04 alan cadavos - history of planning and evolution of city [compatibility mode]

8/16/2019 04 Alan Cadavos - History of Planning and Evolution of City [Compatibility Mode]

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By EnP Alan G. Cadavos

© ECOPOLIS 2009 ® PAGE 1



Summary by EnP. Cadavos (1)Summary by EnP. Cadavos (1)

I. Conditions that gave rise to Modern Planning Profession• Modern Planning Profession was a response to unmanaged urbanization,

population explosion, environmental degradation in Industrial Cities• ,• Public Health Epidemiologists & Sanitation Professionals as Earliest Planners• Garden City Movement (Sir Ebenezer Howard and his disciples in UK)

II. City Beautiful Movement – a response to urban decay and urban blight

• Daniel Hudson Burnham – Masterplanning or Traditional Planning or ImperativePlanning or Command Planning

• Le Corbusier– Radiant City led to Skyscraper Cities and the common form or

III. Regional Planning & New Towns Movement – reacted toovercongestion in Skyscraper Cities;• reconceptualized the city in relation to its peripheries; tried to address economic

, - ,• New Towns movement in America led to “urban decentralization” or ‘sprawl’ ,

spurred on by the popularity of the automobile; “the car is king” mentality.

IV. City Functional Movement – a reaction to over-emphasis of CBM on‘ ’• Euclidean Zoning – exclusionary zoning, separated incompatible land uses• Utilities-based Linear City (Don Arturo Soria y Mata)• Linear Industrial City (Tony Garnier)




Summary by EnP. Cadavos (2)Summary by EnP. Cadavos (2)

V. City Efficient Movement –• attempted to rationalize urban planning in relation to economic production that had been

decentralized by transportation and communication technologies• Transport Planning• Ekistics – integrated economics, sociology and physical design in human settlements

planning• Urban Renewal and Gentrification – addressed the “hollowing out” of historic city cores by

means o rev a za on u a so resu e n mass ve ur an s um emo ons, g v ng r se o Advocacy or Activist or Equity Planning,

VI. New Urbanism or Neo-Tradit ionalism• combated indiscriminate, inhuman ‘urban renewal’ and sought to revive the lost art of

p ace-ma ng an commun y- u ng

• Neo-Traditional Neighborhoods• Smart Growth and ‘Compact Development’• Cultural Heritage Conservation

. –at the center of planning

• Ian McHarg’s Sieve Mapping and the Rise of GIS

• Ecosystem-Based Planning• Ecological Footprinting• Eco-anarchism and Anti-Urbanism• Disaster Management – Mitigation, Risk-Reduction, and Prevention• Sustainable Cities




In US, “Conservation andIn US, “Conservation and

””Frederick Law Olmsted Sr . (1822-1903)• Father of American Landscape Architecture

• “Conservation and Parks movement” includedGeorge Perkins Marsh, John Muir, Gifford Pinchot,

US President Theodore Roosevelt who all pursued

• in 1870, wrote a comprehensive park planningbook named “Public Parks and the Enlargement ofTowns”

Frederick

Law

• “ A park was never an ornamental addition to a citybut an integral part of its fabric and a force forfuture growth on several levels: economic, social

”

OlmstedSr.

.• Olmsted’s Vision

• Mixed use

• Dampen class conflict• Heighten Family & religious values• Use urban parks as aid to social reform

• Was influenced by “Beaux Arts” design and city-


,

tension), exuberance, cohesiveness, symmetry. John Muir



1858-1861 – Central

Park, NY Frederick LawFrederick Law

Famous for the design of:•

.. ,

(Greens-ward Plan) togetherwith Calvert Vaux

• Riverside, Illinois• Buffalo, NY parks system• Druid Hills, Georgia

Boston’s

Emerald


Necklace



In UK, Problems ofIn UK, Problems ofManufacturing Cities in 19thManufacturing Cities in 19th

cen urycen ury1. At the start of industrial revolution, public health

rofessionals were most concerned about ublic planning. The ills of Industrial city included:• Lack of potable water due to polluted water bodies

• Disposal of garbage including human excrement, and

• epidemics due to congestion• street cleaning• Air pollution: smoke and smog•

• public housing was essentially tenements and cellars• lack of cemeteries

2. Mid to late 1800’s – local and national leaders in UK

• sanitarians were vocal against epidemic diseases, filthystreets, unhealthy disposal of garbage and sewage, air

pollution, and slum housing• c ar son s yge a, an . . ac e as y anner

3. Edwin Chadwick started ‘EPIDEMIOLOGY’ in 1842 byinquiring into the living conditions of factory workers

4. With the “filth versus erm” debate durin the time ofBenjamin Clark Marsh & John Snow, the Split betweenPublic Health (‘germ’) and Planning (‘filth’), Housing,and Social Services took place.



1. Main Goals

• a ev a e e er ora on o v ng con ons• Solve acute public health crisis associated with overcrowding and lack of

municipal and sanitary services

• Greater concern for social well being•

o n now

• Equip planners professionally to find technical solutions to urban planning

2. Under England’s Public Health Act of 1875, counties were divided intourban and rural sanitary districts supervised by the central government

.

• stated that land use has to be regulated, thus giving birth to town planning• gave authority to boroughs, counties and towns - housing bylaws - power toregulate housing - uniform streets with minimum widths - external lavatories -access to back alle s for waste dis osal arba e and waste water

• population densities set - maximum 50 houses (250 people) per acre4. UK passed the Town Planning Act of 1909.5. 1st National Conference on Planning & Congestion (1909)6. In US Public Health Association called for cit lannin in 18727. The legitimate parents of modern planning are: Public Health

Administration, Sanitary Engineering, Public Housing, Social Work, andBaroque Urban Design

.welfare and human living conditions rather than built environment



Sir Ebenezer Howard (1850Sir Ebenezer Howard (1850--1928)1928)

• Wrote Tomorrow (1898) followed by Garden Citiesof Tomorrow (1902)

• oncerne a ou a ec v ng con ons an neeto change the physical form of cities:

