03 maroc kulturmodelle - culturecom · 1 culture com successful in germany with intercultural...

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CultureCom

Successful in Germany with Intercultural Competence

Cultural Models (1)

The Dimensions of culture by Hall, Hofstede and Trompenaars

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CultureCom Imparting intercultural competence

Univ.-Prof. Dr. phil. Angelica Rieger - Dipl.-Kfm. Gottfried Klein

Intention:

Explore our cultural identity

Common Denominator:

Culture models

Categories of cultures

Common Language:

Fundamental terminology

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Where everything started:Samuel Phillips Huntington (1927-2008)PhD in Politics (Harvard)

1996 The Clash of Civilizations and theRemaking of World Order

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Samuel Phillips Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and theRemaking of World Order (1996)

The theorie of cultur areas:

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HALL EDWARD T., HALL MILDRED,Understanding cultural differences, Intercultural Press, Yarmouth, Maine, 1990

HALL, EDWARD T.,Beyond Culture, Anchor Books, New York, 1976

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The Dimensions of Culture by Hall

Space (big vs. small “bubble”)

Context (low vs. high context)

Time orientation (monochronic vs. polychronic)

Information (fast vs. slow flow)

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Much private space Little private space

Closed doors, single offices Large rooms, no partitions

No touching without permission Touching is allowed/common

Enter private rooms only with Managers and staff in same office

permission

Examples:

Germans Southern Europeans

The Dimensions of Culture by Hall: Space

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Low Context High Context

Information is explicitly Information is embedded in body,

communicated language, voice tone, facial expression

Information through formal networks

Many rules Few rules

Apologies must be clearly articulated Apologies are implicit

Examples: Germany Japan

The Dimensions of Culture by Hall: Context

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Monochronic Polychronic

Time can be measured exactly Time is an elastic band

People do one thing after the other Tasks are treated simultanously

Punctual Deadlines are flexible

Tasks related People related

Stick to plans Plans are flexible

Short term related Long term related

Examples:

Germany, USA France, Mexico

The Dimensions of Culture by Hall: Time orientation

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Slow - Flow Fast - Flow

Information is planned carefully Information is ingenuous

Information is detailed Little detailed information

Direct communication Indirect communication

Monochronic cultures Polychronic cultures

Low context cultures High context cultures

The Dimensions of Culture by Hall: Information

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Hofstede, Gert Jan, Pedersen, Paul B. and Geert Hofstede,

Exploring Culture. Exercises, Stories and Synthetic Cultures, Boston – London: Intercultural Press 2002.

Hofstede, Geert,

Masculinity and Femininity. The TabooDimension of National Cultures, ThousandOaks – London – New Delhi: Sage 1998 (Cross-Cultural Psychology Series 3).

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Feminine Culture Masculine Culture

Masculinity

Social values

Modesty = Virtue

Men and women may cry

Work for living

Manager looking for consensus

Ideal = Social Welfare

Environment is prior

Solving conflicts by negotiating

Many female leaders

Material success and progress

Men = ambitious, hard

Women = social

Live for working

Manager are decisive

Ideal = Performance

Economic growth is prior

Solving conflicts by power and war

Few female leaders

The Cultural Dimensions by Hofstede

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Masculinity

Uncertaintyavoidance

Power distance

Collectivism

Virtues

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Score Country MAS Score Score Country MAS ScoreRank or Region Rank or Region

1 Japan 95 28 Singapore 482 Austria 79 29 Israel 473 Venezuela 73 30/31 Indonesia 464/5 Italy 70 30/31 West Africa 464/5 Switzerland 70 32/33 Turkey 456 Mexico 69 32/33 Taiwan 457/8 Ireland 68 34 Panama 447/8 Jamaica 68 35/36 Iran 439/10 Great Britain 66 35/36 France 439/10 Germany 66 37/38 Spain 4211/12 Philippines 64 37/38 Peru 4211/12 Colombia 64 39 East Africa 4113/14 South Africa 63 40 El Salvador 4013/14 Ecuador 63 41 South Korea 3915 United States 62 42 Uruguay 3816 Australia 61 43 Guatemala 3717 New Zealand 58 44 Thailand 3418/19 Greece 57 45 Portugal 3118/19 Hong Kong 57 46 Chile 2820/21 Argentina 56 47 Finland 2620/21 India 56 48/49 Yugoslavia 2122 Belgium 54 48/49 Costa Rica 2123 Arabia 53 50 Denmark 1624 Canada 52 51 The Netherlands1425/26 Malaysia 50 52 Norway 825/26 Pakistan 50 53 Sweden 527 Brazil 49

