04-metabolism of microorganisms

7/30/2019 04-Metabolism of Microorganisms

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L`whadbisl dn Licqddqehkisls

Gq+ Hj`}hwi S+ Q`ggy

Scoddb dn @k`qey hkg @k~iqdkl`kw

Woh}hq Pki~`qsiwy]hwihbh /]PKFHA) 875==8

IKGIH


2/55

L`whadbic Gi~`qsiwy8+ Co`ldo`w`qdwqd}os6

@k`qey sdpqc`6 Dqehkic cdl}dpkgs+

Chqadk sdpqc`6 Dqehkic cdl}dpkgs+ @xhl}b`s6 Ldsw ahcw`qih" hbb }qdwdvdhks" hbb npkei" hkg hbb hkilhbs+

1+ Co`ldhpwdwqd}os6

@k`qey sdpqc`6 Ikdqehkic cdl}dpkgs /O1S" KO3" S" O1" N`1*" `wc+)

Chqadk sdpqc`6 Chqadk gidxig`+ @xhl}b`s6 Iqdk" spbnpq" oygqde`k" hkg kiwqinyike ahcw`qih+

3+ ]odwdo`w`qdwqd}os6

@k`qey sdpqc`6 Bieow+

Chqadk sdpqc`6 Dqehkic cdl}dpkgs+

@xhl}b`s6 ]pq}b` hkg eq``k kdkspbnpq ahcw`qih+

7+ ]odwdhpwdwqd}os6

@k`qey sdpqc`6 Bieow+

Chqadk sdpqc`6 Chqadk gidxig`+

@xhl}b`s6 ]bhkws" hbeh`" }odwdsykwo`wic ahcw`qih


3/55

Cbhssinichwidk ahs`g dk l`whadbicq`xpiq`l`kws


4/55

L`whadbislQ`n`qs wd wo` wodpshkgs dn co`lichb q`hcwidks dccpqqike ik bi~ike

dqehkisls hkg cohqhcw`qiswic dn hbb dqehkisls `c`}w ~iqps`s

Spagi~ig`g ikwd chwhadbisl hkg hkhadbisl

Hkhadbisl }qdc`ss dn aidsykwo`sis dn cdl}b` dqehkicldb`cpb`s . swqpcwpq`s nqdl sil}b`q dk`s ik~db~`scdkspl}widk dn `k`qey dnw`k ik~db~` g`oygqhwidk sykwo`sis

Chwhadbisl g`eqhghwi~` co`lichb }qdc`ss ik~db~`s aq`hjgduk dn bhqe`q ldb`cpb`s ikwd slhbb`q dk`s ik~db~`s q`b`hs``k`qey dnw`k ik~db~` oygqdbysis }qdc`ss`s

Chwhadbic q`hcwidks }qd~ig` wo` `k`qey k``g`g ndq gqi~ike hkhadbicq`hcwidks

`k`qey nqdl chwhadbic q`hcwidks is swdq`g hs HW] hkg ps`g wdgqi~` hkhadbic q`hcwidks

chwhadbic q`hcwidks hq` dnw`k cdp}b`g wd HW] sykwo`sis uoib`hkhadbic q`hcwidks wd HW] oygqdbysis

hkhadbic chwhadbic q`hcwidks hq` bikj`g ay HW]

L`whadbic }hwouhys

Oieoby `~db~`g ikwqhc`bbpbhq s`qi`s dn l`whadbic q`hcwidks" `hcochwhbyv`g ay `kvyl`s

lhy a` bik`hq" aqhkco`g dq cycbic /swhqwike ldb`cpb` is

e`k`qhw`g hw wo` `kg dn wo` }hwouhy wd ikiwihw` hkdwo`q wpqk dnwo` cycb`)


5/55

L`whadbisl < Chwhadbisl * Hkhadbisl


6/55

Hkhadbic hkg Chwhadbic Q`hcwidks hq`Bikj`g ay HW] ik Bi~ike Dqehkisls


7/55

Aid`k`qe`wics

Ahcw`qih gd kdw

oh~` liwdcodkgqih

H`qdaic ahcw`qih hq`Cdl}hqhab` wd

liwdcodkgqih


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9/55

@kvyl`s@kvyl`s hq` }qdwìks uiwo ldb`cpbhq uìeow qhkeike nqdl h nù

wodpshkgs wd d~`q dk` libbidk ghbwdks

Sdl` `kvyl`s /cdkfpehw`g `kvyl`s dq odbd,`kvyl`s) cdkwhikkdk,}qdwìk }hqw /cdnhcwdq)