• disperse population/industries outside the city•• Design new cities under the capitalist framework to be

workable and livable

• Drew inspiration from London World's Fair of 1851:“ ”• vance concep o oc a y – a po ycen r c

settlement or cluster, surrounded by greenbeltwherein a central city of 58,000 people was to be

“ ” , ,each city separated by permanent green space or

farmlands. Rails and roads would link the cities with• pointed to the importance of planning land use and

city features beforehand, rather than organic and




Ebenezer Howard’s Garden CityEbenezer Howard’s Garden City• Three ma nets in his aradi m de icted that

both the city and the countryside hadadvantages and disadvantages. Creation of jobs and urban services in the City resulted in

oor natural environment while theCountryside offered an excellent naturalenvironment but few opportunities



1. Population ~ 30,0002. Area ~ 1,000 acres (405 hectares)

3. agricultural greenbelt surrounds town ~ 5,000 acres (hence "garden") in

4. high residential density (15 houses per acre/ 37 per ha)5. Industrial and commercial zones with greenbelts between zones6. rapid transport from Garden City to Central City by rail

7. concentric rings progressing outward. Towns would grow by cellularaddition into a complex multi-centered agglomeration of towns setagainst a green background of open country

.• Secure better regular employment for professionals at higher purchasing power • reduce land use conflicts• Secure healthier surroundings for all true workers of whatever class• romote convenience and comfort




Ebenezer Howard and TheEbenezer Howard and The

• Among the disciples of Ebenezer Howard were Architects Barry Parker, Sir Frederic J. Osborn

• In 1902-03, a Sir Raymond Unwin designede c wor gar en c y, m es m nor o

London from 1903 to 1920• Louis de Soissons designed Welwyn from 1920 to

• Letchworth and Welwyn Garden Cities wereinfluential in the development of 30 "New Towns"

,including Stevenage, Hertfordshire and the last(and largest) being Milton Keynes,

.• German architects Hermann Muthesius and Bruno

Taut created Germany's first garden city ofHellerau in 1909 the onl German arden cit


where Howard's ideas were thoroughly adopted.



Letchworth, Hertfordshire, UK : First Garden CityLetchworth, Hertfordshire, UK : First Garden City

Designed by SirDesigned by Sir

Raymond UnwinRaymond Unwin

Cottages at Birds Hill in LetchworthCottages at Birds Hill in Letchworth

Shops in the Wynd at LetchworthShops in the Wynd at Letchworth



WelwynWelwyn

Garden CityGarden City

y y



Hampstead Garden CityHampstead Garden City




Letchworth GardenLetchworth Garden Welwyn GardenWelwyn Garden

CityCity



London and its GreenbeltLondon and its Greenbelt



GreenbeltGreenbelt– –

testament totestament to

EbenezerEbenezer

Howard!Howard!




ovementovement




City Beautiful MovementCity Beautiful Movement

--• Movement that emphasized aesthetics in urbandesi n and lannin -- randeur monumentalit(drama & tension), exuberance, cohesiveness, andsymmetry.

• City was designed as total system with main, ,parks and promenades starting from a prominentwaterfront, clusters or blocks of focal civic buildingsthat would include city hall, courthouse, library,

, , , , ,

arches, obelisks; this movement copied manyfeatures from European capitals.• Ithis movement embraced all public works designed

cities -- bridges, river embankments, railroads,colleges and universities, Roman Catholic basilicas,

public baths, etc.

circulation/transport planning but generally criticizedas ‘utopian” -- Beauty stood supreme, had littleconcern for health and sanitation (hospitals,

, , ,

growth (factories), natural hazards, geology, zoning(incompatible land uses).



World’s Columbian Exposition ofWorld’s Columbian Exposition of

,,strengthened the CBMstrengthened the CBM

Court of Honor, World’s

Columbian Exposition 1892-93,

Grand Basin• Historian Mel Scott

described theChicago Expo as"temporarywonderland of rand

perspectives,shimmering lagoons

The Fisheries Building

palaces… anenthralling amalgam

Palace of Fine Arts

,Imperial Rome andBourbon Paris"



City Beautiful MovementCity Beautiful Movement

--1950s)1950s)

• Improving the city through

beautification• • Aesthetics• Civic Improvements• Building Design

• Cities influenced by CBM: Chicago(1909), San Francisco (1905), Detroit,

The Statue of the

Republic

, , , ,Canberra (Griffin and Mahony, 1913),

New Delhi (1911) in India, Brasília(1957) in Brazil, Abuja in Nigeria,Islamabad,Pakistan (1959)



Daniel Hudson BurnhamDaniel Hudson Burnham

• co-designed World’s Columbian Exposition of 1892-93 in Chicago with Olmsted which drew millions ofv s ors an s mu a e concern or ur an es gn

• Father of American City Planning and Prophet ofCity Beautiful Movement in America

• Greatest achievement is the Plan for Chicago

• Also designed Baltimore, Buffalo, Cleveland, SanFrancisco (1905), Manila (1903-06) and Baguio City(1911).

• –

grandeur, monumentality (drama & tension),exuberance, cohesiveness, and symmetry.• Criticism of Chicago Plan

• Planned as an aristocratic city for merchant princes;• Did not in provide for realities of downtown real estate

development, hence resulted in overbuilding andcongestion

• Created a business core with no conscious provision forbusiness ex ansion in the rest of the cit

Francisco, 1905

• commercial convenience should have been significant

• Burnham also designed Masonic Temple Building inChicago, Flatiron Building in New York City, UnionStation in Washington D.C.



Daniel Burnham’s quoteDaniel Burnham’s quote

• “Make no little plans. They have no magic and.plans; aim high in hope and work, rememberingthat a noble, logical diagram once recorded will

,

thing, asserting itself with ever-growing insistency.Remember that our sons and grandsons are going.

watchword be order and your beacon beauty. Thinkbig.”“a park.”




