04 reproduction in animals

8/12/2019 04 Reproduction in Animals

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diegsmjudirpmysgbs.ge

Inn ngvgek frkiegsds prfaubl yfuek fels f` tmlgr fwe jgea l.k.i afk kgvls cgrtm tf puppgls, i bit prfaubls

jgttles. Qml prfaubtgfe f` elw geagvgauins `rfd pirlets gs jefwe is rlprfaubtgfe. Gt gs fel f` tml dfstgdpfrtiet prfplrty f` ngvgek clgeks is gt lesurls tml bfetgeuitgfe f` sgdgnir jgeas f` geagvgauins klelritgfe

i`tlr klelritgfe.

Slprfaubtgfe

Slprfaubtgfe gs tml prfblss cy wmgbm pniets iea iegdins prfaubl yfuek fels f` tmlgr fwe jgea.

Dfals f` rlprfaubtgfe

Slprfaubtgfe bie cl (i) Islxuin (c) Rlxuin

Slprfaubtgfe ge pnietsGe islxuin rlprfaubtgfe, tml vlkltitgvl pirt f` tml pniet subm is rfft, stld fr nli` gs bipicnl f` prfaubgek

gts fwe jgea g` gt klts prfplr bfeagtgfe `fr gts krfwtm. Bfddfeny pniets rlprfaubl islxuinny cy rffts,

stlds iea nlivls.

Cieiei, kgeklr pftitf irl tml lxidpnls f` stlds krfwgek getf i elw pniet.

Ge ispirikus, swllt pftitf iea aimngi, gt gs tml rffts wmgbm kgvl rgsl tf i elw pniet. Ge Cryfpmynnud, tml

nlivls prfaubl elw pniets.

Ge slxuin rlprfaubtgfe tmlrl irl dinl iea `ldinl rlprfaubtgvl pirts nfbitla ge tml `nfwlr. Qmlsl prfaubl

dinl iea `ldinl kidltls iea `lrtgngzitgfe fbburs iea untgditlny sllas irl prfaubla. Qmlsl sllas prfaubl

i elw pniet.

1BMI_QLS

BFEQLEQR

Getrfaubtgfe

Dfals f` Slprfaubtgfe

Rlxuin rlprfaubtgfe ge iegdins

Rlxuin rlprfaubtgfe ge mudies

Islxuin rlprfaubtgfe ge iegdins

SL_SFA\ QGFE GE EGD NR

Getrfaubtgfe


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@ gk. P.R. f` `nfwlr iea `rugt

Slprfaubtgfe ge iegdins

Dihfrgty f` tml iegdins rlprfaubl slxuinny. Rlxuin rlprfaubtgfe gevfnvls twf geagvgauins clnfekgek tf twf

ag``lrlet slxls-dinl iea `ldinl. Cftm dinl iea `ldinl prfaubl splbgingzla slx blnns binnla kidltls.

Dinls prfaubl dinl kidltls (splrds) ge tlstls iea `ldinls prfaubl `ldinl kidltls (lkks) ge fvirgls.

Aurgek `lrtgngzitgfe, tmlsl twf splbgin blnns, g.l., dinl kidltls (splrd) iea `ldinl kidltl (lkk) ùsl

tfkltmlr. Qmlgr ùsgfe gs tlrdla is `lrtgngzitgfe. Is i rlsunt f` tml ùsgfe f` twf kidltls i strubturl (blnn)gs `frdla wmgbm gs jefwe is Xykftl.

@ gk.Cgeiry `gssgfe ge Idflci

_irlet

Agvgsgfe f` eubnlus

Aiukmtlr

Aiukmtlr


3/12


@ gk. Slklelritgfe ge Myari

@lrtgngzitgfe

Qml prfblss f` `usgfe f` dinl iea `ldinl kidltls tf prfaubl zykftl gs tlrdla is `lrtgngzitgfe.

Alvlnfpdlet f` Iegdins

Rfdl iegdins niy lkks.Qmlsl irl binnla fvgpirfus Lxidpnlsgeslbts, ngziras, cgras ltb.

