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ISSUE 3

SUMMER 2010


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CEPOLEuropeanPoliceScienceandResearchBulletin Issue3 Summer 2010

ISSN18311857

EuropeanPoliceCollege(CEPOL),2010

Reproductionisauthorised,providedthesourceisacknowledged

PublishedOnline:www.cepol.europa.eu

AneditorialteamrotatesamongthemembersoftheCEPOLResearchandScienceWorking

Group:

BulletinIssue3EditorialTeam:LesleyDuff,JurijFerme,HansGerdJaschke,RenatoRaggi

Editorialteamsupport:Dr.DetlefNogala,

ResearchandKnowledgeManagementOfficer,CEPOLSectretariat

ProofingandLayout:CEPOLSecretariat

Pleasesendcommentsandcontributionsto:

[email protected]
http://www.cepol.europa.eu/mailto:[email protected]?subject=Research%20and%20Science%20Bulletin%20Contributionsmailto:[email protected]?subject=Research%20and%20Science%20Bulletin%20Contributionsmailto:[email protected]?subject=Research%20and%20Science%20Bulletin%20Contributionshttp://www.cepol.europa.eu/


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Table of Contents

RESEARCHMETHODOLOGYAPPLIEDTOTEACHINGINTHESPANISHGUARDIACIVIL

4

LASSO:LINKAGEANALYSISOFSERIOUSSEXUALOFFENCES

8

A

BRAVE

POLICE

FORCE

DESERVES

COURAGEOUSSCIENTISTS12

REPORTONTHE2009CEPOLRESEARCHANDSCIENCECONFERENCE

15

THECAMPBELLCOLLABORATIONANDEVIDENCEBASEDPOLICING

18

THESCOTTISHINSTITUTEFORPOLICINGRESEARCH(SIPR)

20

CENTREDERECHERCHEDELAGENDARMERIENATIONALE(CRGN)

22

OBITUARYJEANPAULBRODEUR24

Announcements 25


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RESEARCHMETHODOLOGYAPPLIEDTOTEACHINGINTHESPANISHGUARDIACIVIL

By

IGNACIOGARCAPALOMERO,PROF.PH.D.MET.RESEARCH,SPANISHMINISTRYOF

DEFENSE1

FERNANDOMOURECOLN,LIEUTENANTCOLONEL GUARDIACIVILARACELIDONADOVARA,PROF.PH.D.CIVILLAW,THENATIONALDISTANCELEARNINGUNIVERSITYOFSPAIN(UNED)

TheaimofthisdocumentistopresentinaninternationalcontexttheresearchactivitiesthattheGuardia

Civilisdevelopingintheeducationalrealm.

InthecurrentacademicprogrammeforhigherlevelstudentsintheGuardiaCivil(OrdenMinisterialDe

creedated15February1996),astudentmustobtain10credits(100academichours)fortheirresearchpro

ject,duringthefourthandfifthyearenablingthemtopassthefiveyearcurriculum.Theresearchproject,

alsoknownastheAcademicDirectedPaper(TrabajoAcadmicoDirigidoorTAD,inSpanish)followsa

scientificmethodologythathasbeenmodifiedovertheyearsinordertoconformtothecurrentrequire

mentsofanyandallSpanishuniversitiesatwhichthiskindofinvestigationisperformed.

TheOfficersAcademyoftheGuardiaCivil(AOGCforitsabbreviationinSpanish),wheretheupperlevel

studiestakeplace,hashistoricallywanteditsstudentstoaccomplishaninvestigativepaperofthistype

beforetheylefttheAcademywiththerankoflieutenantintheGuardiaCivil.Since1982allsuchfinalpro

jectshavebeenarchivedandarenowavailablethroughadatabase.

TheGuardiaCivil2hasdemonstratedthatithasaspecialinterestinpromotingprogrammesofinvestiga

tionwithinteachingandresearchcentres.Inordertodeveloptheseinvestigationprogrammes,theSpanish

MinistryoftheInteriorhassoughttoformpartnershipsandalliancesamongstdifferenteducationaland

researchinstitutions,bothcivilandmilitary,withinSpainandabroad.Asaresultoftheseefforts,anagree

mentwassignedonOctober17,2002,betweentheMinistryoftheInterior(intheareaoftheGuardiaCivil)

andtheNationalUniversityofDistanceEducation(UniversidadNacionaldeEducacinaDistancia

AbstractThemainobjectiveofthisdocumentistoexplainwhattheSpanishGuardiaCivilisdoinginthe

field

of

research

within

an

educational

context.

At

present

the

Spanish

Guardia

Civil

is

developing

researchprogramsthroughtheSPANISHNATIONALSECURITYRESEARCHANDINVESTIGATIONUNIVERSITYINSTITUTE(IUISI).Inthispaper,thescientificapproachtoresearchintheacademiccontextisoutlined.Ananalysisofthethematicareasstudiedandarchivedsince1982isexplainedandtheareasofinteresttotheGuardiaCivilforfutureresearchareindicated.ThereaderwilllearnthephasesnecessaryforframingaresearchprojectwithintheGuardiaCivilslinesofinvestigationandforsuccessfullycompletingandsubmittingaDirectedAcademicPaper.

KeyWords:GuardiaCivil,IUISISpanishNationalSecurityResearchandInvestigationUniversityInstitute,ResearchMethodology.


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UNED)inordertocreatetheIUISI(InstitutoUniversitariodeInvestigacinsobreSeguridadInterioror

UniversityResearchInstituteforInternalSecurity).3

In2008theIUISIpublishedabookentitledResearchMethodologyAppliedtoTeaching

andDecisionMakingintheGuardiaCivil.4 Onepartofthebookisdedicatedtoanalyzing

thebasesofinvestigationinanInternalSecuritycontext;andtheotherpartservesasastep

bystepguidetoconductingtheresearchprojectsinaccordancewithalltheteachingregu

lationsintheGuardiaCivil,whichincludethecriteriaestablishedintheEuropeanSpaceof

SuperiorEducationandtheBolognaaccords.

Proposedbelowaresomeofthedrivingnotionsineducationresearchgenerally,presented

hereasexamplesandasphilosophicprinciples.Thosewillillustratethemannerinwhichto

conductresearchintheeducationalfieldoftheGuardiaCivil:

Fromanempiricalandanalyticapproachorperspective Establishingcauseandeffectrela

tionshipswiththeobjectiveofexplaining,predicting,andmanagingthephenomenathatoccuras

partoftheformativecurriculumintheGuardiaCivil,bearinginmindthelinesofinvestigationpro

posed

by

the

AOGC.

Fromaninterpretativeandsystemicapproachorperspective Comprehendingmeanings,spe

cificallyofthephenomenathattakeplaceintheinterventionbetweeneducationalandoperativecon

texts,withtheobjectivebeingtodiscoverhowitisthatpeopleperceive,process,attribute,interact,

andmodifytheproceedingsinwhichtheyareinvolved.

Fromaninvestigationactionapproachorperspective Evaluatingtheimplementationofbest

practicesandsearchingforsolutions,withthegoalofresolvingproblemswhileavoidingovergener

alization,andimprovingtheimplementationineverycontextandsituation.

Investigationinthefieldofinternalsecurityismultimethodologicalinitsapproach.Studiesofthistype

arenecessarilycomplexbecauseoftheirmultidisciplinenature;theyareparticularlysointhisfielddueto

thepeculiarrelationshipbetweentheresearcherandtheobjectsorproceduresunderinvestigation.Wearriveattheanalysisofcomplexprocesseswhenweconsidertheconceptofpublicsafetyinbothinter

nalandexternalcontexts.Thereiscitizensafetytoconsider,tobesure.However,thepersonnelelement

itselfmovestotheforefrontastheGuardiaCivilbecomesafundamentalprotagonistintheconstructionof

itsownsecurity.