Plan for Chicago 1906Plan for Chicago 1906--09:09:

Chicago was envisioned byChicago was envisioned byurn am as ar s on a ra r eurn am as ar s on a ra r e



Chicago TodayChicago Today

ears ower

Wrigley Bldg

enn um ar



Burnham’s Plan for Manila 1903Burnham’s Plan for Manila 1903--19111911



CharlesCharles--EdouardEdouard‘‘

Corbusier’Corbusier’• Swiss-French architect-planner , last of the “City Beautiful

ovemen p anners; wro e e oo r an sme• “We must decongest the centers of our cities by increasing their

density.” That paradox could be resolved by building high on a small

part of land.• “ ,

more bustling public squares, no more untidy neighborhoods. Peoplewould live in hygienic, regimented high-rise towers, set far apart in apark-like landscape. This rational city would be separated intodiscrete zones for working, living and leisure. Above all, everythingshould be done on a big scale — big buildings, big open spaces, big

urban highways”• "By this immense step in evolution, so brutal and so overwhelming,

we burn our bridges and break with the past.“ (no heritage

• “We must improve circulation and increase the amount of openspace.”

• Focused more on architectural style (cubist aesthetics) than – ,

symbolism, imagery and aesthetics rather than the basicproblems of local population;

• He was criticized for the planning paradox “address congestion”


.



Le Corbusier’s RadiantLe Corbusier’s Radiant

• objective was to decongest the entire city by“

population without congestion.”• City consists of uniform 60-storey large tower-

blocks and apartment-buildings that zigzag.technology could make the design possible. Itwould house 3 million people.

• Each group of buildings would be isolated from- . ,

surfaces with little ornamentation, and box-likebuilding shapes• Housing and office towers were grouped in

x zexposure to the sun.

• Stadiums, recreational facilities, and museums

were placed along waterfronts.• e or us er s es gn n uence e es gn oCBDs with High-rises/Skyscrapers in office parks

• Modernism created a consistent urban imagebased on the tall building, the automobile, and


the limited-access highway.



Radiant City (Le VilleRadiant City (Le Ville

• Une Ville Contemporaine (Contemporary City,1923) – a modernist city consisting of uniform

million people• Applied concepts to City of Chandigarh, new

capital of Punjab, India; and to Brasilia, Brazil;Boston and Toronto Plan was devoid of economicsocial, transport, and other considerations

• urban vision was authoritarian, inflexible andsimplistic. The bureaucratically-imposed plan wasfound to be socially-destructive.

• an ar za on prove n uman an sor en ng;

the too-vast open spaces were inhospitable. Lackof human-scale.• In the United States, took the form of vast

“ ” that damaged the urban fabric beyond repair.Today these megaprojects are being dismantled,as Tenement-blocks give way to rows of houses

fronting streets and sidewalks. Downtowns havediscovered that combining, not separating,different activities is the key to success. So is thepresence of lively residential neighborhoods, oldas well as new. Cities have learned that


starting from zero.

Le Corbusier’s visionof Paris, 1955



Radiant City (Le Ville RadieuseRadiant City (Le Ville Radieuse))

• Une Ville Contemporaine (Contemporary City, 1923) –a modernist city consisting of uniform tower blocks setw n gar ens mean or m on peop e

• Applied concepts to City of Chandigarh, new capital ofPunjab, India; and to Brasilia, Brazil; Boston and

Toronto.• an was evo o econom c, soc a , ranspor , an

other considerations• urban vision was authoritarian, inflexible and simplistic.

The bureaucratically-imposed plan was found to besocially-destructive.

• Standardization proved inhuman and disorienting; thetoo-vast open spaces were inhospitable. Lack ofhuman-scale.

• In the United States, took the form of vast regimentedpublic housing projects (“Tenements”) that damaged theurban fabric beyond repair. Today these megaprojects

are bein dismantled as Tenement-blocks ive wa torows of houses fronting streets and sidewalks.Downtowns have discovered that combining, notseparating, different activities is the key to success. So


,as well as new..



Corbusier’s design was good for temporary livingCorbusier’s design was good for temporary living

. . .. . .

enemen ous ng an e rea own o mer canenemen ous ng an e rea own o mer cancommunities (1912communities (1912--1960s):1960s):

NYC and later, the Ghettos in Bronx which were

former quarters of Jewish minority who havebecome increasingly rich

Le Corbusier’s influence on highLe Corbusier’s influence on high rise Socialist Housing inrise Socialist Housing in



Le Corbusier’s influence on highLe Corbusier’s influence on high--rise Socialist Housing inrise Socialist Housing informerly communist East Europeformerly communist East Europe

Brasilia Brazil (1957) as “Radiant City”Brasilia Brazil (1957) as “Radiant City”



Brasilia, Brazil (1957) as Radiant CityBrasilia, Brazil (1957) as Radiant Cityby Lucio Costa & Oscar Niemeyerby Lucio Costa & Oscar Niemeyer

Plaza of the Three Powers

Our Lady Aparecida

National Congress

Metropol itan Cathedral • Radiant City

attempted inBrasilia athuge financialcos s anenvironmentalcosts(forests)

Presidential Palace of the Dawn“ Palacio da Alvorada”



New Towns Movement (1920New Towns Movement (1920--1950s)1950s)• Reacted to overcongestion in Le Corbusier’s Skyscraper Cities

particularly New York City and Toronto Canada• Pursued Garden Cit ideas of Ebenezer Howard which the

believed could produce “better communities”• an island of greens; green spaces are interconnected

• separation of pedestrian traffic from motor traffic•• based upon prior land assembly

• Considered endless grid-iron tracks as wasteful and unnecessaryand pursued other ways to address community problems and

• Six Principles of New Towns Movement• Plan simply, but comprehensively• Provide ample sites in the right places for community use• Put factories and other industrial buildings where they can be used

without wasteful transportation of people and goods• Cars must be parked and stored (not on the streets!)