Rfdl iegdins prfaubl fr kgvl cgrtm tf yfuek fels. Qmlsl irl binnla vgvgpirfus LxidpnlsDiddins.

Rlxuin rlprfaubtgfe ge mudies

Slprfaubtgfe ge mudies gs getlrein g.l. `lrtgngzitgfe iea alvlnfpdlet f` zykftl tijls pnibl gesgal tml cfay

f` tml `ldinl.

Ibtgvl rlprfaubtgvl ng`l ge mudies clkges it puclrtyi stikl wmle rlprfaubtgvl frkies clbfdl `uebtgfein.

Qml feslt f` slxuin diturgty fbburs ge cfys cltwlle tml ikl f` 99 iea 90 iea ge kgrns cltwlle tml ikl

f` 9? iea 9


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@ gk. Mudie dinl rlprfaubtgvl systld

@ldinl rlprfaubtgvl systld

Frkies f` tml `ldinl rlprfaubtgvl systld irl 8

I pigr f` fvirgls 8Qmly irl nfbitla ge tml icafdgein bivgty. Libm fviry prfaubls fvi, tml `ldinl kidltl.Gt gs tml prgdiry slx frkie f` `ldinl.

Fvgaubt fr @innfpgie tucls 8 Qmly irl i pigr f` nfek tucls tmit birry tml fvi `rfd tml fvirgls tftml utlrus. Fvgaubt mis i ùeeln smipla fplegek elir tml fviry. @lrtgngzitgfe fbburs ge tml ìnnfpgie

tucl. \tlrus ([fdc) 8 Gt gs i plir smipla frkie wmlrl tml ldcryf alvlnfps.

Pikgei 8 Pikgei rlblgvls splrds `rfd tml dinl. Gt insf slrvls is tml pissikl tmrfukm wmgbm tmlùnny alvlnfpla `fltus gs cfre.

@ gk. Mudie `ldinl rlprfaubtgvl systld


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Dlestruin bybnl

Qml clkgeegek f` tml dlestruin bybnl (dfeirbml) dirjs tml feslt f` puclrty (it tml ikl f` 9392 ylirs)

ge mudie `ldinls iea gt nists uptf 1?


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Qml krfwgek ldcryf gesgal tml utlrus ellas `ffa iea fxykle. Gt insf prfaubls egtrfklefus wistls wmgbm

ella tf cl rldfvla. Qmlsl ùebtgfes irl plr`frdla cy pnibleti. Gt gs i agsb ngjl strubturl ittibmla `rfd

utlrgel winn. I bfra klts ittibmla `rfd tml pnibleti wgtm tml `fltus. Qml stikl f` ldcryf ge wmgbm inn

cfay pirts irl galetg`gicnl gs binnla `fltus.

Gt tijls icfut 7 dfetms `fr tml ldcryf tf alvlnfp gesgal tml dftmlrs cfay.

_irturgtgfe

_irturgtgfe gs tml ibt f` lxplnngek tml ùnn tlrd yfuek fel `rfd tml dftmlrs utlrus it tml lea f` klstitgfe.

Klstitgfe (prlkeieby) gs bfdpnltla ge icfut 3=? aiys `rfd tml stirt f` dftmlrs nist dlestruitgfe.

Iafnlsblebl iea puclrty

Qml plrgfa f` ng`l, wmle tml cfay uealrkfls bmiekls, nliagek tf rlprfaubtgvl diturgty gs binnla iafnlsblebl.

Qmgs plrgfa f` ikl gs bfddfeny binnla is tlleikl (92 tf 9= fr 97 ylirs f` ikl.) Mfwlvlr, tmgs plrgfa

f` iafnlsblebl virgls `rfd plrsfe tf plrsfe. \suinny iafnlsblebl, ge kgrns clkges i ylir fr twf lirnglr

tmie ge cfys.

Aurgek iafnlsblebl, tml cfay uealrkfls slvlrin bmiekls. Qmlsl bmiekl dirj tml clkgeegek f` puclrty.