ThisconceptofinternalsecurityentailsaprofoundtransformationoftheGuardiaCivilbythecorpsofpo

liceresponsibleforthechange.Thetransformationisreflectedintheirobjectives,structures,waysofinter

vention,professionalcredentialsoftheirpersonneland,specifically,inthemanagementoftheserviceor

ganizations,intermsofqualityandefficiency.

Withanyofthethreeapproaches,informationgatheringisvital.Consultingsourcesisbasicandnon

negotiableinstartinganytypeofinvestigation.

Theconsultationandreviewofpreviouspapersingeneralandtheuseofpreviousworksandstudiesis

vitaltofocustheproblemthestudentisgoingtostudy.Inordertobeginanddelimitateourwork,andto

preventthedisseminationofpreviouslyacquiredknowledge,aconsultationofpreviousbibliographiesis

recommended.Ourgoalistoestablishsynergiesand,aboveall,topresentnewideasattheendofthe

work.

Towardsthisgoal,itshouldbeknownthatfrom1982to2009therehavebeen1258finishedinvestigation

worksintheAOGC.Theseworkshavebeengroupedandclassifiedinto28differentsubjectareastomake

themmostaccessiblefromthedatabaseoftheCEPOLelibrary(theformereDocinCEPOL).Fromasim

pleanalysiswecanobservethefollowinginformation:

1GuardiaCivilcollaboratorinthefieldsofresearchandinvestigation.SpanishNationalSecurityResearchand

InvestigationUniversityInstitute(IUISI).Thiseducationalbranchbelongstothenationaldistancelearninguni

versityofSpain(UNED).2 www.guardiacivil.org.
http://www.guardiacivil.org/http://www.guardiacivil.org/


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ANALYSISOFTHEDATA

Aswecanobserve,inthetimeperiodbetween1982

and2009themoststudiedareawasTerrorismand

Subversion,whereastheleasttreatedareawas

Recruitment.Thirtyeightpercentoftheresearch

projectspresentedwereinthetopthreeareasof

TerrorismandSubversion,Management/

Organisation,andInvestigationMethods,whereas

thecategoriesofCorruption,Victimisationand

Recruitmentcombinedrepresentonly0.64%ofthe

total.

Itisofinteresttoremarkthat,forexample,thearea

concerningIllegalImmigrationandBorderControl

hasonlyevokedaninterestof2.2%intheresearches,

notwithstanding

the

fact

that

this

topic

has

acquired

significantinterestinrecentyears.Similardiscrepan

ciesbetweencurrentinterestandthelevelofactual

researchbeingconductedisseenaswellwiththear

easofCommunityPolicing,Forensics/Evidence,

OrganizedCrimeandJuvenileCrime.

Atthetimeofthiswritingtheinvestigationteamis

studyingtherelationshipsthatexistbetweenthein

creasinginterestofcertainthematicareaswiththe

eventsoccurringinreallifeinternallyorexter

nallyattheGuardiaCivil.ThestudiesthatarebeingdevelopedwithinthecontextofCEPOLinthe

fieldofmethodologyandteachingwillnodoubt

soonbereflectedintheresearchactivityattheAOGC

aswell.

Hereafterwepresentthephasesoftheelaborationof

theinvestigationalworksandthelinesofinvestiga

tionestablishedbytheDirectionoftheAOGCand

theIUISI.

PhasesoftheelaborationoftheinvestigativeworkThestudentmustpassthroughcertainphasesinthe

elaborationoftheresearchproject,alsoknownatthe

formativelevelastheAcademicDirectedWork

(TrabajoAcadmicoDirigidoorTAD,inSpanish).

Thesephasesshouldbeunderstoodindetail,asa

timesequenceisimpliedandconcretetasksmustbe

executed.Duringthetwolastyearsofthetraining

thefollowingphasesarerealized:

CEPOLthematicarea

Num

berof

Investi

gative

Works

atthe

AOGC

%

Terrorism,Subversion 194 15.42%

Management/Organization 147 11.69%

InvestigationMethods/Ac

tuation142

11.29%

Research 106 8.43%

Judicial/PenalMatters 105 8.35%

PoliceCooperation 82 6.52%

StrategiesofPolicing 53 4.21%

PoliceEthics,RightsandDu

ties47

3.74%

CrimePrevention 46 3.66%

DrugIssues,Smuggling 45 3.58%

Forensics/Evidence 45 3.58%

Education/Training 35 2.78%

OrganizedCrime 34 2.70%

PoliceScience 30 2.38%

IllegalImmigration,Border

Contol28

2.23%

CommunityPolicing 23 1.83%

AbuseofChildrenand

Women18

1.43%

PublicOrder 18 1.43%

JuvenileCrime 12 0.95%

PoliceLeadership 110.87%

CriminalJusticeCooperation 9 0.72%

PolicePublicrelations 7 0.56%

HumanTrafficking 5 0.40%

PoliceCorruption 4 0.32%

PoliceMinoritiesRelations 4 0.32%

Corruption 3 0.24%

Victimisation 3 0.24%

Recruitment 2 0.16%

Total1258

100.00

%


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PHASE1:Knowledgeisgainedin:(1)researchmethodology;(2)oralexpressiontechniques;and(3)

thepreparation,realizationanddeliveryoftheresearchproject.

PHASE2:Proposalforresearchproject(TAD)ispresented;partialgradeforthecourse.

PHASE3:Revisionstotheproposalaremadeandauthorizationfortheprojectisobtained;selection

ofaDirectorfortheTAD.

PHASE4:ElaborationoftheTAD(theresearchandwritingthereof);followupwiththeDirector;

control,orientationandevaluation.

PHASE5:Submissionof;(1)theTAD,(2)indexcards,(3)authorizationand(4)listofproposedex

pertsforthecommittee.

PHASE6:Multimediapresentation;evaluationoftheTADandofthecourse.

AREASOFINVESTIGATIONFORTHERESEARCHPROJECTS

TheproposalsoftheTADs(projectsofinvestigation)shouldbeofinteresttotheGuardiaCivil,andthey

shouldfitwithinoneofthefollowingareasasproposedbytheAOGC:

Society,

the

Guardia

Civil,

the

Police

Corps

in

the

present

day:

analysis

of

the

social

phenomena

inwhichtheGuardiaCivilhasbeenaffected;publicimageofthepolicecorps,communication,etc.

OrganizationoftheGuardiaCivil:internalproblems;deployment;personnel;disciplinaryregula

tion;training,etc.

MissionsoftheGuardiaCivil:assessmentofcitizensecurity;applicationofnewtechnologies;cur

rentproblems;thefuture;judicialpolice;financialissues;borders,etc.

Additionally,theIUISI,followingthesuggestionsoftheGeneralDirectionoftheGuardiaCivil,proposes

somemorelinesofinvestigationatamoregenerallevel:

Applicationofinnovativetechnologiesinthedifferentfieldsofthecommunitypolicing.

QualitymanagementintheGuardiaCivil. Preventionoflabourrisks.

ThephenomenonofimmigrationinSpain.

Otherfields/areasinpublicsecurity.

Forfurtherinformation,pleasecontact,Lt.ColoneloftheGuardiaCivil,FernandoMOURE:

[email protected]

3 www.iusi.es.