• Brin rivate and ublic land into relationshi• Arrange for the occupancy of houses• Approach was to formulate home building corporations, financed

by companies seeking long term investments (adopted in the“ ’ ”


NHA)

N T R db N J 1929N T R db N J 1929



New Town, Radburn, New Jersey, ca. 1929New Town, Radburn, New Jersey, ca. 1929



Radburn, New JerseyRadburn, New Jersey – –

motor traffic andmotor traffic and


N TN T



Greenbelt, Maryland 1937Greenbelt, Maryland 1937--3939 New TownsNew Towns

the USthe US

Frank Lloyd WrightFrank Lloyd Wright



Frank Lloyd WrightFrank Lloyd Wright

• Major US architect involved in site planning and communityplanning, had 41 commissions, 532 designs, 1000+ drawings

• Wri ht was ma or ro onent of urban decentralization inreaction to overcongestion in US cities -- was believed to bean “eco-anarchist”

• “Broadacre City” design, forerunner or apotheosis of

suburbanization trend – the anti-thesis to compacteve opmen an rans -or en e eve opmen .• Much activity is done by automobile.• Under Broadacre City design, settlements would have size of

about 10km2 (1000 has) with all services and amenities of a – , , , , .

and farms and factories could co-exist side by side withhomes. Families would have one acre each (4,050m2) fromfederal land reserves, with sufficient space for gardens andsmall farms. Plus a helicopter .

• Helicopter element made Broad-acre sound like sciencefiction.

• He also designed neighborhoods and subdivisions employingthe “Quadruple Block Plan” wherein houses are set on small

by roads, set toward the center of the block so that eachhouse maximized the yard space and included private spacein the center. This also allowed for more interesting viewsfrom each house. This desi n would have eliminated the


straight rows of houses on parallel streets with boring views

of the front of each house.



Frank Lloyd Wri ht’s Broadacre CityFrank Lloyd Wri ht’s Broadacre City

-

car-oriented

+

feeder roadsMulti-nucleated




Henry Wri ht (1878Henry Wri ht (1878--1936)1936)• Wright produced “The Report of the Commission in

Housing and Regional Planning for the State of NewYork”

• pu a e e e emen s o a reg ona p an:• Introduced concept of “superblock” in “New Town”

development in the US

• implemented in Radburn, FairLawn, New Jersey• uper oc s an s an o greens, or ere y

homes and carefully skirted by peripheralautomobile roads, each around open green spaceswhich are themselves interconnected. There arenumerous greenways which serve as pedestrian

pathways.• The rough Philippine equivalent of a superblock is amodest-size rectan ular subdivision dominated bgardens and greenery.

• Wrote “Rehousing Urban America” (1935);explained how New York developed from a city of

small trade centers to an industrial belt to a financial and managerial center • co-designed Western Kentucky University

Clarence S Stein (1882Clarence S Stein (1882 1975)1975)



Clarence S. Stein (1882Clarence S. Stein (1882--1975)1975)

• Co-founded Regional Planning Association of America (1923) with Henry Wright and LewisMumford

• r nc pa p anner w o pursue enezer owar sGarden City ideas in conceptualizing 22government-sponsored “New Towns” or greenbelt

- ,lived “US Resettlement Administration”• Sunnyside Gardens, Queens, New York;• Hillside Homes, Bronx, New York;

,

• Baldwin Hills Village, Los Angeles;• Reston, Virginia;• Columbia, Maryland

,• Greendale, Wisconsin;• Greenhills, Ohio;

• Greenbrook NJ• or s were cu s or y rea epress on• Wrote book New Towns for America (1951) which

was inputted into the US Housing Act of 1954.


Clarence Perry (1872Clarence Perry (1872 1944)1944)



Clarence Perry (1872Clarence Perry (1872--1944)1944)• Conceptualized “Neighborhood Unit” equivalent

to UK’s Neighborhood “Precincts”• “Neighborhood unit” (1929) – is a self-contained,

low-rise edestrian-oriented residential uarterincorporating garden city ideas, that would bebounded by major streets, with shops at theintersections and a school in the middle. Around

2 2. . , ,and a school for 920 children.

• Perry intended his neighborhood unit to satisfymost needs of residents and bring advantages of

.• Six principles of Neighborhood unit: (1) Size to

support an elementary school, generally a halfmile in diameter at most, (2) boundaries on all

,parks and recreation of about 10% of the totalneighborhood area, (4) institutions such asschools, community centers, and churches

,around the circumference at traffic junctions, and(6) internal street system with lots of cul-de-sacsand street widths sized to facilitate internal traffic


.




Sir Patrick Geddes (1854Sir Patrick Geddes (1854--



Sir Patrick Geddes (1854Sir Patrick Geddes (1854--

• co s o og s , soc o og s , an c y p anner respons e or

introducing the concept of "region" to planning and city architecture;• Known as the ‘Father of Regional Planning’•

• 1904: City Development: A Study of Parks, Gardens & Culture Institutes• 1905: Civics as Applied Sociology• 1915: Cities in Evolution

• “ ”

“Survey Analysis Plan” – precursor of rational-comprehensive orsynoptic planning• He made extensive use of survey method; Planning must start with a

survey of the resources of a region, of human responses to it, and ofthe resulting complexities of the cultural landscape;

• He coined the terms “city-region” and “conurbation” as the

.• He characterized the life-cycle of cities as Inflow (waves of migration to

large cities), Build-up (overcrowding), Backflow (slum formation, centralcity blight), and sprawling mass, resulting in amorphic spread, waste


an unnecessary o so escence. e t us prop es ze t e -e ects o

hyper-urbanization and the rise and decline of cities.



• e es s resse e soc a as s o e c y – e re a ons pbetween people and cities and how they affect one another.

• Geddes focused on individual action and voluntary cooperation


Sir Leslie Patrick AbercrombieSir Leslie Patrick Abercrombie



Sir Leslie Patrick AbercrombieSir Leslie Patrick Abercrombie--

• English town planner-architect who became member of Siegfried,

Design and Town Planning at University College London• best known for the re-planning of London thru the County of London

Plan (1943) and the extended Greater London Regional Plan (1944)which are called the Abercrombie Plan, where 1.25 million peoplewere dispersed to new towns and rural areas

• Abercrombie Plan started the “New Towns” movement in the UK

'out-county' estate, Harold Hill in north-east London.• He made award-winning designs for Dublin City and re-planned

Plymouth, Hull, Bath, Edinburgh and Bournemouth, among others.• He founded the Council for the Preservation of Rural England

(CPRE) in 1926 as first chairman and later Honorary Secretary.• Abercrombie was knighted in 1945. In 1945 he published A Plan for

,Edwin Lutyens.