It puclrty tml cfys iea kgrns stirt clbfdgek bipicnl f` rlprfaubtgfe. Qml plrgfa f` puclrty leas wmle

ie iafnlsblet clbfdls ùnny diturl `fr rlprfaubtgfe.

Bmiekls aurgek puclrty

Diey bmiekls tijl pnibl aurgek tml puclrty. Rfdl f` tml eftgblicnl bmiekls irl dletgfela clnfw.

Gebrlisl ge mlgkmt 8Aurgek tml clkgeegek f` puclrty tml mlgkmt f` tml bmgnalre stirts gebrlisgek. Qml

nfek cfels f` nlks iea irds lnfekitl iea dijl tml geagvgauins tinn iea niejy. Ruaale gebrlisl ge

mlgkmt dijls tmld sngddlr.

Bmiekls ge cfay smipl

Aurgek puclrty, tml pittlre f` krfwtm ag``lrs ge kgrns iea cfys.

Ge cfys 8 Qml bmlsts iea smfunalre clbfdl wgalr is bfdpirla tf kgrns. Qml cfay insf ipplirs

dfrl dusbunir tmie kgrns.

Ge kgrns 8Qml krfwtm f` dusbnls gs eft is dubm is ge cfys. Qml cfay smfws burvls ge blrtige pirts.

Qml rlkgfe clnfw tml wigst clbfdls wgalr iea crfialr.

Bmiekl ge vfgbl

It puclrty tmlrl gs bmiekl ge vfgbl.

Ge cfys 8 Qml vfgbl clbfdls mfirsl iea mlivy aul tf tml lxtri krfwtm f` vfgbl cfx fr tml niryex.

Ge dfst f` tml cfys, yfu bie sll tml krfwgek vfgbl cfx ge tml elbj rlkgfe hust clnfw tml bmge. Qmgs

gs binnla Iaids Ippnl.

Ibtgvgty f` swlit iea slciblfus knieas

Rwlit knieas, is tml eidl sukklsts irl tml knieas wmgbm slbrltl swlit. Qmlsl knieas clbfdl ibtgvl

iea slbrltl dfrl swlit. Rgdgnirny, tml slciblfus knieas irl knieas wmgbm slbrltl fgn. Clbiusl f` tml

ibtgvgty f` tmlsl knieas, tml sjge f` yfuek kgrns iea cfys clbfdls fgny. Diey yfuek kgrns iea cfys alvlnfp

ibel iea pgdpnls it tmgs lkl aul tf tmgs rlisfe.


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Alvlnfpdlet f` slx frkies

It puclrty ge cfys, tml slx frkiestlstls iea plegs alvlnfp bfdpnltlny iea clbfdl ùebtgfein. Qmly

stirt prfaubgek splrds. Ge kgrns, aurgek tmgs plrgfa fvirgls lenirkl iea clbfdl ùebtgfein. Lkks clkgetf diturl. Qml fvirgls insf rlnlisl diturl lkks plrgfagbinny.

Ldftgfein isplbts

Wfuek cfys iea kgrns aurgek tmgs plrgfa clbfdl bfesbgfus f` tmlgr `gkurl iea ittgrl. Cfys iea kgrns stirt

tijgek getlrlst ge tml fppfsgtl slx. F`tle, clbiusl f` tml cfay bmiekls, tmly `lln geslburl iea vlry

slesgtgvl. Qmgs gs tml plrgfa wmle tmly rlqugrl bfueslnngek tmit tmlrl gs ef rlisfe tf `lln ismidla frgeslburl clbiusl f` tml pmysgbin iea ldftgfein bmiekls. Qml bmiekls irl eiturin pirt f` krfwgek ieatijl pnibl ge tml ng`l f` inn geagvgauins.

Dletin iea getlnnlbtuin Alvlnfpdlet

Qmgs plrgfa gs dirjla cy tml dletin alvlnfpdlet. Gt gs tml plrgfa wmle crige mis tml krlitlst bipibgty

tf fcslrvl iea nlire. Geagvgauins aurgek iafnlsblebl plrgfa stirt tmgejgek gealplealetny. Qmly wfuna

ngjl tf tijl albgsgfes gealplealetny. Rfdltgdls bfe`gbts alvlnfp cltwlle tmld iea tmlgr lnalrs it tmgsstikl. Wfuek fels smfuna try tf rldige ibtgvl iea prfcnlds, tml yfuek fels smfuna tinj `riejny wgtmtmglr pirlets tf rldfvl tmglr afucts.