4 Garca Palomero, I., y Moure Coln, F., (2008): Metodologa de la investigacin aplicada a la ense-

anza y la toma de decisiones en la Guardia Civil, las Fuerzas Armadas y otras Fuerzas de Seguridad delEstado. Madrid: IUISI.
http://www.iusi.es/http://www.iusi.es/


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LASSO:LINKAGEANALYSISOFSERIOUSSEXUALOFFENCESADECISIONSUPPORTSYSTEMFORCRIMEANALYSTSAND

INVESTIGATORS

By

DONCASEY,SGT.METROPOLITANPOLICESERVICE,LONDON&LONDONSOUTHBANKUNIVERSITY

PHILLIPBURRELL,PROFESSOROFINTELLIGENTDECISIONSYSTEMS,LONDONSOUTHBANKUNIVERSITY

AbstractOneofthefirstandmostimportantconsiderationswheninvestigatingaserioussexualoffenceistoseeif

theoffencecanbelinkedtoothers.Ifalinkcanbeestablishedthenthereisaveryconsiderabledividendin

termsofnewevidenceandlinesofenquirytobefollowed.Italsoraiseswhatisalreadyaseriousincident

toahigherlevelofsignificancewithacorrespondingincreaseintheresourcesallottedtoinvestigationof

theseriesofcrimes.ComputeriseddecisionsupportsystemswhichemploytechniquesfromArtificialIntel

ligencearewidelyusedinbusinessandfinancetoassistpractitionersinarrivingatjustifiableconclusions.

Inprinciplethisisnodifferentfromtheactivitiesofacrimeanalystorinvestigatorinfindinglikely

matchesforacurrentcrimeintheoverallsetofcrimes.

Aimsof

the

Study

Theaimofthestudyistodevelopacomputeriseddecisionsupportsystemthatcanbeusedbycrimeana

lystsandinvestigatorstosuggestlinksbetweenstrangerrapes.Itisintendedthatthecharacteristicsofthe

crimeunderinvestigationcanbeenteredintoaneasytousecomputerinterfaceandthatthesystemwill

thenbeabletosearchitsdatabaseofexistingcrimesanddisplayanumberofoffencesthathavestrong

similarities.

Thedesirabilityofdevelopingcomputerbasedtoolsforlinkageanalysishasbeenrecognisedbythelead

ingresearcherintolinkingserioussexualoffences:

Theultimategoalistocreateacomputerbasedscreeningsystemthatwillallowroutineandsystematiccom

parisonofseriousoffencesonanationalbasis,selectingcasesonthebasisoftheirbehaviouralsimilaritythatareap

propriatefor

more

detailed

attention

by

detectives

or

crime

analyst

Grubin(2000)

Thisviewpointisacknowledgedthroughouttheliteratureanditisrecognisedthattheconstructionofa

linkagetoolisthenecessaryconditiontoprogressthisundertaking.

Thedevelopmentandtestoftheoriesandimplementationoffindingsintocomputerbased,

decisionsupportsystemshastobetheproperbasisforanyprofessionalderivationofinferences

aboutoffenders.

Canter(2000)

ItisinterestingthathereCanterwidensthescopeofcomputerisedsystemstoincludethepossibilityofinferringoffendercharacteristics,theprocessknownmorewidelyas offenderprofilingandthesubjectof

agreatdealofcrimeliteratureandHollywoodoutput.


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Currently there are two computer systems that

dominate the area of crime linkage: ViCAP the

ViolentCrimeApprehensionProgramandViCLAS,

ViolentCrimeLinkageSystem.ViCAP is the crea

tionoftheFBIatQuanticoandhasbeeninexistence

in differing forms since 1985.ViCLASwas devel

opedbytheRoyalCanadianMountedPoliceinthe

early 1990s as an extension to the earlier system;

TheRCMP licenseViCLAS,forafee,andmaintain

controloverit;itisusedinmanyEUjurisdictions:

Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Ire

land,NetherlandandtheUnitedKingdom.ViCLAS

isalsousedinAustralia,NewZealand,Switzerland

andsomestatesintheUS.

Boththesesystemsweredevelopedprimarilyby

practitioners,psychologistsand criminologistsand

are

essentially

repositories

of

data

which

depend

verymuchon the skill, trainingand experienceof

theuser.The influenceofComputerScientistshas

been slightand therehasbeenno involvementby

researchers inA.IorDecisionSupport.Asa result

noneoftheadvancesthathavebeenmade inthese

areas are incorporated in either system and they

remain essentially unchanged in the last 20 25

years.

Thereisanotabledisparitybetweentheamount

ofeffortthatpoliceagenciesinvestingatheringand

recording information that relates to these seriousoffencesandtheamountwhichhasbeenexpended

ondeveloping thecomputersystemsontowhich it

is entered. ViCAP and ViCLAS are passive; the

work spent in filling the database is not recipro

catedbyanycorrespondingfunctionalityinthesys

tem. An effective crime linkage decision support

systemshouldandcanassisttheuserininvestigat

ing the crimeby using effective computer science

technology to recommend answers to the ques

tions : Whichcrimesaresimilar to this?, How

strong is the similarity?and Whatare the factors

thataremost similarandmostdissimilarbetween

thissetofcrimes.

MethodologyFuzzysettheory(Zadeh1965) isawellestablished

approachinthefieldofArtificialIntelligencethat

candealwithimpreciseorvagueconceptssuchas

young,old,tall,shortetc.Thesedescriptions

aredefinedasfuzzysets,i.e.theyarenotspecifica

tionswhich

have

ayes

or

no

answer.

So

asuspect

describedas1.80minheightdoesnothavetobe

eithertallorshortbutcanbeaccordedadegree

ofbothqualities;inthiscasehecouldbe0.9talland

0.1short.Oraperson35yearsoldcouldbe0.3

young,0.6middleagedand0.1old. Thistype

ofcharacterisationsitswellwithourownpercep

tionsofwhatareknownaslinguisticvariablesin

fuzzysettheoryandgivearicherpictureofwhat

weseektodescribe.Mostofalltheyallotmeaning

fulnumberstothetypesofdescriptionswhichwe

dealwithindefiningcrimes.

Theresultisthatacommondescriptionofacrime

suchas:Averyviolentattackonamiddleagedwoman

byayoungmancanberepresentedbyanumberof

coordinatessothatthedegreeofviolence,middle

ageandyouthcanbecomparedwithothercrimes.

Consequentlycrimesandcriminalscanbede

scribedinhighlydescriptivetermsandprocedures

todiscoverwhatthemostsignificantdifferentiating

features

are,

using

mathematically

and

logically

soundmethods,canbeundertaken.Wehavebeen

fortunateinbeingsuccessfulinobtainingdataon

545serioussexualoffencesfromtheSeriousCrimes

AnalysisSectionoftheU.KNationalPoliceIm

provementAgency.Wehaveexcludedthoseof

fencesthatdonotrelatetoserialrapes,bywhichwe

meanasetofrapescommittedbyasingleindivid

ual,resultinginamuchnarrowerdataset(n=110,

developmentsetn=83,test=27).

Asastartingpointwehaveadoptedthedimensions

identifiedassignificantintheresearchundertakenbyGrubinetal(2000)inlinkingserioussexualof

fencesthroughbehaviour:Sex,ControlandEscape.

Sexcomprises13variablesrelatingtothesexual

assault;Controlhas20variablesthatdefinethecon

trollingactionsthattheoffenderusestosubduethe

victimandEscape(11variables)includesthose

actionsthattheattackeradoptstoensurethathe

leavesaminimumofevidenceatthescene,e.g.

bindingandblindfolding.

ResultsTheconsequencesofassigningasinglesetofnum

berstoacrimearefarreaching.Agreatnumberof

techniquescanbeemployedtorepresentsimilarity

betweencrimesandalsotolookforclustersof

crimes.Thefuzzycmeansalgorithm(Bezdek

1981)looksforclustersindataandallowstheuser

tospecifythenumberofinputdimensionsandout

put.Table1showstheresultswherethethreeinput

dimensionsofSex,ControlandEscapehavebeeninputandthreeclustersspecified.Thedoublelines

indicateseriesboundaries,i.e.crimescommittedby


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thesameoffender,soitcanbeseenthatthreeofthe

fourcrimesinthefirstseriesbelongentirelyinclus

terCwhilebothcrimesinthelastserieshavevery

highmembershipsofclusterB

Overall88%ofcrimeswereassignedtoacluster

with>80%degreeofmembershipand15ofthe28

serieswereassignedtoasingleclusterat80%mem

bershipormore.