• Abercrombie was commissioned by UK government to redesignHong Kong after WWII. In 1956 he was commissioned by Ethiopia


Emperor Haile Selassie (Ras Tafari) to draw up plans for the capitalof Addis Ababa.

Lewis Mumford (1895Lewis Mumford (1895 1990)1990)



Lewis Mumford (1895Lewis Mumford (1895--1990)1990)• American thinker called the Last of the Great Humanists, Father of Historical-

Sociological Approach to Planning. Wrote “Technics and Civilization” (1934),“The

Culture of Cities” (1938) “City in History” (1961)

• e y n s ory was sweep ng, mas er u s or ca ana ys s o c y eve opmen

all over the world, describes why cities came about and what their continuing

function is.

• conceived of planning as multi-disciplinary. Was extensively involved in RegionalPlanning in the US East Coast.

• Mumford believed that society is dehumanized by technological culture and that it

must return to a perspective that places emotions, sensitivity, and ethics at the

.

relationship between people and their living spaces.

• saw the city not only as a place with poor living conditions, but also as a threat to

democracy and the breeding place of fascism, as the masses of people in the big

city could be kept ignorant and were to easy to mislead.

• recognized the physical limitations of human settlement and urged that

fundamental basic needs of society be the bases for the judicious use of

technology;• advocated harmonious life among civilized groups in ecological balance with the

place they occupied.

• the modern city (New York 1960) is following the patterns of Imperial Roman city


in the same vein, then it will meet the same fate as the Imperial Roman city.

Benton MacKaye (1879Benton MacKaye (1879--1975)1975)



Benton MacKaye (1879Benton MacKaye (1879--1975)1975)• American forester, conservationist and regional planner, who

was called "father of the Appalachian Trail." He proposed the Appalachian Trail in Oct 1921 – more than 2,000-mile footpathfrom Maine to Geor ia blazed throu h the efforts ofvolunteers. He advocated preserving cultural and recreationalareas in an increasingly urbanized environment. He believedthat we should tame new technology for ecological purpose

• ,"townless highway."

• He was one of the founders of the Regional Planning Association of America (1923)

• Planning, 1928

• Prominent in regional conservationism• applied the transect to vast river valleys• Re ional ecolo tied to natural s stems • Cyclical time and organic interaction with landscape versus

industrial time and engineering• Ridgeland areas offer indigenous balance

• Valleys filled with industrial excess• onserva ve e or ase on ra ca ana ys s




ovemenovemen


City Functional Movement (1910City Functional Movement (1910--70)70)



City Functional Movement (1910City Functional Movement (1910--70)70)1. Movement meant to respond to every aspect of city problems

• Reacted to preoccupation with urban design of the “City Beautiful Movement” in US and“Garden City Movement” in UK

• Greater concern for the functioning of cities rather than design aesthetics -- function over form• . , , ,• Enlist businesses & civic organization• Emphasized opportunity rather than focus on economic and social ‘evils’ of city• aligned planning to broader fields of public service

2. Focused on utility infrastructure and on land use zoning rather than masterp ann ng• Zoning was designed to separate ‘incompatible’ land uses• However, today many land uses are no longer exactly incompatible• Ironically, Excessive zoning creates homogeneity which leads to sterility and inconvenience.

“. attempt to control land use by a municipal government” The particular

purpose at that time was to contain the invasion of factories into the Fifth Avenue business district and the shadowing of adjacent properties

.4. Constitutionality of zoning as part of police power of the State was upheld by

US Supreme Court in 1926, as a result of Village of Euclid v. Ambler RealtyCompany(1926), hence the term ‘Euclidean zoning.’

. , -6. Picked up in Germany -- Grundriss-plan of 1910 was Master plan for Greater

Berlin ; Rudolf Hillebrecht In Hamburg, Germany7. in Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Helsinki & Tapiola, Finland; and Melun Senart,


.

• Don Arturo Soria y Mata (1844-1920) – Spanish engineer,suggested the idea “ Ciudad Lineal” (linear city) an elongatedDon ArturoDon Arturo



suggested the idea Ciudad Lineal (linear city) an elongatedurban formation runnin from Cadiz S ain to Paris and the

Don ArturoDon Arturorest of Europe, up to St. Petersburg, Russia.

• logic of linear utility lines should be the basis of city lay-out;houses and buildings could be set alongside linear utilitysystems supplying water, communications and electricity. He

y u .• The linear city would have five functionally specialized

parallel sectors.• a purely segregated zone for railway lines,

• a zone of roduction and communal enter rises, with relatedscientific, technical and educational institutions,

• a green belt or buffer zone with major highway,• a residential zone, including a band of social institutions, a band of

residential buildings and a "children's band",• a ark zone, and• an agricultural zone with gardens and state-run farms (sovkhozy in

the Soviet Union).• As the city expanded, additional sectors would be added tothe end of each band, so that it would become ever longer,

• The city may run parallel to a river and be built so that thedominant wind would blow from the residential areas to theindustrial strip.

• Ernst Ma a famous German functionalist architectformulated his initial plan for Magnitogorsk, a new city in theSoviet Union, primarily following the model established inFrankfurt settlements: identical, equidistant five-storycommunal apartment buildings and an extensive network of


n ng a s an o er pu c serv ces.

LinearLinear



LinearLinear




-- • Noted French architect and city planner, forerunner of

avant arde 20th centur French architects• In 1901, after extensive study of sociological and

architectural problems, he formulated an elaboratesolution to use architecture to create industrial

uto ias that would hel control unchecked urban growth and keep the working classes in line.

• Proposed a modern linear industrial city called “UneCite Industrielle” (1917-18) designed for about 35,000

areas.

• He removed churches or law enforcement buildings,in hope that “man could rule himself.” He was

.• Concept partially adopted in his hometown of Lyons,

France.• Four main principles: functionalism, space, greenery,

.• His basic idea included the separation of spaces by

function through zoning into four categories includingleisure/recreation, industry, work, and transport.


-the industries to which they were related so that

people could be more easily educated.