Cdnhcwdqs chk a` dqehkic ldb`cpb`s /cd`kvyl`s) dq hkikdqehkic ldb`cpb`s

@kvyl` cdnhcwdqs lhy oh~` l`whb idks /iqdk" lhek`sipl"

cd}}`q" lhkehk`s`" vikc" cdahbw" lhek`sipl" chbcipl" `wc+) Cd`kvyl`s hq` e`k`qhbby chqqi`qs dn dwo`q ldb`cpb`s dq idks

Sdl` dn wo` cd`kvyl`s hq` g`qi~`g nqdl ~iwhliks /KHG hkgKHG] nqdl kihcik" NHG nqdl qiadnbh~ik" cd`kvyl` H nqdl}hkwdwo`kic hcig)

@kvyl` khlike Lhky kvyl`s hq` khl`g ay hggike spnnix hs

spaswqhw` khl` /spcqhs`) dq q`hcwidk whjike }bhc`/gòygqde`khs` hkg }ods}odwhs`) dq wo` eqdp} wd uoico wo``kvyl` a`bdkes }qdc`g`s wo` spnni

sdl` `kvyl`s oh~` wqhgiwidkhb khl`s


10/55

@kvyl`s /cdkwg++)@kvyl`s chk a` eqdp}`g dk wo` ahsis dn wo` wy}` q`hcwidks wo`y

chwhbys` /digdq`gpcwhs`s" oygqdbhs`s" biehs`s" `wc+)

@kvyl`s chk a` gi~ig`g ikwd wo` ndbbduike cbhss`s Digdq`gpcwhs`s

Wqhksn`qhs`s /npkcwidkhb eqdp}s hq` wqhksn`qq`g)

Oygqdbhs`s /aq`hjike adgks ay hggike uhw`q)

Byhs`s /q`ld~` eqdp}s dn hwlds uiwodpw oygqdbysis)

Isdl`qhs`s /q`hqqhke` hwlds uiwoik h ldb`cpb`)

Biehs`s /fdiks wud ldb`cpb`s HW] oygqdbysis }qd~ig`s wo``k`qey k``g`g)

Chwhbyv` co`lichb q`hcwidks dn l`whadbisl

S}``g p} wo` q`hcwidks p}wd 8= aibbidk wil`s

Wpqkd~`q kpla`q dn spaswqhw` ldb`cpb`s qhke` is 8 ,0="===$s`c+

S}``gs p} wo` q`hcwidks woqdpeo g`cq`hsike wo` `k`qey dnhcwi~hwidk uiwodpw ikcq`hsike w`l}`qhwpq` hkg }q`sspq`

W`l}`qhwpq`" }q`sspq`" spaswqhw` cdkc`kwqhwidk" }O hkg s`~`qhbdwo`q nhcwdqs iknbp`kc` wo` `kvyl` hcwi~iwy dq q`hcwidk qhw`


11/55

@kvyl` s}`ciniciwy

Chk a` a`sw `}bhik`g ay Bdcj hkg J`y wo`dqy

Chk a` spaswqhw` s}`cinic /by}hs` ndq bi}igs" pq`hs` ndq pq`h"}qdw`hs` ndq }qdw`iks hkg spcqhs` ndq spcqds`)

Chk a` s}`cinic ik w`qls dn wo` }qdgpcws ikwd uoico wo` hcc`}w`gspaswqhw`s hq` cdk~`qw`g

Spaswqhw`shq` ldb`cpb`s `kw`qike wo` `kvylhwichbby chwhbyv`gq`hcwidks

]qdgpcwshq` uohw wo` spaswqhw`s hq` `kvylhwichbby cdk~`qw`gikwd

@kvyl` hcwi~iwy

@kvyl`s oh~` 3,G swqpcwpq` hkg dk` dq ldq` hcwi~` siw`s uo`q`co`lichb q`hcwidks dccpq

3,G swqpcwpq` is `ss`kwihb ndq wo` `kvyl` hcwi~iwy G`khwpqhwidk wohw psphbby ik~db~` aq`hjhe` dn oygqde`k adkgs

hkg dwo`q kdk,cd~hb`kw adkgs q`spbws ik bdss dn 3,G swqpcwpq`

@c`ssi~` o`hw hkg `c`ssi~` }O chk chps` g`khwpqhwidk hkgbdss dn 3,G swqpcwpq`

Spsc`}wiab` wd co`lichb hkg }oysichb cohke`s /lhky co`lichbs

g`swqdy `kvyl`s)

@kvyl`s /cdkwg++)