Thisdemonstratesafargreaterdegreeofconsistency

withinseriesthantheGrubinstudywhichisthe

onlycomparableresearchinthisarea.

InTable2wevedescribedtheaveragedistancebetweencrimesasthevaluecloseandthenmeasuredthe

degreeofclosenessbetweeneachcrimeinthedataset.Thefirstthreeseriesareshowncomprisingfourteen

crimesoflengthfive,threeandsixoffences;degreesofclosenessgreaterthan0.6areinbold.

Thereisastrongdegreeofcloseness(>0.6)between fourcrimesintheseries1to5andallofthecrimesin

thesecondseries,6to8.Theassociationsinthethirdseriesare

lesssuccessful,butusefulassociationsdoexist.Forinstance

crime12onlyhasonlytwostronglinksbuttheyarebothwith

crimeinthesameseries,11and14.Theresultistodevelopa

structuredsearchstrategyforanalystsandinvestigatorsfrom

onecrimetothoseothercrimesthatarelikelybelinkedtoit.

ConclusionTheneedforacomputeriseddecisionsupportsystemtoassist

inlinkingseriouscrimeshasbeenidentifiedandthecurrent

systemsinuseshowntobeinadequate.Establishedtechniques

fromArtificialIntelligence,inparticularfuzzysettheory,can

beappliedtocrimelinkageandhavebeenshowntoproduce

promisingresults.Thiscouldbefurtherdevelopedtosetthe

areaonasoundtheoreticalbaseandintroducethepossibility

ofprofilingoffendersbydiscoveringsimilaroffendercharac

teristicsinlinkedcrimes.

C 2

C 1

C 3

SEX

CONTROL ESCAPE

Fig 1. Measuring similarity in 3 dimensions

A B C

c28 0.00 0.00 1.00

c29 0.00 0.00 1.00

c30 0.00 0.00 1.00

c31 0.00 0.39 0.60

c32 0.04 0.01 0.95

c33 0.000.00

1.00

c34 0.45 0.01 0.54

c35 0.00 0.00 1.00

c36 0.00 1.00 0.00

c37 0.00 0.99 0.01

c38 0.02 0.98 0.00

c39 0.03 0.97 0.01

table1.crimemembership3clusters


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References

BezdekJ.C(1981).PatternRecognitionwithFuzzyObjectiveFunctionAlgorithms.NewYork,Plenum.

CanterD(2000).Offenderprofilingandcriminaldifferentiation.LegalandCriminologicalPsychology5:2346.

CanterD.V,BennellC,etal.(2003).DifferentiatingSexOffences.BehaviouralSciencesandLaw21.

GrubinD,KellyP,etal. (2000).LinkingSeriousSexualAssault throughBehaviourHomeOfficeResearchStudy215.

London.

ZadehL(1965).FuzzySets.InformationandControl(8):228353.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

1 1.00 0.87 0.75 0.45 0.80 0.69 0.80 0.60 0.76 0.81 0.13 0.26 0.51 0.472 0.87 1.00 0.76 0.35 0.79 0.73 0.86 0.64 0.79 0.78 0.12 0.23 0.48 0.413 0.75 0.76 1.00 0.45 0.64 0.58 0.76 0.41 0.97 0.71 0.33 0.44 0.45 0.594 0.45 0.35 0.45 1.00 0.32 0.19 0.31 0.08 0.43 0.39 0.21 0.35 0.41 0.60

5 0.80 0.79 0.64 0.32 1.00 0.87 0.85 0.68 0.67 0.89 0.11 0.23 0.32 0.416 0.69 0.73 0.58 0.19 0.87 1.00 0.82 0.69 0.61 0.80 0.08 0.19 0.22 0.337 0.80 0.86 0.76 0.31 0.85 0.82 1.00 0.61 0.79 0.85 0.19 0.30 0.35 0.45

8 0.60 0.64 0.41 0.08 0.68 0.69 0.61 1.00 0.43 0.57 0.00 0.00 0.29 0.10

9 0.76 0.79 0.97 0.43 0.67 0.61 0.79 0.43 1.00 0.74 0.32 0.43 0.44 0.5810 0.81 0.78 0.71 0.39 0.89 0.80 0.85 0.57 0.74 1.00 0.21 0.34 0.32 0.5211 0.13 0.12 0.33 0.21 0.11 0.08 0.19 0.00 0.32 0.21 1.00 0.84 0.00 0.5812 0.26 0.23 0.44 0.35 0.23 0.19 0.30 0.00 0.43 0.34 0.84 1.00 0.00 0.7313 0.51 0.48 0.45 0.41 0.32 0.22 0.35 0.29 0.44 0.32 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.21

14 0.47 0.41 0.59 0.60 0.41 0.33 0.45 0.10 0.580.52

0.58

0.730.21

1.00

table2.Degreeof closeness betweencrimes

0.9

0.7

0.5

0.3

Fig 2 Closeness to the index crime


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ThetitleofthisconferenceisFuturepolicinginEurope:AsharedagendaforresearchandIampleased

thattheorganizersofthisconferencethinkIamabletosaysomethingmeaningfulaboutthissubject.

Whetherornotthiswillbethecaseisofcourseforyoutojudgeaftermyspeech,buttherecanbenodoubt

thatIfindthesubjectofcrucialimportanceforfuturepolicing.

Science

and

policing

in

a

fast

changing

world

Scienceandpolicingusedtobefarapart.Policingwas(andofcoursetoagreatextendstillis)primarily

aboutcrimefightingandsaferneighbourhoodsandscienceisabouttheoreticallyexplainingthingswedo

notunderstandyet.Policingusedtobeonlymildlyinterestingfromascientistsperspective:thepolicehad

somewelldefinedtasks(primarilyupholdingthelaw)inarelativestableworld.However,technological

ensocietalchangehasacceleratedconsiderablyinthesecondhalveofthetwentiethcenturyanddoesnot

seemtoslowdown;noworintheforeseeablefuture.Ifwecomparetheconcernsandoperationsofpolice

forcestodaywithonlytenyearsago,atotallynewworldofpolicinghasemerged.Theprogrammeofthis

conferenceisagoodindication,withissueslikefundamentalshiftsinthefunctionandorganisationofpo

licing,policingcyberspace,radicalisation,technopolicing,knowledgeledpolicing,privatepolicingand

dealingwithdiversity.

Theseissueshaveincommonthatadequatelydealingwiththempresupposesunderstandingtechnological

ensocietalchange.Atthesametimeapoliceforceisnotresearchinstitutionandthereisanurgentneedto

actinfaceofcurrentsocietalproblems.Thusanintimaterelationwithscienceisnecessaryforproblem

solvinginafastchangingworld.Weneedtobeawareofwhatishappeningaroundusandweneedtobe

innovativewhileatthesametimethepressuretotcomeupwithconcreteresultsisrising.Andperhaps

mostimportantlyweneedtoorganizecriticalreflectiononourideasandoperationstopreventusfrom

takingawrongturnandstickingtoittolong.Inaninformationandnetworksocietyapoliceforcecannot

waitfordirectionsofothersaboutwhattodo,wearesupposedtoknowourselveswhatisneededtoreach

theobjectivesthatareexpectedfromus.

