstowards a common o!5ective, in whichcollective performance is proving to !e morethan the sum of the individual performances

# !ehavioural expedient associated with thedesynchronisation of the coordinated actions

The coordinated action ofunrelated individual

performances in achieving a non-standard tas

The uncoordinated action of thecrewmem!ers towards a commono!5ective

040 .hich of the following statements concerning conflicts is correct & onflict management involves the participation of all involved parties in findingan accepta!le collective solution

.hatever the cause of the conflict, its resolutionmust necessarily involve an additional party if itis to !e effective

onflicts are negative inthemselves and can only lead to ageneral detachment of involved

parties

The emergence of a conflictalways results from calling intouestion the general a!ilities ofone of the involved parties

040 .hich of the following is most liely to !e overlooed should a pilot maea rushed decision &

analysis of the current actual situation andinstead applying a decision prepared

!eforehand

the sills of a ir traff ic controllers the need to tae account of every possi!le result or outcome

the captain9s superior nowledge, 5ustified !y his/her status

040 2n terms of decision-maing, the intention to !ecome integrated into theteam, to !e recognised as the leader or to avoid conflicts may lead to:

the attempt to agree on decisions made !yother crew mem!ers

an authoritarian approach thus demonstratingones own a!ility to lead

the improvement of internal risassessment capa!ilities

the suggestion of a seuentialsolution in which everyone can

contri!ute what he/she nows

040 .hat strategy should !e put in place when faced with an anticipated periodof time pressure &

# strategy of preparing decisions # non-seuential strategy # Aaisse<-faire strategy # strategy of no commitment

040 .hich !iases relate to human decision maing& 1( 8ersonal experiencetends to alter the perception of the ris of an event occurring )( There is a

natural tendency to want to confirm our decision even in the face of facts

which contradict it '( The group to which an individual !elongs tends toinfluence the particular decision 4( There is natural tending to select only

o!5ective facts for decision-maing purposes

1,),' 1,) ',4 1,),4

040 7a!its and routine can influence decision-maing in a way that: a tendency to select the most familiarsolution first and foremost, sometimes to the

detriment of achieving the !est possi!leresult

one always wants to see previous experienceconfirmed !y new decisions

professional pilots will neveruestion esta!lished procedures

one always selects a choice inaccordance with the company9s

usual practices

040 >ecision-maing can !e influenced !y the following factors: 1( people tendto conform to opinions expressed !y a ma5ority within the group they

!elong to )( people always eep the future decisions in line with those their

superiors have made in the past '( people more easily tend to select datawhich meet their expectations 4( people rarely !ase decisions on their

personal preferences !ut rather on rational information .hich of thefollowing lists all the correct answers &

1 and ' ) and ' 1 and 4 ) and 4




040 >e cision-maing is a c oncept which represents: a voluntary and c onsc ious proce ss of

selection, from among possi!le solutions, fora given pro!lem

an automated or automation-lie act of applying

defined procedures

an automatic process of selection

from among the various solutionsto a given pro!lem

a spontaneous act of seeing the

most effective solution in a givensituation when faced with adefined pro!lem

040 2n decision-maing, the selection of a solution depends: 1( on o!5ective andsu!5ective criteria )( on the o!5ective to !e achieved '( on the riss

associated with each solution 4( a!ove all on the personality of the decision-maer

1,),',4 1,),4 1,' 4

040 >ecision-maing results in: a choice !etween different solutions for

achieving a goal

a choice always !ased on the experience of the

82

an o!5ective choice concerning

applica!le solutions for a givenend

a su!5ective choice concerning

applica!le solutions

040 .hat would !e the priority aim in the design of man-machine interfacesand in the c reation of their application procedures for com!ating pro!lemsassociated with human error &

To reduce the riss of the appearance or non-detection of errors entailing seriousconseuences

To eliminate the ris of latent errors occurring To cater systematically for theconseuences of errors in order toanalyse their nature and modify

ergonomic parameters

To put in place redundant alarmsystems

040 The main strategies for safely adapting to time constraints are the: 1(8rioritisation of tass )( 8reparation of actions '( #pplication of procedures4( Fse of time management sills .hich of the following lists all the

correct statements &

1, ), ' and 4 only 1 ) and 4 1 and '

040 .hat happens in pro!lem-solving when the application of a rule allows forthe situation to !e resolved &

#ctions return to an automatic mode # switch is made to nowledge mode in order torefine the results

# switch is made to nowledge- !ased mode in order to continuemonitoring of the pro!lem

# second monitoring rule must !eapplied

040 2n pro!lem-solving, what determines the transition from rules-!asedactivities to a nowledge-!ased activity &

The unsuita!ility of the nown rules for the pro!lem posed

#ttentional capture Knowledge of rules which applyto the pro!lem posed

The unsuita!ility of the automatedactions

040 Fnder what circumstances will a pilot change from automated level to rule- !ased level &

.hen detecting, that an a utomated !ehaviourwill no longer lead to the intended outcome

ailure of all the nown rules The appearanc e of a situation or pro!lem which is unnown and

completely new

#n automated cognitive chec procedure

040 .hich of the following errors occur at rules-!ased level & 1(6mission )(Theapplication of a poor rule '( #ttentional capture 4( The poor application of agood rule

),4 1,) ',4 1,'

040 rrors which occur during highly automated actions may result from: 1( the

capture of a poor action su!program )( a mistae in the decision maing process '( the application of a poor rule 4( an action mode error

1,4 1,) ',4 ),',4

040 The descriptive aspect of errors according to 7ollnagel9s model descri!esvarious directly o!serva!le types of erroneous actions which are: 1(

=epetition and omission )( The forward leap and the !acward leap '(2ntrusion and anticipation 4( 2ntrusion

1,),4 1,' ),4 1,),'

040 .hat are the main characteristics of active errors & They: 1( are detecta!leonly with difficulty !y first-line operators )( have rapid and directconseuences on the action in progress '( are down to first-line operators 4(

have an impact on the overall action whose timing may !e affected

significantly

),' 1,) ',4 1,4

040 The maintenance of man9s internal euili!rium is called: 7omeostasis 7eterostasis 7omeothermy 8oiilothermy

040 T he main limit$s of long-term me mory is $are: >ata retrieval as a result from a loss of accessto the stored information

the uantity of data which may !e stored the instantaneous inputting inmemory of all information

collected during the day, whichcomes to saturate it

the data storage time

040 .hat are the main limits of short-term memory & 2t is: -1: very sensitive tointerruptions and interference -): difficult to access -': limited in si<e -4:

su!5ect to a !iochemical !urn-in of information

1,' ,4 1,) ,' ) ,' ),4

040 2f a pilot has to perform two tass reuiring the allocation of cognitiveresources:

the sharing of resources causes performanceon each tas to !e reduced

a person reaches his limits as from simultaneoustass, and performance will then tail off

the only way of not seeing performance tail off is to switchto nowledge-!ased mode for thetwo tass

the only way of not seeing performance tail off is to switch torules-!ased mode for the twotass




040 .hat is the Time of Fseful onsciousness for a rapid decompression at

)*,000 ft &

Between ' and * minutes depending on the

physical activities of the su!5ected pilot

#!out 1" seconds Between )* seconds and 1

minute '0 seconds

#!out '0 seconds

040 The Time of Fseful onsciousness may vary according to: 1: physical

activity of the su!5ected crew ): the experience of the pilot on the type ofaircraft in uestion ': the strength and time of decompression 4: the ca!intemperature

1,' 1,) ',4 4

040 3afety is often improved !y applying the principles of =E, e(g(: expression of one9s dou!ts or differentopinion for as long as this dou!t can not !ere5ected on the !ase of evidence

unuestioned o!edience to all the aptain9sdecisions

a!stention from any suggestionwhich might !e untimely

the avoidance of any conflict inorder to preserve the crew9ssynergy

040#n efficient flight dec $synergetic cocpit will !e o!served when: decisions are taen !y the aptain with thehelp and participation of the other crew

mem!ers

the plan of action is defined !y the aptain !ecause of his experience level

the aptain delegates thedecision maing process to other

crew mem!ers

decisions do not need to !ediscussed !ecause of a c ommon

synergy !etween the crewmem!ers

040 #n non-synergetic cocpit: is characterised !y withdrawn crewmem!ers

and unclear communication

is characterised !y a highly efficient crew,

communicating appropriately with the outside

always results from an over-

relaxed atmosphere

is not very dangerous as each

person checs everything personally

040 =E $rew =e source Eana ge ment training is: intended to develop e ffective ness of cre w performance !y improving attitudes towardsflight safety and human relationship

management

not intended to change the individual9s attitudeat all

intended solely to alter anindividual9s personalityG

is mainly of relevance to pilotswith personality disorders orinappropriate attitudes