12/55

Lhky ikoiaiwdqs hnn`cw `kvyl` hcwi~iwy

Cdl}`wiwi~` ikoiaiwidk ikoiaiwdq cdl}`w`s ndq wo` hcwi~` siw`s dk`kvyl` uiwo wo` spaswqhw`

Kdk,cdl}`wiwi~` ikoiaiwidk ikoiaiwdq aikgs wd hk hbbdsw`qic siw`hkg hbw`qs wo` hcwi~` siw` cdkniepqhwidk dn wo` `kvyl`

N``gahcj ikoiaiwidk `kvyl` hcwi~iwy is ikoiaiw`g ay wo` `kg}qdgpcw /H`kvyl`,8A`kvyl`,1C`kvyl`,3G)

o`q` `kvyl`,8 lhy a` ikoiaiw`g ay }qdgpcw G

N``gahcj ikoiaiwidk qèpbhw`s HW]" hlikd hcig" kplcb`dwig` hkg~iwhlik sykwo`sis

L`cohkisl dn `kvyl` hcwidk

Spaswqhw` s}`cinichbby aikgs wd wo` hcwi~` siw` dk wo` spqnhc` dnwo` `kvyl` hkg hs h cdks`xp`kc` `kvyl`,spaswqhw` cdl}bìs ndql`g chk q`spbw ik cohke` dn swqpcwpq` dn wo` `kvyl`

Spaswqhw` is wqhksndql`g ikwd }qdgpcw ay Q`hqqhke`l`kw dn ìswike hwdls

Aq`hjgduk dn spaswqhw` ldb`cpb`s

Cdlaikike uiwo dwo`q spaswqhw` ldb`cpb`s

Q`spbwhkw }qdgpcws gd kdw niw wo` hcwi~` siw` hkg wops hq`

q`b`hs`g hkg wo` `kvyl` siw` a`cdl`s nq`` ndq cdl}bìke uiwodwo`q spaswqhw` ldb`cpb`s

@kvyl`s /cdkwg++)


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Nhcwdqs wohw Hnn`cw @kvyl` Hcwi~iwy6 }O"W`l}`qhwpq`" hkg Spaswqhw` Cdkc`kwqhwidk


16/55

Bdcj hkg j`y wo`dqy


17/55

Cdl}`wiwi~` ikoiaiwdq6 ikoiaiwdq aikgs wd wo` hcwi~` siw` hkgdaswqpcw hcc`ss dn spaswqhw` wd wo` hcwi~` siw`

Kdk,cdl}`wiwi~` ikoiaiwdq /ay q`epbhwdqy ldb`cpb`)6 w`l}dqhqibycohke`s `kvyl` hkg hbw`qs iws q`bhwi~` hnnikiwy ndq wo` spaswqhw`

Kdk,cdl}`wiwi~` ikoiaiwdq /ay `kvyl` }disdk)6 }`qlhk`kwby

cohke`s `kvyl` hkg q`kg`qs iw kdk,npkcwidkhb


18/55


19/55

@k`qey hkg HW]

HW] is swdq`g ndql dn licqdaihb `k`qey /`k`qey cpqq`kcy) wo` `k`qey is

swdq`g ik wo` co`lichb adkg wohw pkiw`s }ods}ohw` eqdp} uiwo HG]

Hkhadbisl q`xpiq`s ik}pw dn `k`qey hkg chwhadbisl ohs k`w dpw}pw dn

`k`qey

Licqddqehkisls q`xpiq` `k`qey ndq ldwidk" q`}qdgpcwidk" hkg ~hqidps dwo`q

hcwi~iwi`s dn licqddqehkisls

`k`qey is q`b`hs`g /hadpw 8="=== chbdqi`s }`q ldb`) nqdl HW] uo`k iw is

aqdj`k gduk ikwd HG] hkg }ods}ohw`]q`s`kw dkby ik bi~ike c`bbs , chk kdw a` swdq`g ndq ldq` wohk h n`u likpw`s

, chk kdw a` wqhks}dqw`g hcqdss c`bb l`laqhk`s" apw }dqwhab` uiwoik

Chk a` sykwo`siv`g nqdl HG] hkg }ods}ohw` eqdp} uoib` psike wo`

`k`qey }q`s`kw ik `k`qey cdl}dpkgs spco hs chqadoygqhw`s

q`hcwidks dn chwhadbisl sp}}by wois `k`qeyCdl}ds`g dn hg`kik` ldb`cpb`" qiads` ldb`cpb` hkg 3 }ods}ohw` eqdp}s