Thomas Adams became father ofThomas Adams became father of



1. was active in UK, USA and Canada from 1911-382. Formed Town Planning Institute of Canada in 1919 -

– passage of Canadian city planning law in 1921

3. Adams adopted utilitarian approach to planning -government intervention (versus English common law -

4. Adam saw fundamental conflict between right to life

versus right to property. However, Adams belonged tothe British liberal tradition, not socialism/communism.

carrying-on of business.5. Adams encouraged development of small well-planned

towns and the decentralization of industrial plants.. ams ra e mo e p ann ng eg s a on or prov ncesto adopt

• Made Planning mandatory• Approval of local plan by province/state after notification and

• Approval of land subdivision required• Arbitration, compensation, and betterment• Zoning for use, height, and bulk permitted• Buildin densities to be limited


• Policy authority in hands of planning boards.• Executive responsibility to a professional planner.



ty c entty c ent


Pioneers of Transport PlanningPioneers of Transport Planning



• spurred by US Federal Highway Act of 1916 andInterstate Highway Act of 1956

-use study. “Traffic is a function of land use” e.g.Chicago and Detroit Transportation Plans.

• Wesley Mitchell (1954) - advocated that plansshould be in dynamic not static terms. He was aleading figure in setting up the Penn-JerseyTransportation Study, an urban growth C. Britton

.• Lowdon Wingo and Harvey S. Perloff (1961)-

Urban transportation can be viewed as a basicspatial organizer of the metropolitan region; they

Harris, ( 1895-

2005) Universityof Pennsylvania

showed interdependence of economics,transport, land use and accessibility

• Britton Harris (1960) - a systems framework

. -of Metropolis published by Rand Corporation.Garin-Lowry Spatial Allocation Model. GravityModel.


Dr. Harvey S. Perloff

(1915-1983) UCLADean of Urban Planning

Dr. Francis Stuart Chapin Jr.Dr. Francis Stuart Chapin Jr.



pp

--• First to write a comprehensive textbook on Urban and

• Emphasized quantitative, statistical tools to study socialphenomena; Proposed to treat a town or region as anevolving system and simulate its growth as a system in a

different public policies on the pattern of town evolution• Planning process should follow the cycle of human

behavioral process

city in the course of daily life, social and physical conceptsof neighborhood, and urban growth dynamics.

• Five goals of Spatial Planning•• safety• convenience• economy

•• Co-founded American Sociological Association and USSocial Science Research Council.


Planning relies more and more onPlanning relies more and more on



: :• Attempted to address the elements of ‘uncertainty’ andex raneous ac ors n p ann ng or uman se emen s• T.J. Kent – “Blueprint Planning” and Urban General Plan (1964)• Edwin C. Banfield -- Politics, Planning and the Public Interest, in

, . , . . . .• Martin Meyerson -- “Building the Middle-Range Bridge for

Comprehensive Planning”• Albert Z. Guttenberg - "A Multiple Land Use Classification System."

(1959)

• Regional Science and Regional Economics – both treatplanning as ‘social physics’ aimed at the discovery ofpresumed natural laws or regular occurrences in socialinteraction, economic activity and spatial phenomena.• ‘Spatial Interaction’ – push and pull factors, centrifugal and

centripetal forces• ‘Spatial Modelling’• Gravity Model – by Robert Garin and Ira Lowry


Suburbanization & ‘Motorcities’Suburbanization & ‘Motorcities’



Suburbanization & MotorcitiesSuburbanization & Motorcities• Suburbanization Intensified with the Baby Boom Generation or

Population Explosion after World War II.• Primarily driven by the popularity of automobile as mode of

ranspor enera o ors, or , an rys er n ; e ore eylost to Toyota and Nissan in the late 1990s) – “the car is kingmentality” as popularized by broadcast media

• Public resources were increasing diverted from historic inner-cities

• City cores lost out to suburbia and exurbia in terms of capitalimprovement and employment

• Inner cities looked abandoned – hollow cores or the donut shapeaccording to Peirce Lewis.

• Intensification of air pollution and climate change since 1950s asstudied at Harvard University by Albert Arnold La Fon Gore.

• “Amorphic Sprawl” refers to the “low-density fragmented use ofland for consumptive urban purposes at a scale expanded faster

margins of existing metropolitan areas in a generally amorphic(formless) manner.

• Over time, this pattern means more and more houses are built

farther awa from the urban core that re uire more ener use er person and that need to be supported by piecemeal extensions ofurban infrastructure such as roads, sewer, power and water.”

• Distances become too great for walking and this forcesdependence on the automobile; hard for old people when they can


no onger r ve; ar or young peop e w o aren ye o enoug odrive

Suburbanization and Amorphic SprawlSuburbanization and Amorphic Sprawl



---- w a an aw u was e o space w a an aw u was e o space


Urban Renewal Movement in NorthUrban Renewal Movement in North



mer ca,mer ca, -- s:s:

Ed Logue Rexford Guy

Robert

Tugwell

(1891-1979)

,

New York

CatherineBauerAldo Rossi, 1931-97


(1905-64)

Abraham Levitt and William Levittfounded Levittowns in Long Island,NY and in Pennsylvania

Mellon,Mellon,

PittsburgPittsburg



• Robert Moses, park commissioner andea o e c y p ann ng comm ss on,

New York City, oversaw major public

works projects and emerged as one oft e most power u une ecte pu cofficials in the United States. Between1924 and 1968, Moses conceived andexecuted public works costing $27

billion. He was responsible for buildingvirtuall ever arkwa , ex resswa ,

Robert Moses, Chief

and public housing project in the NYregion, as well as Lincoln Center,

Shea Stadium and two world fairs. He

York City

built hundreds of new city playgroundsand ordered the planting of 2 milliontrees.


Urban Renewal and Tax Increment FinancingUrban Renewal and Tax Increment Financing



• Urban Renewal is a US Federal program under the

Comprehensive Housing Act of 1949 which was designedto help communities improve and redevelop areas that are

, , , .• Urban Renewal helps communities realize specific capital

projects or public assets – parks, streets and streetscape

im rovements arks and lazas reenwa s communitcenters, and facilities – that would not happen on their own.It finances incentives for private investments to create jobs,revitalize neighborhoods and provide a full range of housing

.• The basic idea behind urban renewal is that future tax

revenues will pay for revitalization. The City Governmentdraws a line around an area the urban renewal boundar and identifies desirable improvements within that area (theurban renewal plan). The city issues urban renewal bondsto pay for the identified improvements. As property values

ncrease n e area ue o new nves men , e r se nproperty tax revenues (called “tax increment”) is used topay off the urban renewal bonds. This financing method is

-


,method of paying for improvements in an urban renewal

area.