040 The confirmation !ias of decision maing is a tendency to ignore that information whichindicates that a hypothesis or decision is

poorG

a tendency not to see for information whichconfirms a 5udgement

a tendency not to loo forinformation which would

reassure oneself a!out a decision

a tendency to agree with thedecision made !y the group

040 .hat is the main pro!lem caused !y positive $;< accelerations& # pooling of !lood in the lower portions ofthe !ody, and hence less !lood availa!le

#n improvement of peripheral vision #n increase in !lood pressure inthe upper part of the !ody $a!oveheart-level

7yperoxygenation of the !loodwhich may lead to sensorydisorders

040 .hich of the following statements are correct & 1 7ypothermia affects physical and mental a!ilities( ) Ean has effective natural protection againstintense cold( ' 3hivering maes it possi!le to com!at the cold to a certainextent, !ut uses up a lot of energy 4 >isorders associated with hypothermia

appear at a !ody temperature of less than '*N

1,',4 1,),' ),4 ),',4

040 =ods $scotopic visual cells allow for: good night-vision after adaptation to darness$'0 min

good, virtually instantaneous night-vision$scotopic vision

precise vision of contours andcolours

red vision, !oth during the dayand at night

040 6f the following alternatives, which effects are due to positive acceleration$ ;<& - 1: >ecrease in heart rate - ): 8ooling of !lood into lower parts of

the !ody - ': >rop in !lood pressure a!ove heart-level - 4: >ownwarddisplacement or deformation of soft or mo!ile organs

),',4 1,),' 1 1,',4

040 .hat is hypoxia & #ny condition where the oxygenconcentration of the !ody is !elow normallimits or where the oxygen availa!le to the

!ody cannot !e used due to some pathological condition

The total a!sence of oxygen in the !lood of the !ody

The respiratory symptomassociated with altitudedecompression sicness

# state characterised !y anexcessive supply of oxygen whichmay !e due to malad5ustment of

the mas

040 To optimise one9s night-vision performance, it is necessary: - 1: to spend

some time getting adapted to low levels of illumination - ): to increase theinstrument panel lighting !y reducing the cocpit lighting - ': not to focuson the point to !e o!served - 4: to avoid !linding sources of light

1,',4 1,),4 ),',4 )

040 ?isual perception of depth at close to medium distance is primarily due to !inocular vision interactions !etween cones and rods peripheral vision the high sensitivity of the retina

040 .hat could !e symptoms of hypoxia $when flying without oxygen a!ove1),000 ft&

7eadache, fatigue, di<<iness, lac ofcoordination

7eadache, thirst, somnolence, collapse uphoria, headache,improvement in 5udgement, loss

of consciousness

Trem!ling, increase in !odytemperature, convulsions, slowing

of the rate of !reathing

040 .hich of the following characteristics apply to short-term memory & - 1: 2tis limited in time and si<e - ): 2t is unlimited in time and limited in si<e - ':2t is sta!le and insensitive to distur!ances - 4: 2t is limited in time andunlimited in si<e

1 1,' ',4 ),'




040.ith re ga rd to short -term me mory, we ca n say tha t: i t i s ma de up of e ve ryday informa tion for

immediate use, and is limited in its capacityfor storing and retaining data

it is made up of everyday information for

immediate use, and is limited in terms of thetime for which it retains data !ut not in itsstorage capacity

it is a sta!le form of woring

memory, and thus not verysensitive to any distur!ance

it mainly contains procedural

nowledge

040 #utoinetic illusion is: an illusion in which a stationary point oflight, if stared at for several seconds in the

dar, may - without a frame of reference -appear to move

the sensation during a radial acceleration ofseeing a fixed reference point moving into the

opposite direction of the acceleration

a conflict !etween the visualsystem and !odily sensations

poor interpretation of thesurrounding world

0402 llusions of inte rp re ta tion $c ogn it ive i llus ions ar e: a ssoc ia te d wi th the ta s of me ntal

construction of the environment

due mainly to a conflict !etween the various

sensory systems

due mainly to a poor

interpretation of instrumentaldata

solely induced in the a!sence of

external reference points

040 .hich of the following statements are correct & -1: Eodern aircraft allowfor *0 - C0% relative humidity in the ca!in air under any conditions offlight, which is satisfactory for the !ody -): Thirst is a symptom of

dehydration -': >ehydration may lead to clinical manifestations such asdi<<iness and fatigue -4: >rining excessive uantities of water must !eavoided since resistance to periods of low hydration will otherwise !e lost

),' ),',4 1,),4 1,4

040 .ith regard to central vision, which of the following statements are

correct & -1: 2t is due to the functioning of rods -): 2t ena!les details, coloursand movement to !e seen -': 2ts very active !oth during the day and at night-4: 2t represents a <one where a!out 1*0(000 cones per mm are located to

give high resolution capacity

),4 1,),4 ),',4 1,'

040 . hich of the following state me nts is correct & 0% of information proce ssed !y ma n entersvia the visual channel

7earing is the sense which collects mostinformation in man

40% of information processed !yman enters via the visual channel

The inesthetic channel providesthe most important informationfor flying

040 .hat is the procedure a!ove 10(000 ft altitude when faced with explosive

decompression&

>on an oxygen mas and descend to !elow

10,000 ft

irst inform #T >escend to !elow 10,000 ft and

signal an emergency

hec the ca!in altitude, don an

oxygen mas and maintain levelflight

040 .hat is the approximate Time of Fseful onsciousness for a seated pilotfollowing a rapid decompression at '*,000 ft &

4* seconds 1) seconds * minutes ' seconds

040 .hat is the Time of Fseful onsciousness & The length of time during which anindividual can act with !oth mental and

physical efficiency, measured from themoment at which he/she loses his/her

availa!le oxygen supply

The time taen to !ecome aware of hypoxia dueto gradual decompression

The pilot9s reaction time whenfaced with hypoxia

The period of time !etween thestart of hypoxia and the momentthat the pilot !ecomes aware of it

040 .hich is the procedure to !e followed when symptoms of decompressionsicness occur&

>escend to the lowest possi!le level and landas soon as possi!le

>escend to the lowest possi!le level and waitfor the symptoms to disappear !efore clim!ingagain

6nly medical treatment is of use 6nly the prompt supply of oxygenis necessary

040 .hat is decompression sicness& # condition resulting from the formation ofnitrogen !u!!les in !odily tissues and fluidsafter a ca!in pressure loss at high altitude

# freuent disorder in commercial aviation dueto the pressurisation curve of modern aircraft

# disorder which is solelyencountered !elow 1",000 ft

The formation of air !u!!les in !odily tissues, with noconseuences for people9scapa!ilities

040 .hich of the following statements are correct: -1: 3cu!a diving may !e

practiced without restriction -): Eany medicines have effects which areincompati!le with flight safety -': #n adeuate amount of fluid should !edrun when flying -4: #lcohol has no effect on the inner ear(

) and ' are correct 1, ) and ' are correct ), ' and 4 are correct 1, ' and 4 are correct

040 To facilitate and reduce the time taen to access information in long-termmemory, it is helpful to:

mentally rehearse information !efore it isneeded

learn and store data in a logical a nd structuredway

structure irrelevant informationas much as possi!le !eforecommitting it to memory

avoid to rehearse informationwhich we now we will need soon

040once rning the ca pa ci ty of the huma n long- te rm me mory i ts stora ge ca pa ci ty is unl imi te d i t i s s truc tura lly l imi te d in te rms of stora gecapacity, !ut unlimited in terms of storage time

it is structurally limited in termsof storage time !ut not in terms

of capacity

its mode of storing information is passive, maing memory searches

effective

040 .hich of the following statements a!out long-term memory are correct& -1:2nformation is stored there in the form of descriptive, rule-!ased andschematic nowledge( -): The period of time for which information is

1 and 4 are correct 1 and ) are correct ), ' and 4 are correct ) and 4 are correct




retained is limited !y the freuency with which this same information is

used( -': 2t processes information uicly and has an effective mode ofaccess in real time( -4: 8re-activation of necessary nowledge will allow fora reduction in access time(