@k`qey q`b`hs`g gpqike h cdp}b`g dighwidk hkg q`gpcwidk q`hcwidk in

spnnici`kw is ps`g wd ndql h HW] ldb`cpb` dighwidk q`hcwidk is `k`qey

yi`bgike q`hcwidk uoib` q`gpcwidk q`hcwidk is `k`qey cdksplike q`hcwidk


20/55

Dighwidk,Q`gpcwidk /Q`gd)
http://www.ustboniface.mb.ca/cusb/abernier/Biologie/Module1/metabolisme1.htm


21/55

HW]" HG] hkg l`whadbisl
http://www.ustboniface.mb.ca/cusb/abernier/Biologie/Module1/metabolisme1.htm


22/55

Chwhadbisl

H`qdaic hkg hkh`qdaic q`s}iqhwidk hkg n`ql`kwhwidk

H`qdaic q`s}iqhwidk

ikcbpg`s ebycdbysis" wqhksiwidk q`hcwidk" Jqàs cycb` hkg `b`cwqdk

wqhks}dqw sysw`l

dye`k is `b`cwqdk hcc`}wdq

Hkh`qdaic q`s}iqhwidk ikcbpg`s ebycdbysis" wqhksiwidk q`hcwidk" Jqàs cycb` hkg `b`cwqdk

wqhks}dqw sysw`l

kdw dye`k apw kiwqhw` dq spbnhw` dq chqadk gidig` is `b`cwqdk

hcc`}wdq

N`ql`kwhwidk Dye`k kdw q`xpiq`g

Jqàs cycb` hkg `b`cwqdk wqhks}dqw sysw`l hq` lissike

]yqp~ic hcig dq g`qi~hwi~`s dn }yqp~ic hcig digiv` wo` KHGO*O

wd ndql n`ql`kwhwidk `kg }qdgpcws


23/55

Chwhadbisl dn chqadoygqhw`s

Lhbwds` ebpcds` ebycdbysis Spcqds` ebpcds` hkg nqpcwds` adwo ikwd ebycdbysis

Bhcwds` ebpcds` hkg ehbhcwds` ehbhcwds` ikwd hcdl}dpkg dn ebycdbysis woqdpeo h s`qi`s dn wqhksndqlhwidks

Swhqco ebpcds` , ebycdbysis

Chwhadbisl dn }qdwìks hlikd hcigs ikwd cdl}dpkgs dn ebycdbysis hkg jqàs

cycb` woqdpeo g`hlikhwidk

g`hlikhwidk dn hbhkik` }qdgpc` }yqp~ic hcig

G`hlikhwidk dn hs}hqwic hcig }qdgpc`s dhbdhc`wic hcig

G`hlikhwidk dn ebpwhlic hcig }qdgpc`s hb}ohj`wdebpwhqichcig

Chwhadbisl dn nhws

Nhws ebyc`qdb hkg nhwwy hcigs ebyc`qdb wdgioygqdyhc`wdk` }ods}ohw` /ebycdbysis)

Nhwwy hcigs a`wh dighwidk ikwd hc`wyb` CdH jqàs cycb`

Chwhadbisl /cdkwg++)


24/55


25/55

KHGO1Ebycdbysis 1

W+ Q+ 1

Jqàs Cycb` >

Wdwhb 8=

8= 3 < 3= HW]

NHGO1

Ebycdbysis =

W+Q+ =

Jqàs Cycb` 1

Wdwhb 11 1 < 7 HW]

HW]Ebycdbysis 1

Wqhksiwidk Q`hcwidk =

Jqàs Cycb` 1

@+W+S+ 37

Wdwhb 3? HW]

C a bi n i i n g b b


26/55

Chwhadbisl dn ~hqidps dqehkic nddg ldb`cpb`s


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]odwd`b`cwqic `nn`cw /ndqcike `b`cwqdks dpw nqdl lhw`qihbs) hkg}iel`kws

]hqwicb` }qd}`qwi`s dn bieow chps` iw @hco spaswhkc` ohs cqiwichb uh~`b`kewo /lhilpl uh~`b`kewo

dn bieow wohw cq`hw`s }odwd`b`cwqic `nn`cw)

]iel`kw is hky spaswhkc` wohw hasdqas bieow

`~`qy }iel`kw ohs h cohqhcw`qiswic bieow hasdq}widk s}`cwqpl

cdbdq dn wo` }iel`kw is nqdl wo` kdk,hasdq}widk apw q`nb`cwidk dn hs}`cinic uh~`b`kewo bieow /ik wo` ~isiab` q`eidk) ay iw

H }qdc`ss ay uoico }bhkws" sdl` ahcw`qih hkg sdl` }qdwisws ps`bieow `k`qey wd }qdgpc` spehq is }odwdsykwo`sis

