A Brief History of the Internet and the World Wide Web

Overview of the Internet and the World Wide Web

The InternetThe worldwide network of all computers (or networks of networks) that communicate using a particular protocol for routing data from one computer to anotherA network of networks, joining many government, university and private computers together and providing an infrastructure for the use of email, hypertext documents, file archives, databases and other computational resourcesBCA 102ARPA (1967)Advanced Research Project Agency of the US Department of DefenseSponsored a conference which many ARPA-funded graduate students were brought togetherARPA rolled out blueprints for networking the main computer systems of ARPA-funded universities and research institutionsBCA 103ARPAComputers were connected with communication lines with speed of 56 KbpsConnection was then over telephone lines at 110 bits per secondTalked about communicating with UNIVAC 1108 at the University of Utah for calculations relating to their research on computer graphicsImplemented it and called it ARPAnet (1972)BCA 104ARPAnetEnabled researches to communicate easily via electronic mail (e-mail)1973 75% of traffic is emailNetwork was designed without centralized controlIf one portion fails, there are still other available pathsBCA 105TCP/IP (1974)Combination of TCP and IPCurrent architecture of the internetEnables computers to talk to each other1982Internet is born using the TCP/IP standardBCA 106Internet UseOriginally limited to universities and research institutionsMilitary adopted the technologyLater, the government allowed for commercial purposesBCA 107Internet UseResentment of the research and military communities Net will be saturated with many usersOpposite occurredDifferent businesses enhanced and developed the Internet presenceGenerated fierce competition among communication carriers and hardware and software suppliers to meet increased infrastructure demandBCA 108BandwidthBandwidth increased while hardware costs plummetedBandwidth information-carrying capacity of communication linesInternet helped in the economic growth of many industrialized countries, especially USBCA 109Size of the InternetEstimated 500 million nodesMore than 2 billion users

Internet handles more than an exabyte (1.074 billion gigabytes) per dayBCA 1010Who Controls the Net?Internet has no owners, censors, bosses,board of directors, or stockholdersIn principle, any computer or networkthat obeys the protocols (which aretechnical) can be an equal player

BCA 1011Internet BackboneNetwork of high-capacity routers and fiber-optic communications links that provides the main routes for data traffic across the internetLinks and routers are maintained by network service providersAT&T, British Telecom, Sprint, Verizon, etc.

BCA 1012Internet Service ProvidersNSPs supply internet connection to internet service providerscompany that offers internet access to individuals, businesses and smaller ISPs

BCA 1013Protocols, Addresses and DomainsBCA 1014

TCP/IPPrimary protocol suite responsible for message transmission on the internetTCPbreaks a message into packetsIPaddresses packets so they can be routed to their destination

BCA 1015Connection SpeedOn average, data arrives at its destination in less than a second after sentLatencyelapsed time for data to make a round trip from point a to B and back to ABCA 1016Connection SpeedPacket internet groper (Ping)Sends a signal to a specific internet address and waits for a replyWhen reply arrives, Ping reports that the computer is online and displays the elapsed time for the round trip messageAlso displays lost packet in transmission when signal interference or network congestion overwhelms servers and routersBCA 1017Connection SpeedTraceroute (Tracert)Records a packets path in addition to its round-trip speedBCA 1018Connection SpeedConnection speeds advertised by ISPs is the amount of data that travels between the subscribers computer and an ISP within a given period of timeMeasured in Kbps or MbpsSlow dial-up 56 KbpsBroadband 10 MbpsBCA 1019Upstream and DownstreamUpstream speedrate of data that is uploaded from computer to InternetDownstream speedrate of data downloaded to clients computerISPs limit these speeds to make sure everyone gets and equal share of the bandwidthUpstream is usually slower than downstreamBCA 1020Symmetric and Asymmetric ConnectionSymmetric internet connectionupstream and downstream speeds are the sameAsymmetric internet connectionupstream and downstream speeds differ

BCA 1021Connection OptionsFixed internet accessPortable internet accessMobile internet accessBCA 1022Fixed Internet AccessDial-up connectionuses voiceband modem and telephone lines to transport datacost is cheap but access speed is very lowAsymmetrical44 Kbps download33 Kbps uploadBCA 1023Fixed Internet AccessDial-up connectionBCA 1024

Fixed Internet AccessDigital Subscriber Line (DSL)high-speed, digital, always-on, Internet access technology that runs over standard phone linesOne of the fastest internet connection that is affordableHas a local telephone switching station