040The a!ility of the human eye to read alphanumeric information: is limited to the foveal area of the retina is limited to daytime using the rod cells is almost eually shared !y theentire retina

is governed !y peripheral visionover an area of approximately )0

degrees of angle

040 The relationship which exists !etween crew error and flight safety: is dependent on the social and technicalsystem and also on the operational context

created !y the system

is a linear relationship which introduces crewtraining as the main factor

is independent of the operationalcontext, with the latter !eing

identical for any flight operation

has !een evolving for 40 yearsand has now !ecome independent

of the social and technical system

040 .hich of the following statements a!out hyperthermia is correct & omplete adaptation to the heat in a hot

country taes a!out a fortnight(

?asodilatation is the only regulator which is

capa!le of reducing !ody temperature(

vaporation is more effective

when am!ient humidity is high(

8erformance is not impaired !y an

increase in !ody temperature to40N or more(

040 The atmospheric pressure at 1",000 feet altitude is half the atmospheric

pressure at sea level( 2n accordance with this statement,

the partial oxygen pressure at that altitude

will also drop to 1/) of the pressure ofoxygen at sea level

the oxygen saturation of the !lood at that

altitude will drop !y *0 % too

the oxygen percentage of the a ir

at that altitude will drop !y onehalf also

the partial oxygen pressure at that

altitude will !e dou!led

040 +ou clim! from 0 to *0(000 ft and measure the decrease of the pressure per*(000 ft( The a!solute difference in !arometric pressure is greatest !etween:

0 and *(000 feet *(000 and 10(000 feet 10(000 and 1*(000 feet 4*(000 and *0(000 feet

040 8hysiological pro!lems due to increasing altitude are caused !y: decreased atmospheric pressure disorientation accelerations increased atmospheric pressure

040 The volume percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere at '0(000 feet remainsat )1 %G !ut the partial pressure of oxygen:

decreases with decreasing !arometric pressure

remains constant, independent from altitude increases !y expansion decreases significantly with lowertemperatures

040 #ir at an altitude of 1"(000 feet contains, approximately: )1% oxygen *% oxygen 1*% oxygen 10% oxygen

040 >ry air is a mixture of gases( Their volume percentage is a!out: )1% oxygen,"% nitrogen, 1% other gases 1"% oxygen, "0% nitrogen, )% other gases 1H% oxygen, "0% nitrogen, 1%

other gases

)*% oxygen, 4% nitrogen, 1%

other gases

040 Boyle9s law is directly applica!le in case of: the expansion of trapped gasses in the human !ody with increasing altitude

the occurrence of decompression sicness athigh altitude

the occurrence of hypoxia withincreasing altitude

hyperventilation with increasingaltitude

040 >alton9s law explains the occurrence of: altitude hypoxia !ends decompression sicness creeps

040 7enry9s Aaw explains the occurrence of: decompression sicness diffusion hyperventilation hypoxia

040 6ur !ody taes its energy from: 1: minerals ): protein ': car!onhydrates 4:vitamins

),' 1,),',4 1,4 1,'

040 .hat is meant !y meta!olism & The transformation !y which energy is made

availa!le for the uses of the organism

2nformation exchange Transfer of chemical messages xchange of su!stances !etween

the lung and the !lood

040 6ne of the waste products of the meta!olic process in the cell is: car!on dioxide protein sugar fat

040 The !ody loses water via: 1( the sin and the lungs )( the idneys .hich ofthe following lists all the correct answers &

1 and ) are correct 1 is correct and ) is not correct 1 is not correct and ) is correct !oth are false

040 Fnder normal circumstances, which gas will diffuse from the !lood to thealveoli:

car!on dioxide car!on monoxide nitrogen oxygen

040 T he !lood in the pulmona ry artery is: lacing in oxyge n and ric h in ca r!on dioxide lac ing in !oth oxygen and c ar!on dioxide rich in oxygen and lac ing in

car!on dioxide

rich in !oth oxygen and car!on

dioxide

040 The thin walls of capillaries are permea!le for: gases platelets protein red !lood cells

040 The circulatory system, amongst other things, allows for: 1( transportationof oxygen and car!on dioxide )( transportation of information !y chemicalsu!stances .hich of the following lists all the correct statements &

1 and ) are correct 1 is correct and ) is false 1 is false and ) is correct !oth are false

040 6xygen, com!ined with haemoglo!in in !lood is transported !y red !lood cells platelets !lood plasma white !lood cells

040 7aemoglo!in is: in the red !lood cells in the platelets dissolved in the plasma in the white !lood cells

040 3omeone who has anaemia has: not enough functional haemoglo!in not enough platelets not enough plasma not enough white !lood cells

040 The average pulse of a healthy adult at rest is a!out: C0 to "0 !eats/min '0 to *0 !eats/min H0 to 100 !eats/min 110 to 1*0 !eats/min

040 .ith a heart rate of ) !eats per minute and a stroe volume of 0 ml the * litres/min C litres/min litres/min " litres/min



HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS




040.hich of the following statements concerning hypoxia is correct& 2t is a potential threat to safety( 2t is never a pro!lem at altitudes !elow )*(000

ft(

2t activates the senses and maes

them function !etter(

2t has little effect on the !ody,

!ecause the !ody can alwayscompensate for it(

040 arly symptoms of hypoxia could !e: 1( euphoria )( decreased rate anddepth of !reathing '( lac of concentration 4( visual distur!ances

1,' and 4 are correct 1,),' and 4 are correct 1,) and ' are correct 1,) and 4 are correct

040 6ne of the most dangerous symptoms of hypoxia concerning flight safety

is:

impaired 5udgement reduced coordination of lim! movements,

causing the pilot to spin

cyanosis, reducing then pilots

a!ility to hear

hyperventilation, causing

emotional stress

040 .hich of the following symptoms can indicate hypoxia& 1( Blue lips a ndfinger nails( )( uphoria( '( latulence( 4 (Fnconsciousness((

1, ) and 4 are correct( 1, ) and ' are correct( ), ' and 4 are correct( 1, ' and 4 are correct(

040 #mong the functions !elow, which is the most sensitive to hypoxia& @ight vision( Eotor coordination( 7earing( 3peech(

040 +ou are crossing the #lps in a non-pressurised aircraft at an altitude of1*(000 feet( +ou do not use the oxygen mas !ecause you feel fine( This isunsafe, !ecause:

your 5udge me nt could !e impai re d the !lood-pre ssure ca n ge t too high the !lood-pressure ca n ge t toolow

you will get the !ends

040 >uring a night flight at 10,000 feet you notice that your visual acuity hasdecreased( 2n this case you can increase your acuity !y:

!reathing extra oxygen through the oxygenmas(

closing one eye scanning sectors of the field ofvision

dim the instrument lights

040 >uring flight all crewmem!ers have one or more of the followingsymptoms: 1( !lue lips )( mental distur!ances '( tingling sensations in arms

and/or legs 4( reduction of peripheral vision .hich is the possi!le cause&

7ypoxia( ;laucoma( 7ypothermia( 7ypoglycaemia(

040 .hich measure$s will help to compensate for hypoxia& 1( >escend !elow10 000 T( )( Breathe 100 % oxygen( '( lim! to or a!ove 10 000 T( 4(=educe physical activities(

1, ) and 4 are correct 1, ) and ' are correct only 1 is correct 1 and ) are correct, ' and 4 arefalse

040 # pilot can prevent hypoxia !y: using additional oxygen when flying a!ove

10(000 feet

relying on the !ody9s !uilt in warning system

recogni<ing any stage of hypoxia

swallowing, yawing and applying

the ?alsalva method

not exceeding a ca!in pressure

altitude of )0000 ft

040 # pilot should not fly immediately after donating !lood !ecause: you have an increased suscepti!ility tofainting

the chance you get the !ends is higher after !lood-donation

your !lood-pressure is too lowafter !lood-donation

your heart rate is too low after !lood-donation

040 7yperventilation is: an increased lung ventilation a too high percentage of nitrogen in the !lood a decreased lung ventilation a too high percentage of oxygen inthe !lood(