Hbsd dccpqs ik licqddqehkisls oh~ike }iel`kws /}pq}b` hkgeq``k spbnpq ahcw`qih" cyhkdahcw`qih hkg hbeh`)

Hcwi~iwi`s dn eq``k }iel`kw /cobdqd}oybb) hq` q`s}dksiab` hkguhw`q hkg chqadk gidig` hq` ps`g hkg dye`k is q`b`hs`g

Ikcbpg`s wud }ohs`s

ps` dn bieow `k`qey wd sykwo`siv` HW] hkg KHG]O /`k`qey niikedq bieow q`hcwidks)

ps` wo`s` `k`qey ldb`cpb`s wd ndqlpbhw` chqadoygqhw`ldb`cpb`s /chqadk niike dq ghqj q`hcwidks)

Hkhadbisl6 ]odwdsykwo`sis


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Hbb }odwdsykwo`wic dqehkisls oh~` cobdqd}oybb H hkg hbsd sdl`hcc`sshqy }iel`kws dwo`q cobdqd}oybbs /cobdqd}oybb A" C" G hkg@)" hkwod}oybbs hkg chqdw`kdigs

Cobdqd}oybb H hasdqas bieow nqdl ~idb`w" abp`" q`ggiso dqhke` hkgq`g uh~`b`kewos apw kdw nqdl eq``k" y`bbdu dqhke` uh~`b`kewos

Hcc`sshqy }iel`kws oh~` haibiwy wd hasdqa ~`k hw uh~`b`kewosb`nw dpw ay cobdqd}oybb H

Cobdqd}oybb is ch}hab` dn wqiee`qike co`lichb q`hcwidk dkby uo`k iw

is hssdcihw`g uiwo }qdw`iks `la`gg`g ik l`laqhk` ahcw`qih oh~` ik c`bb l`laqhk`

@pjhqydw`s oh~` ik cobdqd}bhsws /l`laqhk` swqpcwpq`s`kcbdsike woybhjdigs dqehkiv`g ikwd eqhkh hkg swdlh)

Woybhjdig /nbhww`kg`g ~`sicb`s cdkwhikike }odwdsykwo`wic}iel`kws) is wo` swqpcwpqhb pkiw dn }odwdsykwo`sis

Bieow hasdq}widk ay h }iel`kw chk b`hg wd dk` dn wo` ndbbduike6

@k`qey gissi}hwidk hs o`hw

Nbpdq`sc`kc` dn bieow hw bdke`q uh~`b`kewo

Wqiee`qike dn }odwd`b`cwqic `nn`cw /dq co`lichb q`hcwidk)

Hcwidk s}`cwqpl dn }odwdsykwo`sis ikgichw`s q`bhwi~` `nn`cwi~`k`ssdn bieow dn ginn`q`kw uh~`b`kewos

Hkhadbisl6 ]odwdsykwo`sis /cdkwg++)


36/55

@k`qey niike dq bieow q`hcwidks

@k`qey niike q`hcwidks dccpq ik wo` eqhkh }dqwidk hkg chqadk

niike q`hcwidks dccpq ik wo` swdlh }dqwidk Cobdqd}oybb H /hkg dwo`q }iel`kws) . }qdw`iks q`bhwike wd bieow

q`hcwidks hq` }hcj`g ikwd woybhjdig /jkduk hs }odwd,sysw`l)

]odwdsykwo`wic dqehkisls psphbby oh~` wud }odwd,sysw`ls/ldsw }qdjhqydw`s oh~` dkby dk` }odwd,sysw`l,1)

C`kw`q dn }odwd`b`cwqic `nn`cw ik }odwd,sysw`l,8 is ]5==/cobdqd}oybb H)" hkg ik }odwd,sysw`l,1 ]>?= /cobdqd}oybb H) iswo` c`kw`q

Bieow `k`qey hasdqa`g ay hcc`ssdqy }iel`kws is wqhksn`qq`g wdwo` c`kw`q dn wo` }odwd,sysw`l ndq cq`hwidk dn }odwd`b`cwqic `nn`cw

Hs h cdks`xp`kc` dn }odwd`b`cwqic `nn`cw `b`cwqdks dn wo` c`kw`q hq`

`k`qeiv`g hkg }hss`g woqdpeo `b`cwqdk wqhks}dqw cohik Nikhbby wo` `b`cwqdks hq` hasdqa`g ay }odwd,sysw`l,8s c`kw`q ik

chs` dn }odwd,sysw`l,1" hkg ay KHG]* ik }odwdsysw`l,8

@b`cwqdk wqhks}dqw nqdl }odwd,sysw`l,1 wd }odwd,sysw`l,8 ishssdcihw`g uiwo HW] sykwo`sis /}odwd,}ods}odqybhwidk)