BCA 1025Fixed Internet AccessDigital Subscriber Line (DSL)BCA 1026

Fixed Internet AccessCable Internet Servicemeans of distributing always-on broadband internet access over the same infrastructure that offers cable television serviceCan offer 12 Mbps up to 50 Mbps download and 2 Mbps up to 10 Mbps for uploadBCA 1027

Fixed Internet AccessCable Internet ServiceBCA 1028

Fixed Internet AccessSatellite Internet Servicemeans of distributing always-on, high-speed asymmetric internet access by broadcasting signals to and from a personal satellite dishUses a geostationary satellite to transmit dataSpeed averages 1.0 to 1.5 Mbps for download and 100 to 256 Kbps for uploadBCA 1029Fixed Internet AccessSatellite Internet ServiceBCA 1030

Fixed Internet AccessFixed Wireless ServiceDesigned to offer internet access to homes and businesses by broadcasting data signals over large areasMANWell-known fixed wireless standards is WiMAX (Wireless Microwave Access)BCA 1031Fixed Internet AccessFixed Wireless ServiceBCA 1032

Portable and Mobile Internet AccessPortable Internet AccessDefined as the ability to move your internet service from one location to anotherLight and compact enough to easily carryYou have to remain in one spot when it comes time to use itServices includeWi-Fiportable satelliteportable WiMAX

BCA 1033Portable and Mobile Internet AccessMobile Internet AccessOffers a continuous internet connectionConcept is similar to cellular phone service that allows you to move freely within coverage areasIncludesWi-FiMobile WiMAXCellular broadband/data serviceBCA 1034Portable and Mobile Internet AccessWi-Fi hotspotArea in which the public can access a Wi-Fi network that offers internet serviceAside from home networks, Wi-Fi is also used for public networks operated by merchants, hotels, schools and municipalitiesMany devices are Wi-Fi enabled alreadynotebooks, netbooks, laptops, smartphonesBCA 1035Portable and Mobile Internet AccessPortable and Mobile WiMAXWiMAX can be used as a portable technology because internet access is available anywhere within a towers coverageBCA 1036Portable and Mobile Internet AccessPortable satellite servicePortable satellite dish is mounted on the vehicleTransmits and receives signals from a geostationary satelliteBCA 1037Portable and Mobile Internet AccessCellular data serviceUses cellphone technology to access internet

BCA 1038Portable and Mobile Internet AccessCellular data service speeds:1G analog and offered few features2G digital technology and added support for basic data transport in the form of text messages1G and 2G require voiceband modem3G offered today by cellular service providersEDGE, W-CDMA, HSPA, HSPA+4G designed for faster accessLTE

BCA 1039Portable and Mobile Internet AccessCellular data serviceMost cellular service providers offer data service plan for accessing the internetLess expensive plans typically limit the amount of data you can send and receive

BCA 1040Portable and Mobile Internet AccessCellular data serviceFive ways to access mobile broadband with data service planusing a handheld PDA or smartphoneusing a mobile broadband card in a PCusing a mobile broadband enabled computerusing the cellphone as a modemusing a cellphone as a wireless hotspot

BCA 1041WWWWorld Wide WebAllows computers to locate and view multimedia-based documentsTexts, graphics, animations, audios or videosIntroduced by Tim Berners-Lee of CERN in 1989Invented the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) based on the Standard Generalized Markup Language a standard for business data interchangeBCA 1042WWWA complex, international, cross platform, cross language, cross cultural mesh of servers, clients, users, databases, and quite a few artificial intelligences all talking, working, searching, viewing, accessing, downloadingBCA 1043WWWA collection of files that reside on computers called web serversWeb servers are connected to each other through the internetA web browser is used to view web resourcesMozilla FirefoxMicrosoft Internet ExplorerApple SafariGoogle Chrome

BCA 1044Web BrowsersIt is advised to update browsers regularly if an update version is availableWeb pages depend on new HTML features supported by latest browser versionsOut-of-date browsers may show errors on the page or show no errors but displays lacking page elementsBCA 1045HTMLHypertext Markup Languageset of specifications for creating documents that a browser can display as a webpageauthors markup documents by inserting HTML tags that specify how the document should appear when displayed on a computer screen or printedBCA 1046W3CWorld Wide Web Consortium (www.w3.org)Founded by Tim Berners-Lee in 1994Devoted in developing nonproprietary, interoperable technologies for the webMain goal is to make the web universally accessibleBCA 1047W3CHas representatives from Apple, Microsoft, Adobe, Sun, Google, Oracle, IBM, and many more.Produced many popular technologies used by many popular software companies including HTML, XML, Web Service Protocol, PNG, etc.BCA 1048Viewing a WebpageSuppose you want to view www.xu.edu.phA server contains all the files of the XU websiteThe browser will look for a file named index.html