040 7yperventilation is: a normal compensatory physiologicalreaction to a drop in partial oxygen pressure$i(e( when clim!ing a high mountain

an increased heart rate caused !y an increasing !lood pressure

an increased heart rate caused !ya decreasing !lood-pressure

a reduction of partial oxygen pressure in the !rain

0402 f some !ody star ts !re athing f as te r a nd de epe r wi thou t physiologica l nee d the !lood turns more ala line the !lood tu rns more a cid the ac id-!ase !a la nc e of the

!lood will not change

the !lood pressure in the !rain

will rise significantly

040 .hen hyperventilating you should: control your rate and depth of !reathing descend apply the ?alsalva method use the oxygen mas

040 # pilot can overcome hyperventilation !y: controlling the rate and depth of !reathingand/or !reathing into a !ag

depending on instruments increasing the rate and depth of !reathing to eliminate harmfulcar!on dioxide

the use of drugs sta!ili<ing !lood pressure

040 +ou can overcome hyperventilation !y !reathing into a plastic or paper !ag(The intention is:

to raise the level of 6) in the !lood as fastas possi!le

to prevent you from exhaling too much oxygen to increase the amount ofnitrogen in the lungs

to reduce !lood pressure

040 =ising the perceptual threshold of a sensory organ means: a lesser sensitivity a greater sensitivity a greater selectivity a lesser selectivity

0403u!c utane ous pre ssure re ce ptors are st imula te d !y: the pre ssure cr ea te d on the cor re sponding !ody parts when sitting, standing or lyingdown

a touch on the sin indicating the true vertical environmental stressors the condition of the !ody itself

040 The proprioceptors do not orient an individual to his/her surroundings, !utinforms him/her of

the relative motion and relative position ofhis !ody parts

a touch on the sin our surroundings the condition in the !ody itself

040 # stereotype and involuntary reaction of the organism on stimulation ofreceptors is called:

reflex data processing control system change of stimulation level

040 The amount of light which stries the retina is controlled !y: the pupil the ciliary !ody the cornea the lens

040 .hen focussing on near o!5ects: the shape of lens gets more spherical the shape of lens gets flatter the cornea gets smaller the pupil gets larger

040 The a!ility of the lens to change its shape is called: accommodation !inocular vision depth perception adaptation

040The me chanism of ac commodation is ca use d !y: the func tioning of the ci liary muscle a round the ela st ic ity of the opt ic ne rve s the func tioning of the musc le s of the dia me te r of the pup il





the lens the eye

040 8res!yopia is: long sightedness lined with age short sightedness myopia high intraocular pressure

040 ?isual acuity during flight at high altitudes can !e affected !y: 1( anaemia)( smoing in the cocpit '( car!on monoxide poisoning 4( hypoxia

1, ), ' and 4 are correct 1,) and ' are correct ),' and 4 are correct 1,' and 4 are correct

040 ;laucoma 1( can lead to total !lindness )( can lead to undetected reduction

of the visual field '( reduces visual acuity in its final stage

1, ) and ' are correct 1 and ' are correct, ) is false ) and ' are correct, 1 is false 1 is correct, ) and ' are false

040 ;laucoma is: high intra-ocular pressure distur!ed colour vision distur!ed adaptation distur!ed night vision

040 The peripheral vision is important for: detecting moving o!5ects visual acuity !inocular vision colour vision

040 #lthough we have a field of vision of more than 1"0N it is important during

flight to use the scanning techniue, !ecause

only in the foveal area resolution is good

enough to see an o!5ect clearly

it is tiring to loo continually in the same

direction

only in the peripheral area of the

retina resolution is good enoughto see an o!5ect clearly

the reduction in the field of vision

with decreasing altitude is due to alac of vitamin #

040 The time an eye needs to adapt fully to the dar is a!out: )* - '0 minutes * minutes 10 minutes 10 seconds

040 The photosensitive cells !eing responsi!le for night vision are called: the rods the fovea the cones the cones and the rods

040 .hen flying through a thunderstorm with lightning you can protect yourselffrom flash!lindness !y: a turning up the intensity of cocpit lights !looing inside the cocpit c wearing sunglasses d using !linds or curtains

when installed

a, !, c and d are correct a, ! and c are correct, d is false a and ! are correct, c and d arefalse

c and d are correct, a and ! arefalse

040 . hich scanning tec hniue should !e used when flying at night& Aoo to the side $10 - 1* deg of the o!5ect( Aoo directly at the o!5ect( Blin your eyes( Aoo with one eye(

040 The ustachian tu!e connects: the middle ear and the throat the auditory duct and the inner ear the semi circular canals the middle ear and the inner ear

040 onductive hearing loss can !e caused !y: 1( damage to the ossicles in the

middle ear caused !y infection or trauma )( a damage of the auditory nerve'( an o!struction in the auditory duct 4( a ruptured tympanic mem!rane

1,),' and 4 are correct ),' and 4 are correct, 1 is false 1,) and ' are correct, 4 is false 1,' and 4 are correct, ) is false

040 @ oise induce d hearing loss $@27A is caused !y: da ma ge of the sensiti ve mem!rane in thecochlea due to overexposure to noise

a !loced ustachian tu!e pressure differences on !oth sidesof the eardrum

reduced mo!ility of the ossicles

040 xcessive exposure to noise damages: the sensitive mem!rane in the cochlea the semi circular canals the ossicles the eardrum

040 The inner ear is a!le to perceive: 1( angular acceleration )( linearacceleration '( @oise

1 and ) and ' are correct ) and ' are correct, 1 is false 1 and ) are correct, ' is false ) is correct, 1 and ' are !oth false

040 #ngular accelerations are perceived !y: the semi circular canals the cochlea the otholiths the receptors in the sin and the 5oints

040 The otoliths in the inner ear are sensitive to: linear acceleration and gravity angular acceleration angular speed constant speed only

040 ?isual distur!ances can !e caused !y: 1( hyperventilation )( hypoxia '(hypertension 4( fatigue

1, ) and 4 are correct 1, ), ' and 4 are correct 1, ) and ' are correct ), ' and 4 are correct

040 >isorientation is more liely to occur when the pilot is: 1( flying in 2E )(

freuently changing !etween inside and outside references '( flying from2E into ?E 4( approaching over still water at night

1, ) and 4 are correct 1, ) and ' are correct ), ' and 4 are correct 1, ' and 4 are correct

040 8ositive linear acceleration when flying in 2E may cause a false sensationof: pitching up pitching down apparent sideward movement ofo!5ects in the field of vision vertigo

040 Ainear acceleration when flying straight and level in 2E may give the

illusion of:

clim!ing descending yawing spinning

040 oriolis illusion, causing spatial disorientation is the result of: simultaneous head movements during aircraftmanoeuvres

undergoing positive ; ga<ing in the direction of aflashing light

normal deterioration of thesemicircular canals with age

040 .hen turning in 2E , head movements should !e avoided as much as

possi!le( This is a prevention against:

coriolis illusion autoinesis oculogyral illusion pressure vertigo

040 # pilot, trying to pic up a fallen o!5ect from the cocpit floor during atight turn, experiences:

coriolis illusion autoinetic illusion !arotrauma pressure vertigo

040 mpty field myopia is caused !y: lac of distant focal points atmospheric perspective o<one at altitude flying over mountainous terrain

040 .hen a pilot is starring at an isolated stationary light for several seconds inthe dar he might get the illusion that:

the light is moving the si<e of the light is varying the intensity of the light isvarying

the colour of the light is varying





040 .hen you stare at a single light against the dar $i(e(( an isolated star you

will find the light appears to move after some time( This phenomenon iscalled:

autoinetic phenomenon !lac hole illusion coriolis illusion leans

040 7ow is ha<e effecting your perception& 6!5ects seem to !e further away than inreality(

6!5e cts wil l give !e tter cont ra st( 7a <e ma e s the eye s to foc us atinfinity

6!5ects seem to !e closer than inreality(

040 The 9Blac hole9 phenomenon occurs during approaches at night and over

water, 5ungle or desert( .hen the pilot is lacing of visual cues other thanthose of the aerodrome there is an illusion of

!eing too high and too far away, dropping

low and landing short

!eing too close, landing long clim!ing !eing too low, flying a steeper

approach than normal

040 +ou fly ?= from your home !ase $runway width ) m, to aninternational airport $runway width 4* m( 6n reaching your destinationthere is a ris of performing a:

high approach with overshoot high approach with undershoot low approach with overshoot low approach with undershoot