Index of Masculinity by Hofstede:

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Power Distance

Low High

Egalitarianism

Team oriented

Modesty

Examples:

Northern /Western Europe

Strong leadership

Hierarchy

Respect to parents and teachers

Eastern / Southern Europe


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Collectivism

Collective Culture Individual Culture

Accommodation to others

Group is important

Loyalty

Harmony

Examples:

Poor Countries

No consideration for others

Individual is important

Egoism

Rich Countries


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Uncertainty Avoidance

High Low

Few rules

Tolerant

Alien = new / interesting

Anglophone Countries, China,

Singapore, Denmark

Many rules

Discipline

Rigidity

Dogmatic

Alien = dangerous

Examples:

Russia, Germanic Countries,

France, Belgium


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Virtues

Short Term Thinking Long Term Thinking

Vitality

Munificence

Living today

Examples:

Africa, Pakistan, Philippines

Europe

Hard work

Persistence

Stinginess

Savings for the future

Eastern Asia, Netherlands


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Trompenaars, Fons, Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business, London –Boston: Nicholas Brealey Publishing 1993.Trompenaars, Fons und Hoopen, Peter Ten, The Enlightened Leader: An Introduction to the Chakras of Leadership, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons 2009.

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The Categories of Cultures by Trompenaars:The „onion“ (bubble)

Outer layer: BehaviourMiddle layer: Norms and ValuesCore: Basic Assumptions

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The Seven Dimensions of Culture by Trompenaars :

1. Universalism vs. Particularism

2. Individualism vs. Collectivism

3. Neutral vs. Affective

4. Specific vs. Diffuse

5. Achievement vs. Ascription

6. Sequential vs. Synchronic Time

7. Internal vs. External Control

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Universalism Particularism

Task relatedContracts are detailed and bindingImpersonal discussionsStandardised procedures / consistencyChanging system changes relationsFairness based on objectsHead-Office is dominant

Examples:North-America, Germany, Scandinavia,Netherlands, Switzerland

People relatedContracts are subject to negotiationDiscussions may deviatePrivate information is importantInformal networks are importantChanging relations will change the systemFairness based on personalityHead-Office will be ignored

Asia, Latin-America, France,Spain, Russia, Arabic Countries

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Individualism Collectivism

Decisions taken fastAutonomous decisionsTarget: fast contractTranslator is neutralOne single person in a meeting

Examples: North-America, Spain,Netherlands, Switzerland

Long decision phasesDecisions take after consulting companyTarget: long term business relationTranslators also interpret the textSeveral persons in a meeting

Mexico, Japan, China, France

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Neutral Affective

Formal, reticentLittle physical contactMonotone in presentationsTask orientedSelf-control is positive

Examples:

Asia, Netherlands, Sweden,Canada, Great Britain

Loud, emotionalMuch physical contactEnthusiastic in presentationsPersonal orientedEnthusiasm is positive

Arabic Countries, Spain, France,Latin-America

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Specific Diffuse

Direct, appropriateExact, decisive, clearCome fast to the pointMeetings are clearly structuredObject and target importantPrecise/detailed instructionsReports start with summary

Examples: Germany, USA, Scandinavia,Netherlands, Switzerland

Indirect, discursivediplomatic, ambiguous, evasive“Many ways lead to Rome”Meetings are flexible concerning time/subjectsTitle, age, relations importantInstructions leave room for interpretationReports end with summary

Asia, Arabic Countries, Latin-America,Austria, France,

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Achievement Ascription

Title = CompetenceNaming by title = ExceptionNegotiation: expertise importantDecision taking by expertise

Examples: USA, Germany, Scandinavia

Title = Status (in Organisation)Naming by title = CommonNegotiation: Title, position importantDecision taking by superior

Romanic Countries, Latin-America

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Sequential Time Synchronic Time

Time can be measured exactly Time is an elastic band

People do one thing after the other Tasks are treated simultaneously

Punctual Deadlines are flexible

Tasks related People related

Stick to plans Plans are flexible

Short term related Long term related

Examples:

Germany, USA France, Mexico

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Internal Control External Control

Dominant attitudesEgocentricTarget orientedStrict in negotiationsConflicts are discussed openlyPrecise targets = fixed premiums

Examples: USA, Great Britain, France,Spain, Netherlands

Flexible attitudesGroup orientedRelation orientedPatient in negotiationsConflicts need time and calmnessTargets are reached by work placeimprovements

China, Japan, India, Arabic Countries

03 maroc kulturmodelle - culturecom · 1 culture com successful in germany with intercultural...

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