04 sep-602a_distance protection zm,phs, zdir

8/10/2019 04 SEP-602A_Distance Protection ZM,PHS, ZDIR

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2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

REL 670 Line DistanceProtection IED

Distance protection ZM, PHS,

ZDIR

Substation Automation andProtection Training

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Distance Protection in REL 670


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Distance Protection in REL 670

ZM01, ZM02 ZM05 (zone measurements ):

They calculate the 6 impedance loops with non directional characteristic.

PHS (phase selection):It detects the faulty loops by using

impedance-based algorithm

(STCNDZ), or by using current-

based algorithm (STCNDI).

It detects presence in the Load

area (load encroachment) by using

impedance-based algorithm.

ZD01 (directionality):

It detects the direction for all the

six loops. Memory voltage is here!

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Combination of ZD and ZM

Directionality Non Directional

Characteristic

Setti

ngis

Forward

Settingis

Reverse

Settin

gisNo

n-direc

tional

AND


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Combination of directional characteristic and Load Area

Directional Characteristic Load Area (in Phase Selector)

AND

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Impedance protection characteristic - examples

PE or PP loops

Depending on settings of ZM, PHS and ZD, there can be different shapes of characteristics:


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ZM function blocks

In order to do th is they

measure different electrical

impedances (loops)

ZM function blocks

(ZM01, ZM02, , ZM05)

are responsible for measuring the

distance to the fault.

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Phase to phase faults and settings

Reach (settings X1, R1)


arc resistance

(Setting RFPP)

Z1

Z1

Z1L1

L2

L3

Rf


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ZM measures the ohm/phase impedance of the fault.

ZM PP loops (2-phase faults)

R1+j X1

R1+j X1

L1

L2

RFPP2

RFPP

2

Test equipment must be set in ohm/phase!

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ZM measures the ohm/phase impedance of the fault.

ZM PP loops (3-phase faults)

R1+j X1

L2

R1+j X1

L1

RFPP2

RFPP2

Test equipment must be set in ohm/phase!

R1+j X1

L3

RFPP2


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Phase to earth faults and settings


Fault resistance

(Setting RFPE)

Z1

Z1

Z1L1

L2

L3

ZNN

Neutral Impedance reach

(settings X1, R1, X0, R0)

Rf

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ZM measures the ohm/loop impedance of the fault.

ZM PE loops (phase-earth faults)

R1+j X1

L1

N

RFPE

Test equipment must be set in ohm/loop!

2 (R1+j X1) + (R0+j X0)

3Zloopset =

(R0+j X0) - (R1+j X1)

3ZNset =


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Example of ZM settings

Set ZM zones as indicated: ZM01 = 85% of l ine (fw) 0 ms

ZM02 = 125% of line (fw) 400 ms

ZM03 = 150% of line (rv) 800 ms

ZM04 = 200% of line (fw) 1000 ms

ZM05 = OFF

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Settings for ZM01, 85% of line (fw) 0 ms

Settings are in primary, so there is no need to convert primary settings into

secondary.


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Set RFPE = 15 ohms and RFPP = 10 ohms


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Set pr imary nominal rated references (base values)



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Al l set tings for ZM1:


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Settings for ZM02:


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Settings for ZM03, 150% of line (rv) 800 ms

Settings for ZM03:

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Settings for ZM04:


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Sett ings for ZM05, OFF

Settings for ZM05:

Operation = Off

is the important setting.

Other settings have been

modified in order to avoid

misunderstandings.Note how they have been set to

the MAX allowed value.

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Settings for ZD01, directional function

Directional lines function block (ZD01) must also be set.

Keep default

(10%)

Keep default unless network

calculations suggest dif ferent

settings


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Settings for ZD01 series compensated lines

Settings for series compensated lines must be changed!

Change default settings for

series compensated networks

(from 115 to 130)

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! The hidden link..

There is a hidden characteristic AND between PHS and ZM,

through the STCNDZ signal.

PHS settings should be calculated in such a way to COVER the zones connected to

STCNDZ (usually ZM01 and ZM02), otherwise the characteristic can be different from the

expected one!


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Phase Selector - PHS

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Basic PHS settings

Keep these settings as default

Unless system studies

suggest different values


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Settings of PHS

PHS settings should be calculated in such a way to COVER the zones connected to

STCNDZ (usually ZM01 and ZM02).

In a more simple way:

Ground Faults (L1N, L2N, L3N PE loops): LN characteristic of PHS must cover LNcharacteristic of ZM02

2-Phase faults (L1L2, L2L3, L3L1 PP loops): LL characterist ic of PHS must cover LL

characteristic of ZM02

3-phase faults (L1L2L3 PP loops): L1L2L3 characteristic of PHS selector must cover

L1L2L3 characterist ic of ZM02.

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PHS LN Characteristic ohm/loop domain

The easiest way is to use the non-

directional characteristic o f PHS


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PHS LL and LLL Characteristic ohm/phase domain

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PHS LL and LLL Characteristic ohm/phase domain


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Conclusion on PHS settings

PHS settings should be done according to users guide formulae. They can be

graphically verif ied by using the informal EXCEL tool given to the course participants

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PHS settings to cover ZM01 and ZM02

PHS settings to cover the calculated ZM02 zone are the followings:


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PHS settings for the Load Area

PHS settings defining the load cutting area are the followings:

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From Power data to PHS load data:


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Load Area of PHS (example in forward di rection).

jX

R

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PHS Load Area for PE loops: LNfaults

LN faults:

Ohm/loop domain


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PHS Load Area for PP loops: LL and L1L2L3 faults

LL faults: L1L2L3 faults:

Ohm/phase domain Ohm/phase domain

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Real PHS characteristic: PE Loops

LN faults:

Ohm/loop domain


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Real PHS characteristic: PP Loops

LL faults:

Ohm/phase domain

L1L2L3 faults:

Ohm/phase domain

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Consequences on ZM shape (PP Loops)

ArgLd < 30 degrees:


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Consequences on ZM shape (PP Loops)

ArgLd > 30 degrees:

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PHS can trip

PE characteristic, LN faults

PP Characteristic, LL faults

PP characterist ic, L1L2L3 faults

In some application, typical remote back-up

applications, PHS can be set to tr ip if the fault is

measured within the characterist ics (not A32

application).

PHS can be seen as a non di rectional zone, with 3 dif ferent characteristics:


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A32 - Impedance Protection Set-up

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Measured characteristic for calculated settings

PE loops, LN faults ohm/loop domain (KL factor in test equipment = 0).

Primary ohms.


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PP loops, LL faults ohm/phase domain. Primary ohms.


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PP loops, L1L2L3 faults ohm/phase domain. Primary ohms.



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A32 - Connections to TRIP function

This logic w orks BEFORE the trip and not

DURING the trip to avoi d unwanted three-phase

trip command from A/R or Binary Input.

04 sep-602a_distance protection zm,phs, zdir

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