040 +ou fly ?= from your home !ase $runway width 4* m to a small airfield$runway width ) m( 6n reaching your destination there is a ris of

performing a:

low approach with unde rshoot high approach with overshoot high approach with unde rshoot low approac h with overshoot

040 1( 2n case of conflicting information you can always trust your 3eat-of-the-

8ants-3ense( )( 2n case of conflicting information !etween the sensoryorgans and the instruments you must !elieve the instruments(

1 is false, ) is correct 1 and ) are correct 1 is correct, ) is false 1 and ) are false

0407ow c an spat ia l d isorien ta tion in 2E !e avoide d& By ma intaining a good inst rume nt cross che c( !el ie ving your !ody sense s only( moving the he ad into thedirection of the resultant vertical(

looing outside whenever possi!leignoring the attitude indicator(

040 .hich procedure is recommended to prevent or overcome spatial

disorientation&

=ely entirely on the indications of the flight

instruments(

Tilt your head to the side to get !etter

information from the semicircular canals(

=ely on the 3eat-of-the-8ants-

3ense(

;et adapted to low levels of

illumination !efore flying and useoff-center vision all the time(

0407ow can a pilot prevent spatia l disor ientation in f light& sta!lish and maintain a good instrument

cross chec(

#lways try to catch outside visual cues( =ely on good situational

awareness !elieving your naturalsenses(

=ely on the inaesthetic sense(

040 2f you are su!5ected to an illusion during night flying you should: continue on instruments dim the cocpit lighting scan the surroundings use your oxygen mas

040 2f you are disorientated during night flying you must: rely on your instruments loo outside descend chec your rate of !reathing - donot !reathe too fast

040 # passenger complains a!out a painful inflated !elly at "(000 feet( +ouadvise him to: 1( un!ucle and massage the !elly )( stand up and let go the

gases out of the intestines '( eat less gas forming food and avoidcar!onhydrated !everages !efore flight in the future 4( drin a lot of waterthroughout the flight

1, ) and ' are correct ), ' and 4 are correct 1 and ' not advisa!le only 4 is correct

040 6n ascent the gases in the digestive tract will expand stay the same shrin !e a!sor!ed !y tissues and !lood

040 7aving a serious cold it is !etter not to fly, due to the extra ris of: 1(flatulence )( pain in the ear during descent '( pressure vertigo 4( pain in the

nasal sinuses

),' and 4 are correct 1 and ) are correct 1,' and 4 are correct 1,) and 4 are correct

040 7aving a serious cold, you are going to fly( .hat can you expect& pain in the sinuses !ends choes hypoxia

0408ain in the middle e ar dur ing de sc en t ma y !e ea se d !y: leve ll ing of f and possi!ly c lim!ing ! loc ing the eff ec te d e ar wi th the pa lm of your

hand

increasing the rate of descent using an oxygen mas

040 .hich symptom does not !elong to the following list: leans !ends choes creeps

040 The symptoms caused !y gas !u!!les under the sin following adecompression are called:

creeps !ends choes leans

040 3ymptoms caused !y gas !u!!les in the lungs, following a decompression

are called:

choes !ends creeps leans

040 3ome hours after a rapid decompression at A '00 you experience pain inthe 5oints( .hich of following answers is correct&

+ou should as for medical advice $flightsurgeon since this is a symptom ofdecompression sicness(

This symptom indicates decompression sicnessand will disappear when you tae someexercise(

This phenomenon is treated !y physiotherapy(

This phenomenon is treated !y !reathing 100% nitrogen(

040 Tolerance to decompression sicness is decreased !y: 1( 3FB# diving )(6!esity '( #ge 4( Body height

1, ) and ' are correct ) and 4 are correct 1, ' and 4 are correct only 4 is correct

040 >ecompression symptoms are caused !y: dissolved gases from tissues and fluids of the !ody

low car!on dioxide pressure of inhaled air low oxygen pressure of inhaledair

release of loced gases from 5 oints





040 2n the event of rapid decompression the first action for the flight dec crew

is:

don oxygen mass and ensure oxygen flow descent to the higher of 10000 ft or E3# transmit mayday call carry out chec for structural

damage

040 The following actions are appropriate when faced with symptoms of

decompression sicness: 1( clim! to higher level )( descent to the higher of10000 ft or E3# and land as soon as possi!le '( !reathe 100 % oxygen 4(o!tain medical advice a!out recompression after landing

), ' and 4 are correct 1, ) and ' are correct 1 and 4 are correct 1 and ' are correct

040 #dverse effects of car!on monoxide increase as: altitude increases altitude decreases air pressure increases relative humidity decreases

040 The human circadian rhythm is !ased on a cycle of a!out: )4 hours 1(* hours 1) hours 4" hours

040 >istur!ance of the !iological cloc appears after a: 1( !ad night9s sleep )(

day flight #msterdam - @ew +or '( day flight #msterdam - Dohannes!urg

4( night flight @ew +or - #msterdam

) and 4 are correct 1,) and ' are correct 1 and ' are correct 1,),' and 4 are correct

040 The effects of sleep deprivation on performance: 1( increase with altitude )(decrease with altitude '( increase with higher worload 4( decrease withhigher worload .hich of the following lists all the correct statements &

1 and ' are correct 1,) and ' are correct 1, ' and 4 are correct ), ' and 4 are correct

040 3leeplessness or the disruption of sleeping patterns 1( can lead to symptomsof drowsiness, irrita!ility and lac of concentration )( will mae anindividual more prone to mae errors

1 and ) are !oth correct 1 is not correct, ) is correct 1 is correct, ) is not correct 1 and ) are !oth not correct

040 hec the following statements: 1( # person experiencing sleep loss isunliely to !e aware of personal performance degradation )( 8erformance

loss may !e present up to )0 minutes after awaing from a short sleep $nap

1 and ) are !oth correct 1 is correct ) is false 1 is false, ) is correct 1 and ) are !oth false

040 The sleep cycles repeat during the course of a night9s sleep( 1( achsucceeding cycle contains a greater amount of =E-sleep( )( reuent

interruption of the =E-sleep can harm a human !eing in the long run(

1 and ) are !oth correct 1 is correct ) is not correct 1 is not correct ) is correct 1 and ) are !oth not correct

040 1( =E-sleep !ecomes shorter with any repeated sleep cycle during thenight( )( =E-sleep is more important for the regeneration of mental and

physical functions than all the other sleep stages are(

1 is not correct ) is correct 1 and ) are !oth correct 1 is correct ) is not correct 1 and ) are false

040 # stress reaction is: the non-specific response of the !ody to

every demand placed on a person

the specific response of the !ody to every

demand placed on a person

the non-specific stimuli causing a

human !ody to respond

the specific stimuli causing a

human !ody to respond

040 # person !eing exposed to extreme or prolonged stress factors can perceive: distress $stress reactions coping stress eustress stressors

040 ;etting uneasy will effect: 1( attention )( concentration '( memory 4( prudence

1, ), ' and 4 are correct 1 and ) are correct 1 and ' are correct ), ' and 4 are correct

040 The !iological reaction to stress is identical regardless of the cause of stress(This mechanism occurs in three phases and is referred to, !y 3elye, as the;eneral #daptation 3yndrome( The seuence is:

alarm phase - resistance phase - exhaustion phase

alarm phase - denial phase - exhaustion phase exhaustion phase - resistance phase - adaptation phase

resistance phase - exhaustion phase - recovery phase

040 #ccording to the different phases of the ;eneral #daptation 3yndromechec the following statements: 1( >uring the alarm phase stress hormones$i(e( adrenalin will cause a massive release of glucose into the !lood, an

acceleration of pulse and !lood pressure as well as an increase in the rateand depth of !reathing )( >uring the resistance phase the parasympatheticsystem uses a different type of hormone $cortisol assisting to c onvert fat

into sugar thus providing sufficient energy supply to the !rain a nd !odycells for sustained operation( '( >uring the exhaustion phase the !ody has to

!e given time to eliminate the waste products which have !een generatedexcessively during the two preceding phases,

1,) and ' are correct 1 and ) are correct, ' is false only 1 is correct ) and ' are correct, 1 is false

040 2f coping with a stress situation is impossi!le, one will remain in the state

of:

distress adaptation hypoxia eustress

040 .hich of the following statements concerning stress are true & 1(#daptation is a new state of euili!rium after having coped with a stressfulsituation( )( #n individual9s anticipation of the situation and his/her

perceived a!ilities to cope with it will determine the type and strength ofstress(