Rlbfeairy slxuin bmiribtlrs

Wfu mivl nliret tmit aurgek puclrty iea iafnlsblebl plrgfa tml rlprfaubtgvl frkies diturl iea stirt

ùebtgfegek. Ge iaagtgfe tf tml icfvl sfdl bmiekls tijl pnibl cftm ge cfys iea kgrns wmgbm irl vgsgcnllxtlreinny is wlnn. Qmlsl bmiekls irl tlrdla is slbfeairy slxuin bmiribtlrs.

Rfdl f` tml slbfeairy slxuin bmiribtlrs irl dletgfela clnfw

Ge dinls 8

Pfgbl clbfdls allplr.@ibgin migrs ge tml `frd f` clira iea dfustibmls stirt ipplirgek.

Cfay stirts clbfdgek dusbunir.

Rmfunalrs crfiale

Migrs uealr tml ird pgt, bmlst iea pucgb rlkgfe stirt krfwgek.

Ge `ldinls 8

Alvlnfpdlet f` crlists tijls pnibl

Nfwlr rlkgfe clnfw tml wigst stirts crfialegek.

Migrs stirt krfwgek ge tml ird pgts, iea pucgb rlkgfe.

Dlestruitgfe stirts.

[mit gegtgitls bmiekls ge dinls iea `ldinls it puclrty

Qml bmiekls wmgbm tijl pnibl cftm ge dinls iea `ldinls irl bfetrfnnla cy blrtige mfrdfels slbrltla

cy leafbrgel knieas.

Ge dinls, tml tlstfstlrfel fr dinl mfrdfel gs slbrltla cy tml tlstls it tml stirt f` puclrty. Qmgsmfrdfel gs rlspfesgcnl `fr bmiekls (slbfeairy slxuin bmiribtlrs) tmit fbbur aurgek puclrty.

Ge `ldinls, fe tml feslt f` puclrty lstrfkle fr `ldinl mfrdfel gs slbrltla cy tml fvirgls. Lstrfkledijls tml crlists tf alvlnfp. Qml `ldinl mfrdfel gs rlspfesgcnl `fr tml alvlnfpdlet f` diddiryknieas (dgnj prfaubgek knieas) ge tml crlists. Mfwlvlr, tml prfaubtgfe f` dgnj gs uealr tml bfetrfn f`

ieftmlr mfrdfel rlnlisla cy pgtugtiry kniea nfbitla ge tml crige (fxytfbge)


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Mfw gs tml slx f` tml bmgna tf cl cfre altlrdgela

Qml cfay blnns f` lvlry mudie geagvgauin, wmltmlr dinl fr `ldinl,

pfs sl ss 32 pig r f` bm rf df sf dl s. F` tml sl 32 pi grs f`

bmrfdfsfdls irl sgdgnir ge inn rlsplbts. Mfwlvlr 32ra pigr gs

ag``lrlet. Qml bmrfdfsfdls f` 32ra pigr irl binnla slx

bmrfdfsfdls. Ge `ldinls tmlsl bmrfdfsfdls irl 33 + ]] pigrs

f` bmrfdfsfdls iea ge dinls tmly irl 33 + ]W pigrs f`

bmrfdfsfdls. [mle `ldinl kidltls (lkks) irl prfaubla, libm

lkk bfetiges 33 + ] iea 33 + ] bmrfdfsfdls. Qml dinls fe tml

ftmlr miea prfaubl dinl kidltls (splrds) mivgek 33 + ] iea

ftmlr mivgek 33 + W bmrfdfsfdls. Aurgek `lrtgngzitgfe, tml slx f`

tml uecfre klts albgala is smfwe ge tml `gkurl

@rfd tml icfvl gt gs bnlir tmit inn bmgnalre wgnn gemlrgt ie ] bmrfdfsfdl `rfd tmglr dftmlr rlkiranlss f`

wmltmlr tmly irl cfys fr kgrns. Qmus tml slx f` tml bmgnarle wgnn cl altlrdgela cy wmit tmly gemlrgt `rfd

tmlgr ìtmlr. I bmgna gemlrgtgek ie ] bmrfdfsfdl `rfd tml ìtmlr wgnn cl i kgrn iea tml fel wmf gemlrgts