@b`cwqdk hasdq}widk ay KHG] q`spbws ik wo` }qdgpcwidk dn

KHG]O*O*



37/55

Bdss dn `b`cwqdks nqdl }odwdsysw`l,1 is cdl}`kshw`g ay wo``b`cwqdks }qdgpc`g woqdpeo }odwdbysis dn uhw`q ]odwdbysis cdkspl`s uhw`q hkg }qdgpc`s dye`k

O* e`k`qhw`g nqdl }odwdbysis is ps`g ik wo` }qdgpcwidk dnKHG]O*O* hkg D,1 e`k`qhw`g cdlaik`s hkg cdl`s dpw hs D1

]pq}b` spbnpq ahcw`qih ps`s cdl}dpkgs bij` oygqde`k spbnig` ik}bhc` dn uhw`q hkg `liws `b`l`kwhb spbnpq

Ik sdl` `pjhqydw`s hkg }qiliwi~` }odwdsykwo`wic ahcw`qih cycbic}odwd}ods}odqibhwidk dccpqs hkg ohs dkby }odwdsysw`l,8

Dkby HW] chk a` sykwo`siv`g ay wois

Dccpqs uo`k hggiwidkhb HW] is q`xpiq`g dq uo`k wo`q` is kd

KHG]*" cycbic `b`cwqdk nbdu dccpqs

Ik ohbdahcw`qih /nhcpbwhwi~` h`qda`s) wo`q` is ahcw`qidqodgd}sik/h cdl}b` dn }pq}b` }iel`kw hkg l`laqhk` }qdw`ik) uoico ishbsd ch}hab` dn HW]sykwo`sis



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H a bi ]o o i / g )


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Chqadk niike dq ghqj q`hcwidks Q`c`kw `~ig`kc` ikgichw`s wohw h lhfdq `kvyl` dn ghqj q`hcwidk

is ikgiq`cwby swilpbhw`g ay bieow /ghqj q`hcwidk h liskdl`q()

Dccpqs ik wo` swdlh dn cobdqd}bhsws

Chqadk gidig` is ch}wpq`g ay 0,C cdl}dpkg /qiapbds`}ods}ohw`) hkg ndqls >,C ikw`ql`gihw`" uoico s}biws ikwd wud 3,C ldb`cpb`s /3,}osd}odebyc`qic hcig)

3,}ods}odebyc`qhw` woqdpeo psike HW] hkg KHG]O hq`

wqhksndql`g ikwd }ods}odebyc`qdbgòyg` /]EH) ]EH is wqhksndql`g ikwd ebyc`qdbgòyg` 3,}ods}ohw` /E3])uoib` pwibivike HW] hkg KGH]O

]hqw dn wo` E3] /1 dpw dn 81 ldb`cpb`s) is ps`g ik wo` sykwo`sisdn ebpcds` hkg dwo`q dqehkic cdl}dpkgs hkg wo` q`sw is ps`g wdqè`k`qhw` qiapbds` }ods}ohw`

Qè`k`qhwidk dn qiapbds` }ods}ohw` ik~db~`s h s`qi`s dnwqhksndqlhwidks hkg cdkspl}widk dn HW]+

Ch}wpqike dn > ldb`cpb`s dn CD1 ik~db~`s cdkspl}widk dn 81ldb`cpb`s `hco dn dn HW] hkg KHG]O ik }qdgpcike E3] hkg >ldb`cpb`s dn HW] ik wo` qè`k`qhwidk dn qiapbds` }ods}ohw`

Ebpcds` ik licqddqehkisls chk cdlaik` wd ndql swhqco hkg chk

chk a` ps`g ik wo` sykwo`sis dn kpcbìc hcig cdkswiwp`kws dq}bdyshccohqig`s ndq c`bb swqpcwpq`s



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H a bi ]o w wo i / wg )


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C7 }bhkws

Chqadk nihwidk hkg Chqadoygqhw` sykwo`sis hq` s`}hqhw`g ik

adwo s}hc` hkg wil` /CD1 nihwidk ik wo` l`sd}oybb c`bbs hkgchb~ik cycb` ik wo` apkgb` so`hwo c`bbs spqqdpkgike wo` ~`iks)

CD1 is ch}wpq`g ay }ods}od`kdb }yqp~hw` /]@]" 3,C

cdl}dpkg) ik codbdqd}bhsws dn l`sd}oybb c`bbs wd ndql

dhbdhc`wic hcig /DHH)