1 and ) are !oth true 1 is true, ) is false 1 is false, ) is true 1 and ) are !oth false

040 Aearning to fly naturally induces stress in a student pilot !ecause he islacing experience( Eanifestations of this type of stress are: 1( nervousness

1 and ) are correct, ' and 4 are false 1 and ) are false , ' and 4 are correct, 1, ) and ' are correct, 4 is fa lse 1, ) and 4 are correct, ' is fa lse





and chanelli<ed attention )( !eing rough at the controls '( smoe and drin

much more alcohol than usual 4( airsicness, lac of sleep

040 The level at which a pilot will experience a situation as stressful depends on the individual9s perception of

availa!le a!ilities in comparison to thesituational demands

does not depend on his capacity to a!sor!

information

depends on the level of demand

!ut not on individualinterpretation of the situationaldemands

depends on self-confidence alone

040 #n identical situation can !e experienced !y one pilot as exciting in a positive sense and !y another pilot as threatening( 2n !oth cases:

the arousal level of !oth pilots will !e raised !oth pilots will loose their motor-coordination !oth pilots will experience thesame amount of stress

the pilot feeling threatened, will !e much more relaxed, than the pilot looing forward to what may

happen

040 8lease chec the following statements: 1( 8sychosomatic means that mental

and/or emotional stressors can !e manifested in organic stress reactions( )(8sychosomatic means that a physical pro!lem is always followed !y

psychological stress(

1 is correct, ) is false 1 and ) are !oth correct 1 is false, ) is correct 1 and ) are !oth false

040 1( 8sychosomatic means that a physiological pro!lem is followed !y psychological stress( )( 8sychosomatic complaints hardly occur in professional aviation !ecause of the strict selection for this particular profession (

1 and ) are !oth not correct 1 and ) are !oth correct 1 is correct ) is not correct 1 is not correct ) is correct

040 .hilst flying a coordinated turn, most of your activity is sill !ased !ehaviour coping !ehaviour nowledge !ased !ehaviour rule !ased !ehaviour

040 The choice of the moment you select flaps depending on situation and

conditions of the landing is:

sill and/or rule !ased !ehaviour nowledge !ased !ehaviour pressure !ased !ehaviour automated !ehaviour

040 The a!ility to monitor information which could indicate the development ofa critical situation

is necessary to maintain good situationalawareness

is dangerous, !ecause it distracts a ttention fromflying the aircraft

maes no sense !ecause thehuman information processingsystem is limited anyway

is responsi!le for the developmentof inadeuate mental models ofthe real world

040 hec the following statements: 1( The first information receiveddetermines how su!seuent information will !e evaluated( )( 2f one hasmade up one9s mind, contradictory information may not get the attention itreally needs( '( .ith increasing stress, channeli<ing attention is limiting the

flow of information to the central decision maer $@3(

1, ) and ' are correct 1and ' are correct 1 and ) are correct ) and ' are correct

040 2n an a!normal situation the pilot has an apparently correct explanation forthe pro!lem( The chance that he/she now ignores or devalues other relevantinformation, not fitting into his/her mental picture is:

increasing the same, no matter if he/she has already madeup his/her mind

not applica!le with old andexperienced pilots

decreasing

040 1( Aively information is easier to tae into consideration for creating amental picture than !oring information( )(The seuence in whichinformation is offered is also important for the use the pilot maes of it(

1 and ) are !oth correct 1 is correct, ) is not correct 1 is not correct, ) is correct 1 and ) are !oth not correct

040 Eany pilots thin up systems to deal with affairs so they don9t have to thinup every time what they have to do(

this has to !e positively appreciated for itincreases consistency in action

this is dangerous for every situation is different this has to !e re5ected for thecompany draws the rules and the

procedures they have to complywith

this has to !e advised against for itreduces flexi!ility at a moment a

pro!lem has to !e solved !yimprovisation(

040 2f someone hyperventilates due to stress his/her !lood will !ecome: more alaline less saturated with oxygen more saturated with car!ondioxide

more acid

040 1( uphoria can !e a symptom of hypoxia( )( 3omeone in an euphoriccondition is more prone to error(


040 8lease chec the following statements: 1( # stressor causes activation )(#ctivation stimulates a person to cope with it


040 ar!on monoxide poisoning can !e treated !y: increasing the amount of oxygen !eing

physically dissolved in the !lood

decreasing the amount of oxygen !eing

com!ined with the hemoglo!in in the !lood

increasing the amount of nitrogen

!eing physically dissolved in the !lood

!reathing into a paper !ag

040 6<one in the air of a pressuri<ed ca!in can !e eliminated !y: o<one-converters avoiding flights along the euator clim!ing to altitudes a!ove4*,000 ft

spraying detergents

040 The exchange of gases !etween the alveoli and the !lood is due to: diffusion changes in atmospheric pressure inspiration physical exercise

040 The circulation of !lood: 1( transports oxygen to the !ody cells )(

withdraws waste products from the cells '( conveys nutrients to the cells.hich of the following lists all the correct answers&

1, ) and ' ) and ' 1 and ' 1 and )





040 The total gas volume of the lung is the sum of: 1( tidal volume )(

inspiratory reserve volume '( expiratory reserve volume 4( residual volume.hich of the following lists the correct com!ination&

1, ), ' and 4 1 and ) ) and ' 1, ) and '

040 >uring hyperventilation: acidity level of the !lood is reduced alalinity level of the !lood is reduced oxygen concentration of the !lood is !elow normal

nitrogen concentration of the !lood is a!ove normal

040 7ypoxic hypoxia may !e caused !y: 1( clim!ing to a high altitude without

using additional oxygen )( malfunction in the oxygen supply system '( lossof ca!in pressuri<ation at high altitude .hich of the following lists all thecorrect answers&

1, ) and ' 1 and ' ) and ' 1 and )

040 .hich of the following gases is fundamentally responsi!le fordecompression sicness&

@itrogen( 6xygen( ar!on dioxide( 3odium(

040 .hat is the name of the functional connection !etween neurones& 3ynapse( By-pass( 2nterconnnection( 6cclusion(

040 ;laucoma is due to: 2ncrease in pressure of the liuid within the

eye

>rop in pressure of the liuid around the eye >amage to the eye!all due to

high altitude

xcess light on the eye!all

040 .hat can cause spatial disorientation& alse perception of orientation of the aircraftwith respect to spatial references(

>amage to the receptor cells in the eyes( =eference to well-definedexternal visual references, such

as the hori<on(

lying in clear daylightconditions(

040 .hat is meant !y pres!ycusis& ;radual loss of hearing with age( Total loss of hearing in one ear due to use of aheadset in the cocpit(

Total loss of hearing in !oth earsdue to disease(

;radual onset of long-sightednesswith age(

040.hen might a pilot have the sensation of a nose-low attitude& .hen decelerating in straight, hori<ontalflight(

>uring linear acceleration( .hen turning $angularacceleration(

.hen clim!ing at greater than)000 T / min

040 The uniue organisation of characteristics which determine the typical or

standard !ehaviour of an individual is nown as:

personality development heredity learning

040 The causes of human error can !e a!undant and complex( .hich of thefollowing factors could contri!ute to human error& 1( 8ersonality( )(

Eotivation and attitudes( '( motional state( 4( xternal environmentalfactors( .hich of the following lists all the correct answers&

1, ), ' and 4 1, ) and ' ) and ' ), ' and 4

040 #mong the external factors that may contri!ute to an error, cocpit noiseand the restriction of the field of view due to windscreen design correspondto:

ergonomic factors( organisational factors( psycho!iological factors( social factors(

040 6rganisational factors which affect or may have some influence on humanerror are: 1( malfunction of technical systems( )( fuel-saving policies( '(rostering( 4( weather phenomena( .hich of the following lists all the

correct answers&

) and ' 1 and 4 1 and ) ' and 4

040 The autocratic leadership style is synonymous with: an authoritarian style a democratic style an anarchic style a laisse<-faire style

040 .hat human function is most sensitive to lac of oxygen& @ight vision( Eotor co-ordination( 7earing( Touch(

040 To avoid incapacity due to gastro-intestinal pro!lems, it is recommendedthat a simple, easily digested meal !efore !oarding the aircraft should !e

accompanied !y:

non-car!onated water wine or !eer car!onated water( no drins, as fluids are notimportant