W `rfd tml ìtmlr wgnn cl i cfy. Ge fur sfbglty gt gs f`tle tml dftmlr wmf gs cnidla `fr kgvgek cgrtm tf

i kgrn bmgna wmgbm gs gebfrrlbt sbgletg`gbinny iea dlagbinny.

Knieas Mf rdfel Rl brl tl a Ibtgfe f` M frdf el

_gtugtiry

(Distlr Kniea)

(g) Krfwtm Mfrdfel (KM)

(gg) _rfnibge

(ggg) Fxytfbge

(gv) Pisfprlssge fr IAM

(v) @fnngbunir stgdunitgek Mfrdfel

(@RM)

Rtgdunitls tmyrfga tf prfaubl tmrfxge.

Bfetrfns krfwtm

Dgnj prfaubtgfe ge `ldinls

Dgnj lhlbtgfe, Bmgna cgrtm

[itlr rlicsfrptgfe ge jgaely

Rtgdunitls kfeias tf slbrltl mfrdfels ge

cftm dinl iea `l dinl

Qmyrfga Qmyrfxge Slkunitls krfwtm iea dlticfngsd

Iarlein Iarleinge (lelrkleby mfrdfe) Bfetrfns mlirt clit iea cnffa prlssurl.

_ iebrlis Gesunge Slkunitls tml idfuet f` sukir ge cnffa.

Qlstls Qlstfstlrfel (g) Rplrd prfaubtgfe

(gg) Alvlnfpdlet f` slbfeairy slxuin

bmiribtlr ge dinls

Lstrfkle (g) Lkk prfaubtgfe

(gg) Alvlnfpdlet f` slbfeairy slxuin

bmiribtlr ge `ldinls

_rfklstlrfel Digetige prlkeieby

Qicnl

Knieas , tml gr Rlbrltgfe iea M frdfein Ib tgfe

Fviry


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I. Rgeknl Bfrrlbt Ieswlr typl Yulstgfes

Y. 9 Cgras irl

(I) fvgpirfus wgtm getlrein `lrtgngzitgfe

(C) fvgpirfus wgtm lxtlrein `lrtgngzitgfe

(B) fvfvgvgpirifus

(A) vgvgpirfus

Y. 3 L xtlr ei n ` lr t gn gzi tgf e f bb ur s i ndf st

lxbnusgvlny ge micgtit tmit irl

(I) wird (C) trfpgbin

(B) iquitgb (A) brfwala

Y. 2 Qml plrgfa wmld dlestruin bybnl stfps gs

(I) dleirbml (C) nutlin pmisl

(B) dlefpiusl (A) mlit plrgfa

Y. 1 Qml klstitgfe plrgfa rl`lrs tf tml plrgfa

(I) cltwlle `lrtgngzitgfe iea cgrtm

(C) f` zykftl alvlnfpldlet

(B) wmle ngegek f` utlrus gs rlpnibla

(A) f` alvlnfpdlet f` slbfeairy slxuinbmiribtlrs

Y. < _rfng`lritgvl pmisl f` dlestruin bybnl nists

`fr aiys

(I) < (C) =

(B) 9? (A) 93

Y. 0 I mudie `ldinl rlibmls dlefpiusl irfuea

tml ikl f`

(I) ;? ylirs (C) 3< ylirs

(B) 9< ylirs (A)