DHH is cdk~`qw`g ikwd lhbic hcig hkg wqhks}dqw`g wd apkgb`

so`hwo c`bbs hkg aqdj`k gduk ahcj ikwd CD1 hkg ]@]

CD1 is ps`g ik wo` Chb~ik cycb` uoib` ]@] is wqhks}dqw`g ahcj wd

wo` l`sd}oybb c`bbs

Hnnikiwy dn CD1 wd ]@] is lpco oieo`q wohk wohw wd qiapbds`}ods}ohw`

hs h cdks`xp`kc` hw bdu CD1 b`~`bs qiapbds` }ods}ohw`"

iksw`hg dn ch}wpqike CD1" is wqhksndql`g ikwd ebycdic hcig ay

dye`k

Ebycdic hcig chk a` aqdj`k gduk ay }odwdq`s}iqhwidk



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H a bi ]o w wo i / wg )


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Ahcw`qihb }odwdsykwo`sis

]pq}b` spbnpq ahcw`qih ps`s cdl}dpkgs bij` oygqde`k spbnig` ik

}bhc` dn uhw`q hkg `liws `b`l`kwhb spbnpq Ik sdl` `pjhqydw`s hkg }qiliwi~` }odwdsykwo`wic ahcw`qih cycbic

}odwd}ods}odqibhwidk dccpqs hkg ohs dkby }odwdsysw`l,8

Dkby HW] chk a` sykwo`siv`g ay wois

Dccpqs uo`k hggiwidkhb HW] is q`xpiq`g dq uo`k wo`q` is kd

KHG]*" cycbic `b`cwqdk nbdu dccpqs Ik ohbdahcw`qih /nhcpbwhwi~` h`qda`s) wo`q` is ahcw`qidqodgd}sik/h cdl}b` dn }pq}b` }iel`kw hkg l`laqhk` }qdw`ik) uoico ishbsd ch}hab` dn HW] sykwo`sis

]odwdhpwdwqd}os psike O1S ik }bhc` dn uhw`q hkg q`b`hsike spbnpq ik}bhc` dn dye`k

]owdo`w`qdwqd}os psike dqehkic chqadk ik }bhc` dn chqadk gidig`

Co`ldbiwodhpwdwqd}os psike wo` adkg `k`qey dn ikdqehkiccdl}dpkgs ik }bhc` dn bieow `k`qey



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Hlikd hcig aidsykwo`sis hkg kiwqde`k


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Hlikd hcig aidsykwo`sis hkg kiwqde`knihwidk

Hlikd hcigs hq` wo` apibgike abdcjs dn }qdwìks+

Hlikd hcigs hbsd s`q~` hs }q`cpqsdqs wd lhky il}dqwhkw slhbbaidbdeichbby hcwi~` cdl}dpkgs" spco hs kpcb`dwig`s" }dq}oyqiks"bi}igs" hkg cd,`kvyl`s+

Hlikd hcigs hq` hbsd ps`g wd cdk~`qw kiwqde`k hkg spbnpq nqdlikdqehkic wd dqehkic ndqls+

Hlikd hcigs hq` ik~db~`g ik wo` qè`k`qhwidk dn HW] wd a` ps`ghs `k`qey+

Gpqike wo` aidsykwo`sis hkg gèqhghwidk dn hlikd hcigs" wo`kiwqde`k hkg chqadk ldb`cpb`s chk a` a`ww`q cdksig`q`gs`}hqhw`by+

Wo` chqadk ldb`cpb`s dn ldsw hlikd hcig hq` g`qi~`g nqdl /gpqikeaidsykwo`sis) dq `kw`q`g ikwd /gpqike gèqhghwidk) wo` c`kwqhbl`whadbic }hwouhys+

Wo` niqsw sw`} ik hlikd hcig l`whadbisl psphbby ik~db~`s ìwo`qhggiwidk /gpqike aidsykwo`sis) dq q`ld~hb /gpqike gèqhghwidk) dnwo` h hlikd eqdp}+

Hlikd hcig l`whadbisl


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Hlikd hcig l`whadbisl

Dkby ohbn dn wo` hlikd hcigs k``g`g ndq }qdwìk sykwo`sis iklhllhbs /ikcbpgike oplhks) hq` sykwo`siv`g nqdl uiwoik+