040 The dry atmosphere of the flight dec may cause dehydration, which maylead to a reduction in the a!ility to pay attention( To prevent this, it is

appropriate to:

drin sufficient non-car!onated liuids drin plenty of coffee drin cool cola drins drin tea

040 affeine may cause an increase in cardiac rhythm, restlessness/nervousness,

insomnia, anxiety and intestinal irrita!ility( xcessive consumption isconsidered to !e in excess of:

)*0 mg/day ' mg/day 40-C* mg/day 1*0 mg/day

040 2n the case of changes to circadian rhythms, the read5ustment to a new time

<one:

is most rapid when f lying west!ound is most rapid when flying east!ound is the same in !oth west!ound

and east!ound flights

occurs immediately, as circadian

rhythms do not change dependingon direction of flying

040 .hich statement a!out acute and chronic fatigue among the following isincorrect&

#cute fatigue generally has psychologicalroots(

hronic fatigue may !e caused !y inadeuaterecuperation from periods of acute fatigue(

hronic fatigue may lead to a person !eing totally apathetic andindifferent to what goes on

around them(

#cute fatigue is felt after a periodof significant exertion oremotional excitement(




040 2n order to avoid hypoglycemia: a pilot should eat regularly and ensure he has

a !alanced diet

a pilot should never eat sugar or sweets peanuts are recommended

!ecause of their high energyvalue

a pilot should not tae snacs

!etween meals

040 @ight vision: reuires up to '0 minutes to reach its !est performance

reuires * minutes to reach its !est performance is insensitive to short durationlight sources

is insensitive to lightning flashesin storms

040 #n engine low oil pressure light has 5ust illuminated( The pilot feels some

stress !uilding up( 7e should:

control his stress !y following appropriate

procedures $e(g( checlists

divert immediately to the nearest airfield persuade himself that this is a

false alarm to reduce his stress

use humour to show that he is not

concerned

040 # pilot experiences difficulties in the control of his aircraft andconseuently omits to monitor the fuel level( This is caused !y:

a lac of attention due to distraction a lac of alertness !oth a lac of attention and a lacof alertness

This pilot manages his attentionwell(

040 2n tropical <ones, it is recommended that: cold drins !e taen from sealed containers one uses ice cu!es in cold drins one eats raw vegeta!les one eats fruit without peeling

them, to ensure a supply of

vitamins040 # pilot meets the ground engineer in charge on the apron( #lthough the

pilot has not !een through flight preparation yet, he nevertheless instructsthe engineer as to the amount of fuel to !e loaded, since he is used to flying

this route( This !ehaviour results from:

a decision !ias due to ha!its $freuency !ias a !ias in selecting data a confirmation !ias a decision !ias due to group$social pressure

040 6n taxiing, !efore taeoff, a !riefing: must !e done systematically in order torefresh the memory of the crew mem!ers andto co-ordinate actions

is not necessary when departing from home !ase !ecause this is routine

is not reuired unless !oth crewmem!ers agree it is essential

is not necessary if the crewmem!ers now each other

040 2 n-flight inca pacitation of a pilot is most freuently c ause d !y: acute gastrointe stinal disorders c hronic pulmonary disorders cardio-vascular disorders !e havioural disorde rs

040 . hen considering the eating-ha!its of pilots: !re afast should !ring a!out )*% of the da il y

calorie intae

low fi!re and low protein/car!ohydratediet is

ideal

a he avy suppe r i s !e st h igh intae of choc olate i s

recommended !efore flight to prevent reactional hypoglycemia

040 6n experiencing a vesti!ular illusion in straight and level flight, it isrecommended that:

you avoid head movements and rely on yourinstruments

you tilt your head to the side opposite to the turnto nullify the stimulus causing the illusion

you close your eyes for a momentso that the oculo-vesti!ularconflict disappears

you rely on your sensations only,as humans are much more relia!lethan flight instruments

040 # person9s attitudes define a set of learned, deep-rooted dispositions $liesand dislies which:

influence a person9s reaction and response to people, situations, etc(

is exactly the same as a person9s personality cannot !e modified throughtraining

do not depend on a person9s pastexperiences

040 The low level of humidity found in a pressurised aircraft ca!in: must !e compensated for !y drining water !efore one gets thirsty

must !e compensated for !y !reathing in to a paper !ag

reuires a regular supply of wateronly for those who are in poor

health( 7ealthy peoplecompensate for this naturally(

must !e compensated for !y aregular supply of coffee or tea

040 8lanning: allows crew mem!ers to anticipate potential

risy situations incidents in each phase offlight and decide on possi!le responses

is unnecessary in the cocpit, as crew mem!ers

are so highly trained, they will always nowwhat to do in unusual situations

in the cocpit typically results in

plans that are always easy tomodify when things are not asanticipated

is dangerous in the cocpit, as it

interrupts flight crew creativity

040 The resistance phase of stress: allows fats to !e transformed into sugars,there!y prolonging the mo!ili<ation of

energy in the !ody

is characterised !y the secretion of adrenalin,increased heart rate and !lood pressure

may cause a person to die !ystopping the defence mechanisms

of the !ody

is very short duration and isunliely to give a pilot the

opportunity to resolve a pro!lem

040 T he cornea and the crystalline le ns of the e ye: cause the conve rgence of light rays onto theretina

e ep the re tina clea n a nd he al thy a llow for the re gulat ion of theamount of light admitted into the

eye

permit the reception andconversion of visual stimuli to

images interpreted !y the !rain

040 ree running circadian rhythms normally have a cycle of approximately: )* hours C hours " hours 'C hours

040.hen the weather is foggy, on approach, a pilot may get a feeling of: the airfield !eing further away than actually

is

his/her visual field shrining $i(e( tunnel vision his/her eyes focusing on infinity aircraft altitude !eing lower than

it actually is

0402n the decision-maing process, confirmation !ias results in: a tendency to loo for information whichconfirms the validity of the decision

choosing familiar solutions, even if they are notthe !est ones

overestimating the freuency ofsome events

a tendency to loo for approval !yother crew-mem!ers, or !y the#T

040 #n experienced pilot: prepares thoroughly for a flight and is a!le toanticipate the ma5ority of possi!le pro!lems

functions exclusively in a reactive manner, as itis not resource-consuming

sees complex solutions to pro!lems, thus using hiscapacities up to 100%

avoids using automated systemsas his experience allows him to

perform all tass manually

0402n order to limi t s tre ss whe n f lying, a pi lot should: ma intain his c ompetenc e !y pra ct ic ing h is professional sills and learning from past

forget a!out !ad past experiences avoid antic ipating events during aflight to manage his worload

drop activities outside wor so asto focus on his wor !etter





experiences

040 # pilot may get the illusion of low altitude on approach although theaircraft is on the correct glidepath:

when the runway is wider than he is used to when the runway is unusually narrow on night approaches only depending on the approach speedof the aircraft

040 The distri!ution of primary causes of accidents in the worldwide 5et aircraftcommercial fleet shows that human error is involved in:

a!out 0% of cases a!out H0% of cases a!out **% of cases all cases, one way or another

040 >uring the cruise, at night, when the worload is low, it is recommendedthat:

the lighting in the cocpit !e increased inorder to prevent low vigilance

the lighting in the cocpit !e dimmed in order toreduce visual fatigue

the lighting in the cocpit !edimmed in order to prevent low

vigilance

only those instruments that arevital to flying the aircraft !e lit in

order to avoid dividing one9sattention

040?ision of terra in re lie f $e (g( hi lls , va lleys, e tc (: i s !a se d on ! inoc ular vi sion a t shor t d is ta nc es

and the rules of proportion and perspective

for o!5ects that are further away

is impossi!le wi th only one e ye is poss i! le at only a t d istance s

over )00 m due to !inocular

vision

is impossi!le if a pilot wears

sunglasses

040 >ecisions made !y pilots in a cocpit: remain valid for a limited time only are always irreversi!le should always !e made asuicly as possi!le

are automatic when pilots areexperts

040 .hen suffering from 7ypoxia short-term memory impairment starts at

approximately at:

1),000 ft 10,000 ft 1",000 ft )*,000 ft

040 7aemoglo!in has an affinity for car!on monoxide of (((((((((((((((times overoxygen