GentrificationGentrificationMontreal, Quebec

i d f b l hi h



• is a mode of urban renewal whichentails up-scaling previously-bli hted areas to attract new business and new occupants; theElite and their money would be

city• revitalization of blighted

waterfronts and inner cores of

industrial cities which had been

and consequently invaded by theurban poor

• en s to resu t n upp cat on(e.g. condominium clusters) andin social exclusion of lower


classes.

Gentrification meant ‘social exclusion’ :Gentrification meant ‘social exclusion’ : largelarge--scalescale



• Urban Renewal through Gentrification was initiallycalled ‘racist’ and ‘segregationist’ and contributedo v g s pro es e y r. ar n u erKing. James Baldwin called ‘urban renewal’ as‘Negro removal.’

• , .driven by the combined influence of gays,Bohemians, hipsters, artists and yuppies who

-estate values suited to their lifestyles:

• Single, don’t have to raise a family, no need tomaintain communit traditions social life in ni htbars and cabarets, non-conventional serviceoccupations

• Gentrification is often “centerless” and “soul-less”

–as aga nst ew r an sm w c s centere onreviving some traditions. Gentrification is focusedon “comfort/convenience” while New Urbanism is


ocuse on commun y

Social Protest Movements and the Rise ofSocial Protest Movements and the Rise of



• Gentrification and large-scale demolition of slums andblack neighborhoods in the 1960s gave rise to the‘Advocac or Activitst or E uit School of Plannin ’ andthe applied disciplines of ‘community development’ and‘conflict management’

• ‘Advocacy Planning school’ asserts that the planning

rocess should take the side of the oor the last the least, and the lost.• Planners should work for the redistribution of power and

resources to the powerless and the disadvantaged; to

established powers of business and government.

• Action→ Activist→ Mobilization• Goals are Social justice and Equity in Housing, provision, .

• Advocacy planning has both reflected and contributed toa general trend in planning away from neutral objectivityin definition of social problems, in favor of applying more

.• shifted formulation of social policy from backroomnegotiations (haggling among varied interest groups) outinto the open – as Government and Private Institutions


groups

‘Advocacy Planning’‘Advocacy Planning’



• Paul Davidoff (1965): – father of “advocacy planning,” idol ofBarack Hussein Obama during Obama’s communitydevelopment work in Chicago. Called for development of

“ ,interest” is not scientific but is political.

• Saul David Alinsky (Rules for Radicals, 1971) ConflictPragmatics or Conflict Confrontation as Philosophy in

“ ”

Paul Davidoff

– ,the least, and the lost.

• anarcho-syndicalist community-organizing and mosquito-like massmobilization that confronts the State and dares the State to live up to itsown principles – but without Marxist/Maoist ideology of taking over theState

• Sherry Arnstein – “Eight Rungs in the Ladder of CitizenParticipation” (1969)

• Alan Altshuler –Saul David Alinsky

• an . es n– concep o empowermen• Norman Krumholtz – originator of “transactive planning” and

became President of the American Institute of CertifiedPlanners Allan

• Thomas Reiner – “A Choice Theory of Planning”• David F. Mazziotti - “The Underlying Assumptions of Advocacy Planning”

es n

© ECOPOLIS 2009 ® PAGE 69 Norman Krumholtz



ew r an sm orew r an sm or

--


Jane Jacobs (1916Jane Jacobs (1916--2006)2006)• Co-founded the movement of “New Urbanism” also called “Neo-



• Co-founded the movement of New Urbanism also called Neo-

Traditionalism”• strong critic of the urban renewal policies of the 1950s which,she claimed, destroyed communities and created isolated,

• Wrote “The Death and Life of Great American Cities” (1961)one of the most influential books in planning

• In The Economy of Cities (1969), Jane Jacobs asserts that

,specialization, spurs urban growth. It is the diversity ofgeographically proximate industries that promotes innovationand growth. As measured by employment, industries growslower in cities where they are heavily over-represented. ButCity diversity promotes growth as knowledge spills overindustries.

• common theme of Jacobs’ work has been to question whetherwe are building cities for people or cities for cars

, -frequently cited New York City's Greenwich Village as anexample of a vibrant urban community

• She prescribed that neighborhood should have mixed functionsand therefore mixed land uses to ensure that eo le were there

Jane Jacobs (1916-2006)

for different purposes, on different time schedules, but usingmany facilities in common

• Other exponents of New Urbanism: Andres Duany, ElizabethPlater-Zyberk, Leon Krier, Rob Krier, Daniel Solomon, Stefanos


o yzo es, za e ou e,

‘New Urbanism’ or ‘Neo‘New Urbanism’ or ‘Neo--’’



• Movement in Architecture and SettlementsPlanning which sought to revive ‘the lost arto p ace-ma ng

• abhors the patterns of Suburbanization and Amorphic Sprawl because suburbs are

, , .Opposes the proliferation of suburbs andexurbs

• seeks to rebuild inner city neighborhoodsaroun mpor an ra ons an core va ues;

• reorders the built environment into the formof complete cities, towns, villages, and

• employs multi-use development scheme onfocal points such as waterfronts, spectacularor distinctive settings

• Festival atmosphere, ethnic settings,bazaars and tiangges, street concerts

• Pedestrianization fosters informal human


Rachel Louise CarsonRachel Louise Carson



(1907(1907--1964)1964)• first modern “eco-feminist” who sparked the environmental movement in theUnited States

• American biologist who wrote Silent Spring (1962); book’s title suggested atime when bird populations are greatly reduced as a result of pesticides bio-accumulation and could no longer be heard singing in the Spring.

• Principle of ‘bio-magnification’ - the process by which a pollutant becomesincreasingly concentrated as it moves up the food chain and builds up in thehuman body over an individual’s lifetime.