10/12


Y.9= Mudie clgeks irl 8

(I) Fvfvgvgpirfus (C) Fvgpirfus

(B) _irtmlefkletgb (A) Pgvgpirfus

Y.97 Iegdins wmgbm smfw vgvgpirty gebnual 8

(I) wminls (C) cfey `gsmls

(B) rueegek cgras (A) turtnls

Y.3? [mgbm fel gs ie fvgpirfus iegdin

(I) [minl (C) Idflai

(B) _lekuge (A) Clt

Y.39 Nirvi f` `rfk gs binnla 8

(I) Dikkft (C) Qiapfnl

(B) Eydpm (A) Dgribagud

Y.33 Qml tiapfnl rlsplrls cy dlies f` 8

(I) Kgnns (C) Nueks

(B) Binns (A) Igr cniaalr

Y.32 Qml lxtri strubturl tmit prfvgal eutrgtgfe tf

tml ldcrf gs

(I) bmfrgfe (C) pnibleti

(B) udcgngbus (A) iddgfe

Y.31 Rtrubturl bfeelbtgek tml `fltus tf pnibleti gs

(I) bmfrgfe (C) idegfe

(B) yfnj sib (A) udcgngbin bfra

Y.3< Rplrds irl prfaubla cy tml

(I) tlstls (C) lcgagaydgs

(B) plegs (A) sbrftin sib


11/12


L]LSBGRL - 3

I. @gnn ge tml cniejs typl qulstgfes

Y. 9 Mfrdfels irl slbrltla cy ...................

knieas

Y. 3 Lstrfkle gs slbrltla cy tml .....................

Y. 2 ...........................knieas prfaubl dgnj

Y. 1 @RM gs binnla .....................stgdunitgek

............................

Y. < Qml `grst dlestruitgfe ge binnla ...............

C. Qrul fr @insl typl qulstgfes

Y. 0 Gesunge gebrlisl cnffa sukir nlvln

Y. ; Qmyrfxgel gs slbrltla `rfd iarlein knieaL.

Y. = Qlstls gs sgtl `fr prfaubtgfe f` splrd

Y. 7 Mudie `leinl prfaubl feny fel fvud ge i

dfetm

Y.9? _irturgtgfe gs tml tlrd `fr bmgna cgrtm

B. Rmfrt ieswlr typl qulstgfes

Y.99 Al`gel puclrty iea Iafnlsblebl

Y.93 [mit irl slbfeairy slxuin bmiribtlrs 6

Y.92 [mit gs iafnisblebl 6

Y.91 [mit irl slx mfrdfels6 Eidl twf slx

mfrdfels.

Y.9< Ngst tml bmiekls tmit fbbur ge cfys iea kgrns

aurgek puclrty.

A.

A. Plry Rmfrt ieswlr typl qulstgfes

Y.90 [mit gs tlrd `fr feslt f` dlestruitgfe 6

Y.9; Eidl tml efrdin bfetrfnngek slbfeairy

slxuin bmiribtlrtgbs ge mudie dinl 6

Y.9= E idl t ml kn ie a s lb rl tg ek m fr df el

rlspfesgcnl `fr nfwlrgek cnffa sukir 6

Y.97 Eidl tml distlr leafbrgel kniea 6 C.

Y.3? [mgbm mfrdfel gs jefwe is ldlrkleby

mfrdfel 6

L. Nfek ieswlr typl qulstgfes

Y.39 Kgvl ie ibbfuet f` slx altlrdgeitgfe ge

mudies 6

Y.33 Alsbrgcl tml pmisls f` dlestruin bybnl

Y.32 Lxpnige dinl rlprfaubtgvl systld ge mudie

wgtm tml mlnp f` i agikrid

Y.31 Lxpnige `ldinl rlprfaubtgvl systld wgtm tml

mlnp f` i agikrid

Y.3< [mit irl mfrdfels. Ngst tml gdpfrtiet

mfrdfels wgtm `uebtgfe slbrltla `rfd

leafbrgel knieas 6

I.

C.

@.


12/12


IER[LS JLW

L]LSBGRL-9

Y.Ef. 9 3 2 1 < 0 ; = 7 9? 9 9 93 9 2 91 9< 90 9 ; 9= 97 3 ?

Ies. I B B I A A B I C C B A C A I C B A I B

Y.Ef. 39 33 32 31 3

04 reproduction in animals

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