)10 Q )*0 *0 - * * - 10 *00 Q 1,000

040The 8eripheral @ervous 3ystem passes information from the: sensory inputs to the @3 through sensory

and motor nerves

!rain to the sensory stores through sensory

nerves

!rain to all parts of the !ody

through sensory and autonomicnerves

!rain to all parts of the !ody

through sensory nerves

040The ?e st i!ular #ppara tus c ons ist s of the : 3emi-c irc ular c ana ls and the otol iths us ta chian tu!e a nd the se mi-c irc ular c anals oc hlea a nd the a ud itory ne rve us ta ch ia n tu!e and the pinna

040 The RAeansS or 3omatogyral illusion can !e caused !y: =educing !an following a prolonged turn Bunting the aircraft ;oing into a turn too uicly # carrier tae-off

040 #mong the factors which affect visua l acuity are : 7ypoxia, age and angular distance from the

fovea

3moing, colour !lindness and angular distance

from the fovea

olour !lindness, alcohol and

amount of light availa!le

olour !lindness, visi!ility and

angular distance from the fovea

040 8res!yopia is normally caused !y: # decrease of accommodation # lac of vitamin # # lac of empty field # mis-shapened cornea

040 #stigmatism is caused !y: # mis-shapened cornea # lac of vitamin # # lac of empty field # lac of accommodation

040 ataract is caused !y: # clouding of the lens Aac of mo!ility of the cornea # lac of accommodation at thecornea

# mis-shapened cornea

040#mong the factors that increase tolerance to long-duration g forces are: Bending forward or supine !ody position andtensing of the a!dominal muscles

orrect use of pilots harness and tensing of thea!dominal muscles

#nti-g suits and correct use of pilots harness

Tensing the leg muscles andcorrect use of pilots harness

040 The a!ility to withstand g forces is reduced !y a num!er of factors, among

these factors are:

Aow !lood sugar, o!esity and hypoxia 7ypoxia , fa tigue and vi!rations 3moing, o!esity and vi!rations 8hysical fi tness, heat and

hypotension

040 .hat are the two types of attention & 3elective and divided 2ntuitive and !ehavioural >ivided and intuitive ognitive and intuitive

040 Trace elements should !e o!tained through: # !alanced diet ?itamin pills ating plenty of meat andvegeta!les

>airy products and vegeta!les

040 #mong the symptoms of hypoglyc ae mia are: 7eadache and lac of concentration >ou!le vision and puffiness around the eyes 3evere eye and head aches >iffic ulty in foc ussing on nea r-!yo!5ects

040 #pproximately how long will a !lood/alcohol level of C0 mgm/100ml tae

to return to normal &

4 hours " hours 1) hours 1 hour

040The f irst step for an individuals cure of a lcoholism is: The admission that he/she is an a lcoholic anda willingness to accept treatment

ounselling utting down on theconsumption of alcohol

# complete a!stinence fromalcohol

040 8ho!ic states or o!sessional disorders will : reuire successful treatment !efore flying

may !e permitted

always result in permanent loss of a flying

licence

result in the loss of a lass 2

medical classification aftersuccessful treatment

reuire immediate termination of

flying

040 holera can !e transmitted through: ood or water which has !een contaminated >roplets in the air cause !y the !reath of aninfected person

2nsect !ites Bacteria in the form of spores viaa puncture in the sin

040 Tetanus is transmitted through: Bacteria in the form of spores via a puncture

in the sin

>roplets in the air cause !y the !reath of an

infected person

2nsect !ites ood or water which has !een

contaminated

040 7epatitis U# is transmitted through: ood or water which has !een contaminated >roplets in the air cause !y the !reath of aninfected person

2nsect !ites Bacteria on the form of spores viaa puncture in the sin




U N O NC N ONSsubj Domanda RispostaA RispostaB RispostaC RispostaD Ch!"

040 =ecords of radiation are normally ept for flights a!ove: 4H,000 ft 4*,000 ft 40,000 ft **,000 ft

040 ;alactic =adiation is: 3teady and reasona!ly predicta!le Fnsteady and reasona!ly predicta!le 3teady !ut unpredicta!le Fnsteady and unpredicta!le

040 The effects of ;alactic radiation: 2ncreases with altitude >ecreases with altitude 2s unaffected !y altitude =emains steady up to 4H,000 ftand thereafter increases

040 xcessive intae of aspirin can cause: ;astric !leeding 3ensory loss its Eemory impairment

040 #mong the factors which can cause illusions during the taxi are: =elative movement and cocpit height a!ovethe ground

?isi!ility and distance >istance from the edge of thetaxiway and taxi lighting

>istance from the edge of thetaxiway and cocpit lighting

040 The 3omatogravic illusion gives the pilot a false impression of: lim!ing >escending and turning to the left lim!ing and turning to the right >escending and turning to the

right

040 #utoinesis can give the pilot the impression that: a star is another aircraft the aircraft is clim!ing lights from ships are stars lights are further away than in factthey are(

040 6ne of the ma5or protective measures against illusions is: comprehensive !riefing and de-!riefing regular eye tests wearing of good uality sunglasses

wearing of polaroid sun glasses

040 The sleep pattern is closely associated with: Body temperature #drenal gland output Blood pressure 7eart rate

040 The normal sleep cycle is approximately every ((((((((((((((((minutes H0 C0 1)0 1"0

0402f a stop-over is more than )4 hours, the correct action is to: Eove to the new time as soon as possi!le 3tay on home time and, on arrival, move to the

new time

3tay on home time @o ad5ustment is necessary

040 #lcohol degrades: 8aradoxical sleep 3low wave sleep 3tage ) sleep 3tage ' and 4 sleep

040The e ff ec ts of the following a re cumula tive : 3tre ssors , c ar!on monoxide a nd s le ep de fici t 3tre ssor s, pain a nd poor night vis ion 3tr essor s , a lt itude a nd pain ar!on monoxide , a lti tude a ndalcohol

040 Eode rror is associated with: #utomation 7ardware hec lists 3oftware

040 The two types of fatigue are: hronic short-term 3hort-term oppressive 6ppressive negative 7eavy light

040 The main purpose of lum!ar support is to: produce an even pressure of the discs !y

allowing the lower spine to curve naturally(

allow the most comforta!le position for the

spine and shoulder !ones

allow the most comforta!le

position for the spine

allow the most comforta!le

position for the spine and highernec !ones

040 B eha viour is the out ward re sult of (((((((((((((((((((and is ((((((((((((((((((((((: #ttitude and personality adapta!le 8ersonalit y inadapta!le #ttitude ada pta!le #ttitude a nd personality

inadapta!le

040 .ith too much cohesion, ;roupthin can have((((((((((((((((((((((( =esults: @egative 8ositive and far-reaching 8opular and positive 8ositive

040 ohesion is a ma5or advantage in times of: >ifficulty #chievement 8ersonal advancement 3uccess

040 >ifferences of opinion should !e regarded as ((((((((((((((((((((V 7elpful onfrontational 7aving negative influence on thegroup and are not to !e

encouraged

3tressful

040 =E and E training are designed to improve: The uality of crew performance 2ndividual achievement 2ndividual efficiency andcontri!ution

The uality and a num!er ofindividuals performance

0407aving made a decision, a ommander of an aircraft should: #lways try to mae time to explain the

reasons for the decision even if it is afterlanding

xplain the reasons for the decision only if time

permits in the air

#s the leader of the crew, never

need explain the reasons !ehindthe decision

xplain the reasons for the

decision only if ased

040The three types of #uthority ;radient ocpits are : #utocratic , Aaisser-aire and 3ynergistic #uthorita tive , Aaisser-aire and 3ynergistic #utocratic, ollowship and3ynergistic

#uthoritative, ollowship and3ynergistic

040 # aptain running an #utocratic cocpit is normally: 6ver-loaded Fnder-wored fficient # good leader

040 The RidealS cocpit can !e termed as: 3ynergistic ohesive ommunicative o-operative

040 # pilot using a checlist is an example of the interaction within the 37AAoncept of:

A and 3 A and A A and 7 A and

040 The choice of words and their pacaging !ecome more important in thecocpit of an aircraft !ecause:

Aoss of !ody language Aoss of hypertext Aoss of situational awareness Aoss of perception

040 ommunication efficiency is sensitive to: .orload and interruptions 8acaging of words 8acaging of phrases 8acaging of sentences

040 - human performance & limitations

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