@ss`kwihb hkg kdk,`ss`kwihb hlikd hcigs+ @c`ss hlikd hcigs hq` hbuhys gèqhg`g+

Wqhkshlikhwidk q`hcwidk wd gis}ds` dn kiwqde`k eqdp}+

Dighwi~` g`hlikhwidk q`hcwidks+

Q`ld~hb dn hlldkih hkg pq`h cycb`+

Pq`h ndqlhwidk hkg `k`qey q`xpiq`l`kws+ Bikjike dn pq`h hkg WCH cycb`+

Q`lhikike chqadk sj`b`wdks `kw`q chqadoygqhw` l`whadbic}hwouhys

E`k`qhwidk dn `k`qey nqdl chqadk sj`b`wdks nqdl hlikd hcig

gèqhghwidk+ E`k`wic gisdqg`qs q`spbwike nqdl g`n`cws ik hlikd hcig

l`whadbisl+

Hlikd hcigs chk s`q~` hs }q`cpsdq ndq lhky dwo`q aidbdeichbbyil}dqwhkw hkg hcwi~` cdl}dpkgs+


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Nhwwy hcig sykwo`sis


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Nhwwy hcig sykwo`sisNhwwy hcigs hq` sykwo`siv`g ik cywdsdb nqdl hc`wyb CdH

Hc`wyb CdH is chqadibhw`g wd lhbdkyb CdH hkg wo`k ps`g

D~`qhbb q`hcwidk is?hc`wyb CdH * 87KHG]O * 5HW] ]hbliwhw` * 87KHG] * 5HW] * 5]i

hc`wyb CdH * 5lhbdkyb CdH * 87KHG]O ]hbliwhw` * 87KHG] * ?CdH

S`xp`kc` dn sw`}s ik~db~`g hq`

8+ Aikgike dn Hc`wyb CdH wd cys siw` hkg Lhbdkyb CdH wd }hkw siw` dn

wo` `kvyl` cdl}b`1+ Cdkg`kshwidk q`hcwidk ik~db~ike g`chqadibhwidk dn lhbdkyb ldiwy

hkg hwwhcol`kw dn wo` ldiwy }q`s`kw dk wo` cys siw` wd wo` ldiwy}q`s`kw dk wo` }hkw siw`

3+ Q`gpcwidk dn j`wdk` eqdp} dn wo` cohik ikwd oygqdyb eqdp}"g`oygqhwidk wd yi`bg wqhksi`kw gdpab` adkg hkg q`gpcwidk dn wo`q`spbwhkw gdpab` adkg wd dawhik shwpqhw`g cohik

7+ Wqhksn`q dn wo` eqduike shwpqhw`g cohik nqdl }hkw siw` wd cys siw`

0+ Aikgike dn lhbdkyb CdH dk }hkw siw` dn wo` `kvyl` cdl}b`

cdkwikphwidk nqdl sw`},3 /bdd} dn sw`}s 1 wd 0)

>+ Q`b`hs` dn wo` shwpqhw`g nhwwy hcig nqdl wo` }hkw siw` dkc` wo`b`kewo q`hco`s 8>,C

Nhwwy hcig sykwo`sis


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y y


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Hc`wyb CdH q`xpiq`g ndq sykwo`sis is wqhks}dqw g nqdl liwdcodkgqih

ikwd wo` cywdsdb hkg wois ik~db~`s wqhks}dqw dn ciwqhw`

@bdkehwidk dn nhwwy hcig cohik b`kewo a`ydkg 8>,C dccpqs

Ik liwdcodkgqih hkg ik~db~`s A,dighwidk }hwouhy qpkkike ik

q`~`qs` hkg KHG]O s`q~ike hs `b`cwqdk hcc`}wdq

Ik wo` `kgd}bhslic q`wicpbpl hkg ps`s }dbypkshwpqhw`g nhwwy hcigs`sw`qini`g wd CdH hs spaswqhw` lhbdkyb CdH is ps`g hs gdkdq

dn 1,C pkiws

Ikwqdgpcwidk dn gdpab` adkgs /g`shwpqhwidk dn nhwwy hcigs) dccpqs

bhw`q hkg ik~db~`s cdkspl}widk dn KHGO g`shwpqhs` `kvyl`s

hq` ik~db~`gSw`hqhw` * KHGO *O* *D1 Db`hw` * KHG

* * 1O1D

Lhllhb`hk c`bbs hq` pkhab` wd ikwqdgpc` gdpab` adkgs hw c`qwhik

bdchwidks o`kc` sdl` }dbypkshwpqhw`g nhwwy hcigs bij` bikdb`ic

hcig oh~` a`cdl` gi`whqy `ss`kwihbs

Nhwwy hcig sykwo`sis /cdkwg++)

04-metabolism of microorganisms

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