BCA 1049Viewing a WebpageBCA 1050CLIENTSERVER(1) Browser connects to a server and requests a page(4) Computer running a web browser accessing a website displays the webpage(2) Server processes the request(3) Server sends back the requested pageURLUniform Resource LocatorThe address that connects you with a web resourceFound in the address bar which is usually at the top of the screenBCA 1051URLhttp://www.mysite.com/index.html http:// hypertext transfer protocollanguage computers use to communicate over the webwww world wide webthe body of information connected by the cables and computers of the Internetmysite domain namethe structured, alphabetic-based, unique name for a computer on a network

BCA 1052URLhttp://www.mysite.com/index.html com top level domaingives an idea where the document is storedindex file namecould be a folder within a websitehtml hypertext markup languagethe language of the web to format documentsBCA 1053Communicating over the InternetComputers and servers have IP addresses32-bit number usually expressed as an octetExample: the IP of www.xu.edu.ph is 203.177.182.16.To access the XU website, you look for http:// 203.177.182.16

BCA 1054Communicating over the InternetHowever, it is difficult to remember IP addressesIn solution, websites have domain names which are readable counterparts of IP addressesDomain Name Servers (DNS) translate domain names into IP addressesBCA 1055Domain Name SystemPurpose of namingaddresses are used to locate objectsnames are easier to rememberDNS provides mapping from names to resources of several types

BCA 1056DNS HierarchyBCA 1057Can be represented by a treeRoot and top-level domains are administered by Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)DNS HierarchyBCA 1058Below top-level domain, administration of name space is delegated to organizationsEach organization can delegate further(root)orgedugovcomadmuxuelearnTOP LEVEL DOMAINScsccsresearchmoodleDNS vs. File SystemBCA 1059comphnetorgeducomnetxuadmugoogleyahooC:Program FilesWindowsTempAdobediagnosticsSystem32indexscheduleddriversspoolDomain Name SystemWindows File SystemTop-Level DomainsLast part of an internet domain namegroup of letters that follow the final dot of any domain namefacebook.comgcflearnfree.orgBCA 1060Top-Level DomainsCategoriesGeneric Top-Level Domains most common.com, .org, .net, .infoGeneric Restricted Top-Level Domains similar to generic top-level domains, only eligibility is intended to be restricted and ascertained more stringently.biz, .name, .pro

BCA 1061Top-Level DomainsCategoriesSponsored Top-Level Domains proposed and sponsored by private agencies or organizations that establish and enforce rules restricting the eligibility to use the top-level domain.edu, .gov, .tel, .aero, .asia, .cat, .coop, .int, .jobs, .mil, .mobi, .museum, .travel

BCA 1062Country Code Top-Level DomainsUsed for specific country or dependent territoryTwo letters long.ph Philippines.us United States.au Australia.uk United Kingdom.jp - Japan

BCA 1063Evolution of the Web Technology Web 1.0First generation webWYSIWYGComposed of static pagesOne-way broadcasting only owner of the site can publish informationBCA 1064Evolution of the Web Technology Web 2.0Second generation webInteractive and dynamic WebPeople can collaborate and share information onlineRefers to the transition from static HTML to dynamic HTMLAlso regarded as social webBCA 1065Web 2.0 Applications and SolutionsW3C updated HTML to XHTML 2.0Contributing vendors did not warmly accept the standardSubsequent standard was introduced called HTML5 by the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working GroupXHTML died in the vine and major technology companies pledge to support HTML5, some are using it alreadyBCA 1066Web 2.0 Applications and SolutionsAll web browsers adopted the HTML4 standardMicrosoft was the weakest company in supporting Web HTML standardsUntil the release of Internet Explorer 8New web browsers (Safari, Opera, Chrome, Firefox) and new web-enabled devices (iPhone, Android, Pre, Blackberry) agrees that HTML5 is the next standard, and they are already supporting itBCA 1067Evolution of the Web Technology Web 3.0Future Web Technology intelligent webSemantic Web, personalization, intelligent search and behavioral advertisingInitiative was inspired by Berners-Lee of a more flexible, integrated, automatic and self-adapting web, providing a richer and more interactive experience for usersBCA 1068The Semantic WebThe Semantic Web will bring structure to the meaningful content of Web pages, creating an environment where software agents roaming from page to page can readily carry out sophisticated tasks for users. Tim Berners-LeeBCA 1069Review QuestionsWhat is the difference between the INTERNET and the WORLD WIDE WEB?Compare the three versions of the web technology (Web 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0)How does your web browser access a website?How would you respond if someone asks you where in the world is the central computer where the internet is stored?BCA 1070