Scienceandpolicing:historyandcurrentstateofaffairsAsapoliceofficerIfirstlearnedtoappreciatethevalueofscienceasaconsequenceofmyrelationswiththe

TechnicalUniversityinDelft.Thisresultedinhiringaforthepoliceforceatypicalgroupofpeoplewhostill

playanimportantroletodayinourforcewithregardtotechnologicaldevelopmentandintelligenceled

policing.Today,alotofstrangecharactersarecontributingtosecurityintheAmsterdamAmstellandpo

liceforce,and(senior)officersregarditasnecessaryandnormaltoconstantlyeducatethemselvesincon

nectionwithvariousuniversities.Luckily,theloveofthepoliceforsciencewasnotaonewaystreet.Sci

enceandscientistsalsodiscoveredpolicingasasubjectworthwhileofattention.Policesciencehasdevel

opedintoamaturefieldwithagrowingnumberofstudentsandvaluablepublications.AndtheDutchpo

licethecombined25Dutchpoliceforceshastrulybecomeathinkingorganizationwithacommonvi

sion(withthetitleThepolice

in

evolution)andasharedstrategyagendacontainingthemainthemesforpo

licingfortheyearstocome.Therelationbetweenscienceandthepoliceisalsoveryvisibleatthelevelof

ABRAVEPOLICEFORCEDESERVESCOURAGEOUSSCIENTISTSAFTERDINNERADDRESSATCEPOLPOLICERESEARCHAND

SCIENCECONFERENCE2009

BERNARDWELTEN,CHIEFCONSTABLEOFTHEDUTCHPOLICEFORCEAMSTERDAMAMSTELLAND


13/26

13


thedifferentpoliceforces.AsanillustrationIwill

explainthewayweorganisedthisintheAmster

damAmstellandpoliceforce.

ScienceintheAmsterdamAmstellandpoliceforce

Onastrategiclevelweconstructedathinktank

withdirectfunctionrelationtothetopoftheor

ganisation.WenamedthethinktanktheAgora,

referringtotheplacewhereintheGreekcitystates

mattersofpublicimportancewherediscussed

freelyandcritically.TheAgoraisexplicitlymeant

tobeacriticalforumandissupposedtocontradict

especiallytheChiefCommissionerwhenevernec

essary.Asyouwillunderstand,Iwilldenythat

contradictingmeisevernecessary,butIadvise

every

Chief

Commissioner

to

organize

his

or

her

ownindependentcountervailingpower.Atthe

Agoradifferentinsightsandactorscometogether,

startingofcoursewithrelevantresearchoutsideor

withinthepoliceforce.Thethemesofthestrategic

agendaoftheDutchpoliceplayaprominentrole

instructuringandfurtherdevelopingknowledge

attheAgora.Also,thereisanintimaterelation

withtheBureauofManagementInformationand

Researchofourpoliceforce:dataareusedtomake

ourstrategic(andoperational)decisionsinforma

tionbased,researchisdonetoensurethatitisalsoknowledgebased.TheAgoraisalsothelinkingpin

tothescientificcommunityandmorespecificto

ourjointventureswithUniversities.

ThreechairsandrelatedresearchFirst,weparticipateinachairattheUniversityofLeuvenunder the titleKnowledgediscoveryfromda

tabasesAmsterdamAmstellandpoliceforce. As the

title suggests, this isaboutadvanceddatamining

technology inorder toutiliseourdatamoreeffec

tively.Police forceshave ingeneral an enormous

amountofpotentiallyvery interestingdatawhich

areonlyusedwhenneededtoconductourprimary

task.However, thesedata arehardlyused toun

derstand the phenomena we are dealing with,

whileasIsaidearlierunderstandingtheworld

and the consequences forpolice strategy and op

erationsiscrucial.

Second, togetherwith the city ofAmsterdamwe

participatein

achair

of

the

Free

University

of

Am

sterdamunderthetitleSecurityandCitizenship.The

factthatwecooperatewiththecityofAmsterdam

inthischairisveryimportant.Asyoucanimagine,

both the cityand thepolice force share theambi

tionofmakingthecityasaferplacetolivein,but

their organisational logic can be different. Both

partiesagreedthatbyfundingthischairtheywant

tobe confrontedwith insights thatmight notbe

very welcome from an organisation perspective,

butthatdocontributetotheincreaseofsocialsecu

rity.

Exampleofvaluableresearch

Togiveanexample. In comingupwithpriorities

there is of course close cooperationbetween the

police force and the administration.Data play in

important role in this, and there is a combined

committeewherethedataareanalysedastofacili

tate

the

setting

of

priorities.

We

had

the

intuition

thattheanalysisofthedataledtolookingtowards

thefutureintherearmirror:usingdataaboutwhat

hashappenedtosetfuturepriorities.Theresearch

groupSecurityandCitizenshipwasasked to look

atwhatwasasitwherebehindthedata:which

mechanismsareatwork?They cameupwith the

idea not to analyse crime figuresbut to research

crime inducing factors.This led toamapofAm

sterdam showingwhere to expecta future riseof

crime andwhich factorsmightbe responsible for

thatindifferentareas.Dependingonwhichfactorswhere importantwith regard towhich issuesand

areas, recommendations for the strategy and op

erations ofboth the police force and the admini

stration could be made. Because the chair al

thoughfinancedbythecityandthepoliceforceis

independenttheresults(someofwhichwherenot

opportunetoeitherthepoliceorthecity)couldbe

madepublicandgotalotofattentioninthemedia.

Thismakesithardertoignoretheresults,alsothe

resultsthatmightcontradictcurrentpolicy.Science

canfunctionasanecessaryalthoughnotalways

welcomeimpulseforcriticalreflection.

Third,incollaborationwiththeDutchpoliceacademywe are nowworking on organizing a third

chairwith the assignment to determinewhat the

necessaryandsufficientconditionsareforresearch

tohavean impactonday todaypolicing.Webe

lievethisnecessitatesthedevelopmentofaspecific

methodology, a specific way of doing research.

Althoughwe

have

no

doubts

about

the

value

of

scientific researcha lotof researchhasno impact

onpolicing,eveninsomecaseswhereitisevident


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14


thatitshouldhaveconsequencesforouroperations.

Theaimof this thirdchair is to further strengthen

productive relationsbetween science andpolicing,

especiallywithregardtoconcretepoliceoperations.

Blindspotsandscience:Juxta

Apartfromthesestructuralrelationswithscienceit

is sometimesnecessary to comeupwithderailing

initiativesthatmakecriticalreflectionunavoidable.

Oneoftheseinitiativeswasmendtostrengthenthe

countervailingpoweroftheaforementionedAgora.

WecalleditJuxtaderivedfromthewordjuxtapo

sition and one of the participants has given a

poster session on this conference today.Whatwe

didisweinvitedtwelveyoungandbrightacadem

icstocomeandworkforusforeighteenmonthsto

show

us

our

blind

spots.

We

selected

them

out

of

approximately three hundred candidates on the

basis of a critical essay on the aforementioned vi

sion document Thepolice in evolution.We selected

peoplewithforthepoliceunusualbackgrounds,so

noonehadstudiedlaw,criminologyoradministra

tive science. Instead theywhere specialized in an

thropology, media, philosophy, artificial intelli

gence, Arabic language and culture, experimental

psychology,orart.

Theyhadaveryintensiveintroductionprogrammewithinthepoliceforce,theywhereconfrontedwith

allaspectsofourorganisationandwork.They

joinedofficersonthebeat,participatedininvestiga

tions,talkedtoallsectionsoftheorganisationonall

levels.Wegavethemtheexplicitassignmenttocon

tradictandsurpriseus,toshowuswherewewere

wrong,andtoannoyus.And,theyliveduptotheir

promise!ThesessionswiththeJuxtasaswelov

inglycalledthemwherealwaysintenseandIcon

stantlyhadtofighttheurgetodefendmyself.Itled

tonewperspectivesandintheendalsototwelve

thoughtprovokingendproducts.