• Carson’s advocacies led to the formation of US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) in 1970, the Environmental Impact Assessment System,the Council of Environmental Quality; the Environmental Defense Fund was

created in 1967 with money from her estate (first ENGO)• testified before the US Congress and campaigned against pesticide DDT -

c oro p eny r c oroe ane –– a wea ens e eggs e s o rap ors;results in bioaccumulation of toxic chemicals in the food chain

• Ironically Carson died of cancer in 1964 before she saw the fruit of herlabor:

• n , a pane o s ngu s e mer cans ec are ac e arson sSilent Spring as one of the most influential books of the last century.

• She was a superwoman who almost single-handedly alerted Americans tothe dark side of industrial technology.





Ian L. McHarg (1920Ian L. McHarg (1920--2001)2001)



• The first modern Environmental Planner whoIntroduced ecological planning primarily throughmap over ays a grap ca y n egra eenvironmental information.

• constraints mapping, sieve analysis, multi-disciplinary suitability analyses to identify landdevelopment constraints

• Pioneered the use of environmental im actstatements (EIS)

• Wrote Design With Nature (1969); Won US Medal.

• “form must follow more than just function; it mustalso respect the natural environment in which it is

”.• According to Ian McHarg, "the task [of design]

was given to those the engineers who, by instinct


an ra n ng, were espec a y su e o gouge anscar the landscape and city without remorse."

Ian L. McHarg built the foundations forIan L. McHarg built the foundations for



Land Ownershi Conservation LandsGeographic Information System (GIS)Geographic Information System (GIS)

Transportation Network

Agricultural Soils

Topography

Geodetic Control

Manual ‘Sieve Mapping’ was popular before the fullManual ‘Sieve Mapping’ was popular before the full


development of GIS and GPS in 1980s at MITdevelopment of GIS and GPS in 1980s at MIT

Six Evils of Industrial CitiesSix Evils of Industrial Cities1 Overcrowding and Traffic-Congestion



1. Overcrowding and Traffic Congestion2. Pollution & Urban Heat Island Effect3. Waste and Environmental Decay

“ ” “ ”.5. “Leapfrog Development” or “Checkerboard Development”6. Economic Polarization resulting in Mass Poverty and Urban Blight

in Primate CitiesDr. Herbert J.

Gans, pioneer of

‘ ’• Settlement patterns are dysfunctional, ugly, monotonous• Residents live in perceptually undifferentiated areas, many are

centerless and borderless, “without a soul.”“ ”

and ‘Blueprint

Planning’

• – but going to places which are not better. This is called the

“Geography of Nowhere.”• With the breakdown of human communities, people experience

”ur an anom e – e person s so overcome y ee ngs oanonymity like a nameless, faceless statistic (Dr. Herbert Gans)

• Meaninglessness of life leads to a life of violence, crime, domesticabuse and social discord.

James Howard

Kunstler “ The

• ans cr c ze arc ec ura e erm n sm – e a acy aarchitecture alone could solve the problems of poverty and civicdis-engagement

Geography ofNowhere, The

Rise and

Decline of


America’s Man-

Made

Landscape.‘1993



Industrial Cities as Urban EcosystemsIndustrial Cities as Urban Ecosystems• Urban ecosystem is “a biological

community where humans



community where humans

represent the dominant orkeystone species and the builtenvironment is the dominantelement controllin the h sicalstructure of the ecosystem.”

• In contrast to naturalecosystems, the urbanecosystem is not self-sustainingand relies to extracting

.• It is dominated by humans inhigh-density formation and in amanner shaped by non-biological factors:

• Cut-throat Economic Competition• --

heterogeneous• Authority structures to impose

Law and Order in a

heterogeneous• Fl o w s of people, capital,

information…. across urban

• R es o u r c e f lo w s into urbanareas across urban boundaries -water, food and other naturalresources, building materials…….(influence on region and

eyon• W a st e f lo w s (solid, liquid, air-borne, including hazardouswastes) - influence on widerregion and beyond, and onglobal cycles and systems




9292°°

u

r e (

u

r e ( ° ° F ) F ) 3333°°

t u r e (

t u r e ( ° ° C ) C )

t e m p e r a t

t e m p e r a t

n t e m p e r

n t e m p e r

8585°° a

f t e r n o o

a f t e r n o o

2929°° t e a f t e r n o

t e a f t e r n o

L a t

L a t

L L

RuralRural SuburbanSuburban

residentialresidential

CommercialCommercial DowntownDowntown UrbanUrban


ParkPark SuburbanSuburban


RuralRural

farmlandfarmland

Ambient temperature is highest at the


Central Business District

‘Me alo olis’‘Me alo olis’ – – term b Jean Gottmannterm b Jean Gottmann



• Sprawling Metropolis with more than 10

• Hyper-Urbanization or ‘Over-urbanization’ –means that the rate of population growth in

me acities exceeds the increase in thecapacities of nature (carrying capacity --food,water,air,land) and the ‘caring capacity’of governments/LGUs to mobilize resourcesand personnel to address people’s problems.

• It is also related to the phenomenon of UrbanPrimacy – occurs mostly in Third Worldcountries where a large metropolis enjoysextraordinary share of a country’s population,resources, and investments by reason of

s or ca or po ca prece ence.• Urban Primacy exemplifies the economic

polarization of a country.




False Urbanization• refers to the unexpected large-scale migration of

factories and urban firms have yet no available

employment for unskilled labor force with loweducation. This can happen in big or small cities.

HyperHyper--Urbanization: Megacities of the WorldUrbanization: Megacities of the World



• Forced or Prematurer an za on – occurs as e ma n

result of land conversion wherein

rural land is rematurel develo edfor urban uses – an irreversiblechange in land use -- even though

benefit from such urban land arenot yet present.• “If you build it, they will come,” –

catchline from the 1989 Kevin

“ ” • Uncontrolled Urban Sprawl




• S atial roximit• Infrastructure

• Concentration of socio-economic activity• en res o crea v y

• Social practices and the built environment


04 alan cadavos - history of planning and evolution of city [compatibility mode]

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