Theirinfluencewasnotlimitedtothetopoftheor

ganisation.Wemadesurethateverybodyinthe

forceknewwhatJuxtawasabout,andpeopleinthe

forcewereveryinterestedintheconceptandof

courseintheinsightsoftheJuxtas.VariousJuxtas

hadconsiderableinfluenceondiversissuesas

neighbourhoodpolicing,integritypolicyortheuse

ofspecific

information

in

dealing

with

victims.

They

openedupahotlineeveryofficerintheforcecould

phonewhenheorshehadawickedproblem,alot

ofpeoplecalledandwherewithoutexceptionim

pressedbythecontributionoftheJuxtas.Itfurther

strengthenedtheideathatscienceandpolicework

areahappymarriageandthatitpaystoletoutsid

erstakealookinyourorganisation.Butmostim

portantly,toquoteOliverWendellHolmes, a

mind,oncestretchedbyanewidea,neverreturns

toitsoriginaldimensions.Althoughwedidnot

intendtorecruitpeopleformorethantheirproject,

morethanhalveoftheJuxtascurrentlyworkinour

policeforceonregularpositions.

AndalthoughJuxtawasaonetimeproject,the

whatcouldbecalledspiritofJuxtahasnotdisap

peared.Researchandcriticalreflectionhasprolifer

atedintheforce,forexamplewithregardtothe

aforementionedstrategicthemes.Explorationson

these

themes

are

done

by

teams

made

up

from

di

verspeoplewithintheforcewhoseekexplicitinter

actionwithoutsidersfromthescientificcommu

nityorelsewhere.

Whathavewelearned?WhathavewelearnedfromJuxta?Thatwedohave

blindspots,thatindeeditisimportanttofocuson

futureorientedpolicethemesandthatevenifyou

doso,youstillruntheriskoflaggingbehind.We

alsolearnedhowimportantitistobringinnewand

diverseperspectives,andthatimportantissuesaremostlycomplexissues,andthatyouneedtocom

bineresearchwithlearningbydoing.Butperhaps

mostimportantly,welearnedhowfruitfulitis

whenpeopledaretospeakup,whentheytellyou

howitisbecausetheyhavethoughtaboutit,read

aboutit,andstudieditintensively.Onsomesensi

tivesubjectstheJuxtasranintoalotofopposition,

buttheystayedloyaltotheirintensiontoshowit

howitisfromtheperspectiveofanoutsiderand

scientist.Sometimesthiscalledforconsiderable

commitmentandcourage,butintheendnoneof

themregrettedtheinvestment.

AnurgentappealThisbringsmeanappealIwouldliketomaketo

policeofficersandscientists.Asshouldbeclear

frommyexpose,scienceisofcrucialimportancefor

currentenfuturepolicingandseniorandchiefpo

liceofficersareadvisedtofacilitatethestrengthen

ingoftherelationwithscienceineverywaythey

can.Be

brave,

and

do

not

worry

the

truth

will

hurt

you.Fortherelationtobeproductive,however,

scientistshouldalsobewillingtostandforwhat

theybelieve.Inaworldofallimportantimagesand


15/26

15


fastchanginghypesscientistshouldbewillingtodefendforcefullytheoutcomesoftheirresearch,both

withinthepoliceforcebutalsointhepublicdebate.OfcourseIamawarethatinpostmoderntimesthe

scientifictruthhasbecomeillusive,andthatscientisthavethedispositiontoquestionthevalidityoftheir

ownfindings,thatmostofthetimetheyareveryhesitanttoissuepolicyrecommendations.Theproblemis

however,iftheydonotdoit,whowill?AndIamoftheopinionthat,althoughthescientifictruthhasbe

comeillusive,nonsenseisstillnonsense.Ifyouareinscienceandrunintononsensicalpolicies:pleasetake

astandandspeakup!Abravepolicedeservescourageousscientists.

REPORTONTHE

2009

CEPOL

RESEARCH

AND

SCIENCE

CONFERENCE

BADHOEVEDORP,THENETHERLANDS,1820NOVEMBER2009By

MONICADENBOER,PROF.DR.,ACADEMICDEAN,POLICEACADEMYOFTHENETHERLANDS& VRIJEUNIVERSITEITAMSTERDAM

TheEuropeanPoliceCollegeorganizeditsseventhannualPoliceResearchandScienceConferenceon1820

November2009inAmsterdam,TheNetherlands.TheconferencewasorganizedbythePoliceAcademyof

TheNetherlands

in

close

co

operation

with

Austria,

Germany

and

CEPOLs

Research

and

Science

Working

Group.ThetitleoftheconferencewasFuturePolicinginEurope:ASharedAgendaforResearch.Around

75policeresearchers,trainers,practitionersandpolicymakersdiscussedseveraldimensionsconcerning

thechallengesfacedbypoliceforcesacrossEurope.

Thechallengesincludeseveraldimensions.Afirstdimensionconcernsorganizationalissues,such

astechnologicalinnovation,riskmanagement,diversityinandaroundpoliceforces,multidisciplinaryco

operationwithotherpartners,intelligenceledpolicing,andselectionandrecruitment.Anotherimportant

strandconcernsthechallengesincrimeanddisorder,suchascybercrime,radicalization,andexternalse

curitydeficits.Finally,theconferencedealtwiththeEuropeandimensionofpolicing,policetrainingand

policeresearch.

ThetopicFuturePolicinginEuropewasapproachedfromanacademicaswellasapracticalangle.Undertheguidanceofseveralmoderators,theconferenceactivityworkedwithseveralmodesofpres

entationandinteraction,includingplenaryspeeches,miniseminars,postersessionsandapaneldiscus

sion.Thismixofconferencemodesaimedatinvolvingallparticipantstoamaximumextentandatalter

natingtheirroleofspeaker,listeneranddebater.Theconferenceorganizersmadeanefforttoinviteabal

ancedrepresentationofmaleandfemalespeakers,matureandpromisingnewresearchers,andattendees

fromseveralEuropeanMemberStates.

Theobjectivesoftheconferenceactivityincluded:1)providingsupporttopolicebyresearch,sci

enceandanacademicapproach;2)exploringexpectationsandpossibilitiesforcomparativeresearchefforts

inaEuropeanperspective;3)strengtheningthenetworkingprocessesbetweenpolicescienceandpolice

practice;4)consolidatingtheintegrationofresearchandpoliceeducation;and5)encouragingtheexchange

ofknowledgebetweenthesecurityfieldandpoliceresearch.Thefinalobjectivewastoreflectontheconse

quencesofinnovationandpolicingreforms.


16/26

16


18November2009,firstdayoftheconferenceTheconferencewasopenedbytheChiefConstableandChairmanoftheExecutiveBoardofthe

PoliceAcademyofTheNetherlands,MrAdvanBaal.Hisopeningspeechwasfollowedbyalectureby

Prof.Dr.PieterTops,MemberoftheExecutiveBoardofthePoliceAcademyofTheNetherlandsandPro

fessorofPublicAdministrationoftheUniversityofTilburg,TheNetherlands,whoprovidedanexpose

abouttheimportanceofinformalandtacitknowledgeforthefurtherdevelopmentofpoliceorganizations,

andtheroleofknowledgeandresearchintheprofessionalizationofpoliceofficers.Thetrainingandre

searchagendamayalsopresentpoliceforcesthroughoutEuropewithstrategicissues,suchastheemer

genceofareflectiveandintelligentworkforce,whichmaypresentnewmanagementchallengesforpoliti

cians.Otherchallengesthatpresentthemselveswhenapoliceforcesbecomesmoreknowledgeable,include

mattersofauthority,flexibilityandimage.

Thesession,whichwaschairedbytheChairmanoftheCEPOLResearchandScienceWorking

Group,DrJanosFehervaryfromtheFederalMinistryoftheInteriorandtheSicherheitsakademieinVienna

(Austria)wasthenproceededbyDrPeterNeyroud,ChiefConstableandChiefExecutiveoftheNational

PolicingImprovementAgencyoftheUnitedKingdom.HepresentedaplenarylectureentitledShiftsin

Policing,PoliceProfessionandPoliceOrganization,inwhichheelaboratedontopicssuchastheeconomic

pressures

on

policing

resulting

from

budget

cuts

in

public

expenditure,

the

rising

costs

and

declining

tax

revenues.Healsopaidattentiontothechangesintheperformancemanagementinpolicingandtheroleof

scienceinpolicing.Furthermore,MrNeyroudanalyzedthecompositionofthepoliceworkforce,therole

ofthedetective,theriseofnationalizationandlocalism,aswellasinternationalization.Allthesetrends

harboursignificantchallengesforpoliceforcesthroughoutEurope.

Afterthegeneraloverture,theconferenceenteredintomoredetail.Severalplenaryspeakerswere

requestedbytheconferenceorganizerstofocusonparticularissues,relatingboththeorganizationalas

wellascontextualaspectsinthedevelopmentofpolicing.First,DrTatianaTropinafromtheCybercrime

ResearchInstituteinCologne(Germany)dealtwithcyberpolicingasacurrentandfuturechallengeforlaw

enforcement.Shementionedseveralthreatswhichemanatefromcybercrime,includingthemigrationof

traditionalcrime(suchaschildpornographyandmoneylaundering)totheInternet.Resultingfromthisthreatisthenecessitytoorganizecrossborderlawenforcementcooperation.Selfevidentasthisco

operationmaybe,however,thereareseveralchallengestocopewith,suchasthedifferentprocedural

rightsforsuspectsandvictims,aswellasthelackofproperfacilitiestotacklecybercrimewithinanumber

oflawenforcementsystems.DrTropinagaveanoverviewofinitiativesinthisfield,suchasCIRCAMPand

thecreationoftheEuropeanCyberCrimePlatformbyEuropol,aswellastrainingprogrammes.

Afterlunch,ProfessorSirpaVirtafromtheUniversityofTampere(Finland)spokeaboutthetheme

PreventingRadicalizationandbroughtaboutseveralavenuesfornewresearchrelevantforpoliceforces

throughoutEurope.SheelaboratedontheEUHomeAffairsandSecurityStrategies,fromwhichnewchal

lengeshaveevolvedinthisparticularfield.Themesshelistedwereradicalizationasaphenomenonand

policetrainingthroughtheEUISECprogramme.ProfessorVirtamaintainedjointmultidisciplinaryre

searchprojectsareneeded,andmoreover,totackleradicalizationproperlyonemayneedtoreachbeyond

conventionalcrimeprevention.Oneofthepressingquestionssheputforwardistheextenttowhichpolice

officersareequippedtorecognizetheearlysignalsofradicalizationandextremism.

ThefinalplenarylectureonthefirstdayoftheconferencewaspresentedbyProf.Dr.Gorazd

Meko,DeanoftheFacultyofCriminalJusticeandSecurityoftheUniversityofMaribor(Slovenia).For

him,theconceptualchallengesthepoliceiscurrentlyconfrontedwithincludetheemergenceofcontempo

rarysocialcontrol,includingthecitizensasapolicingresourceandinstitutionalizedinformalcontrol.Pro

fessorMekospokeatlengthabouttheissuesarisinginthecontextofmultilateralpolicing,whichin

cludescooperationbetweenpublicpoliceofficersandprivatesecurityemployees.Researchissuesevolv

ingconcernforinstancepatternsofconflict,competition,cooperationandpartnership.Thespeakerbe

lievedthe

challenges

for

further

research

lie

amongst

others

in

acomparative

study

in

Europe

and

the

publicopinionaboutpluralsecurityproviders.Afterawellspentday,theconferenceparticipantsmetfor

dinnertoconsolidatetheirEuropeannetwork.


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17


SeconddayTheprogrammeof19November2009pro

videdintwomoreplenarylectures,followedby

simultaneousinteractiveminiseminarsaboutde

velopingtrendsandpostersessionspresentedon

newlyemergingtopics.Inamorningsessionmod

eratedbyProfessorJoachimKerstenfromtheGer

manPoliceUniversityinMnster,Germany,the

firstplenarylecturewaspresentedbyProfessor

TomVanderbekenofGhentUniversity(Belgium),

whospokeabouttheanticipationoffuture(in)

securitiesandtheroleofriskassessment.Anew

challengeforpoliceforcesnowadaysistopolicethe

risksociety,whichisbasedonanincreasedexploi

tationofknowledgeandintelligence.Policeforces

nowadayshavetothinkaheadandhavetorankthe

likelihood

and

potential

seriousness

of

risk

events.

ProfessorVanderbekenexplainedindetailthedif

ferencebetweenthreatanalyses,vulnerabilitystud

ies,harmassessmentsandriskanalyses,andcon

cludedthatscenariosstudiescanbeusefultoolsto

assessandanticipatedevelopmentsandtotakea

reflexiveattitudetowardsmultiplefutures.

Afterthecoffeebreak.DrSabineVogtfrom

theGermanFederalCriminalPoliceOffice(BKA)in

Wiesbaden,Germany,offeredtheconferencepar

ticipantsalookintotheinnovatorypowerofEuro

peanpoliceforces.Earlydetectionanddiagnosisoftheshiftsandchallengeslieattheheartofthere

flectivepotentialofpoliceagencies.Geographical

andstrategicearlydetectioncanrevealaconnection

betweendifferentphenomenaandpreparethepo

liceforcetomakestepsintermsofsettingobjec

tives,planningstrategiesandprioritizingpolicies

andinstruments.DrVogtexplainedhowthepieces

ofthepuzzleevolvingfromanenvironmental

analysiscanbeputtogetherinaprocessmodel,

calledSTEP.SheintroducedtheBKAscenariotech

nique,whichisworkedoutintheformofwork

shopsbasedonrealcases,suchasdelinquency

whichisrelatedtothecapitalmarkets.Asimilar

scenariotechniquewasappliedinthecontextofthe

UN/EUpeacekeepingmissions.

Afterthediscussion,theconferencepartici

pantsseparatedingroupsandwenttoanarrayof

fivedifferentinteractiveminiseminarsaboutdevel

opingtrends.Thethemesoftheseminiseminars

weretechnopolicing(byDrRenatoRaggifromthe

CarabinieriOfficers

College

in

Vicenza,

Italy);

policingdiversity(byProfessorSirpaVirta,Uni

versityofTampere,Finland);knowledgeledpolic

ing(byProfessorJoachimKerstenfromtheGer

manPoliceUniversityinMnster,Germany);

Recruitment,educationandcareersinEuropean

policeforces(byProfessorToreBjrgo,Norwegian

PoliceUniversityCollege,Oslo,Norway);and

privatepolicing(byProfessorRaimundas

Kalesnykas,DeanoftheLawFacultyoftheInterna

tionalSchoolofLawandBusiness,Vilnius,Lithua

nia).Themethodoftheminiseminarsallowedcon

ferenceparticipantstoselecttwothemes,which

meantthatinasmallersetting,theyfeltmoreen

couragedtointerveneandraisequestions.

Afterlunch,a varietyofthemeswaspre

sentedbyjuniorresearcherswhoareinvolvedina

postdoctoralorprofessionalresearchproject.These

postersessionswereperformedbyAnnevanEwijk

oftheUniversitatPompeuFabrainBarcelona,

Spain

(diversity

in

police

organizations);

Martijn

SchippersoftheDutchPoliceRegionAmsterdam

Amstelland(intelligenceledpolicing);Maren

ElineKleivenofthePoliceUniversityCollegeOslo,

Norway(policereformmissions);andGregor

WewerofEuropol(governingpolicecooperation

intheEU).Thelattersessionsweremainlymeant

toinitiateandstrengthenparticularthematicre

searchnetworksthroughouttheEuropeanUnion.

Afteralongtrafficjamintotown,thecon

ferenceparticipantsfirstdidabitofChristmas

shoppinginthetowncentre.ThiswassucceededbyaverypleasantdinnerinarestaurantinAmster

dam.Atthestartofthedinner,ChiefConstableBer

nardWeltenoftheDutchPoliceForceAmsterdam

Amstellandpresentedanenthusiasticandinspiring

speechaboutthevalueofresearchforthedevelop

mentofpolicingandpoliceorganizations(seethe

previousarticle).

FinaldayThefinaldayoftheconferencewasmoder

atedbyProfessorMonicadenBoerofthePolice

AcademyofTheNetherlandsandtheVUUniver

sityAmsterdam(theNetherlands),andfocuseden

tirelyontheEUeffortsinthefieldofEuropeanpo

licecooperation,inparticularpolicetrainingand

policeresearch.PoliceCommissionerMichielHol

tackers,ChairoftheAnnualProgrammeCommittee

ofCEPOLandHeadofStaffInternationalRelations

atthePoliceAcademyoftheNetherlands,gavethe

firstlectureabouttheStockholmProgrammeonthe

furtherdevelopment

of

the

EU

Area

of

Freedom,

SecurityandJustice.Heregardedpolicetrainingas

essentialforbuildingthenecessarytrustbetween

lawenforcementforcesthroughoutEurope.Inthis


18/26

18


regard,aninternationalexchangeprogrammeand

internshipsaredeemedindispensable.Moreover,

specifictrainingchallengeswerementionedbyMr

Holtackers,includingthetrainingwhichistargeted

attheprotectionofvulnerablegroups,suchasvic

timsofcrime;thefocusonseriouscrimewitha

crossborderdimension;trainingaimedatim

provedusageoftheexistinginstrumentsforpolice

cooperation;combinedtrainingeffortswiththird

countries;and(common)trainingmethods.

TheissuesraisedbyMrHoltackersreceived

adeepreflectionfromrelevantpractitionersand

policymakersintheformofapaneldiscussion:Mr

ChristianJechoutchek(AssistantDirectorCorporate

GovernanceofEuropol),ProfessorDr.KlausNeid

hardt(HeadoftheTraining&ResearchCommittee

of

CEPOL

and

President

of

the

German

Police

Uni

versityinMnster)andMs.KristienvanGoey

(DirectorateGeneralEnterpriseandIndustryofthe

EuropeanCommission).Thepaneldiscussion

evokedseveralinterventionsfromtheconference

participants.

TheconferencewasconcludedbyProfessor

DidierBigofromtheInstitutdEtudesPolitiquesin

Paris,France.Hegaveaflashdemonstrationofthe

legalandpoliticaleventsintheareaofEUpoliceco

operationduringthepasttwodecades.Professor

BigoobservedanumberoftensionsarisingfromtheStockholmProgramme,suchasbringingtheEU

closertoitscitizensthroughareliableprovisionof

security,andpolicingatadistancewhichisbased

onpatternsofinformationgatheringandsurveil

lance.HeendedbyadvocatingaEuropeanUnionin

whichthereisabalancebetweenfreedomofmove

mentandsecurity.

Theconferenceparticipantsdepartedwith

wellfedstomachs,andbrains.Theorganizing

countriesTheNetherlands,AustriaandGermanyas

wellastheResearchandScienceWorkingGroup,

werepleasedwiththeactiveparticipationofpolice

professionals,policetrainersandpoliceresearchers

fromalloverEurope,turningthiseventintoa

worthwhileannualgatheringfortheexchangeof

knowledgeaboutpolicerelevantmatters.CEPOL

looksforwardtoseeingyouallagainatthe2010

CEPOLResearchandScienceConferenceinOslo!!

THECAMPBELLCOLLABORATIONANDEVIDENCEBASEDPOLICINGREPORTFROMTHENINTH

COLLOQUIUM2009

BY

LEVINWHELLER,SENIORRESEARCHOFFICER,NATIONALPOLICINGIMPROVEMENTAGENCY(UK)

Giventhevarietyofavailableresearchevidenceaboutpolicing,itcanoftenbedifficulttomake

judgmentsaboutwhatinterventionsorpoliciesare

mosteffective.Policeforces,governmentdepart

mentsandpublicagenciesneedwaystoidentifythe

bestavailableresearchevidencebeforemakingde

cisionsabouthowtodeployfiniteresources.One

approachtocollatingfindingsfromdisparatere

searchpapersistoundertakesystematicreviewsof

availableresearchevidence.Thepurposeofasys

tematicreviewistosumupthebestavailablere

searchonaspecificresearchorpolicyquestionby

synthesizingtheresultsofrelevantstudiesmeeting

aspecifiedstandard(orlevel)ofdesignandassess

ingtheeffectsofdifferentinterventions.

TheCampbellCollaboration(http://

www.campbellcollaboration.org/)isaninterna

tionalbodythatproducessystematicreviewsonthe

effectsofsocialinterventionsinanumberofdiffer

entareas,includingcrimeandjustice.TheCamp

bellCrime

and

Justice

Coordinating

Group

(CJCG)

preparesanddisseminatessystematicreviewson

reducingcrimeanddelinquencyandimprovingthe

qualityofjustice.TheCrimeandJusticeCoordinat

ingGroupiscoordinatedbyCharlotteGillatthe

JerryLeeCenterofCriminologyattheUniversityof

Pennsylvania.

TheInternationalSecretariatoftheCollaborationis

nowlocatedinOsloandishostedbytheNorwe

gianKnowledgeCentrefortheHealthServices.

ThisofficesupportsallaspectsofCampbellswork,

includingtheproductionofsystematicreviews,internalandexternalcommunication,fundraising,

andarrangementsfortheAnnualColloquiumand


19/26

19


otherevents.Campbellisatrulyinternationalbody,

however,withmembersofitsSteeringGroup

drawnfromanumberofcountries.

TheCollaborationhastodatecompleted22reviews

summarisingthebestresearchevidenceonvarious

crimeandjusticeissuesrangingfromtheeffectsof

specificinterventionssuchasCCTVsurveillance,

streetlightingandneighbourhoodwatchpro

grammesonlevelsofcrime,tostudiesofcounter

terrorismstrategies,theeffectsofsentencingon

reoffending,andtheeffectsofmentoringinterven

tionsonjuveniledelinquency.

Specificpolicingapproacheshavealsobeenas

sessedinstudieslookingattheeffectivenessof

problemorientedpolicing(POP),hotspotspolicing,

and

the

relative

success

of

competing

strategies

for

addressingstreetleveldrugmarkets.Manyofthese

fullreviewshavealsobeencondensedintouser

abstracts,whichprovideconcisesummariesofthe

keyfindingsofeachreview.Theseabstractsrepre

sentamoreuserfriendlyversionofthereviews,

whichcanthemselvesberathertechnicalandmeth

odologicalinnature.

Aswellaspublishingreviewsofresearchevidence,

theCampbellCollaborationorganiseseventsacross

theworldtobringtogetheracademics,governmentresearchersandpractitioners.TheNinthAnnual

CampbellColloquiumwasheldinOslofromthe

18thtothe20thofMay2009andwasthemedBetter

EvidenceforaBetterWorld.Anumberofsessions

stressedtheimportanceofevidencebasedinterven

tionsandofproperimpactevaluationsofsocial

programmes.

PlenaryspeakersincludedtheNorwegianMinister

ofForeignAffairs,JonasGahrStre,whotalked

abouttheincreasingimportanceofevaluatinginter

ventionssuchasimmunisationprogrammes.He

arguedthatproofthatinterventionsweresuccessful

helpedbuildacultureofsupportforinterventions.

RichardHorton,EditorinChiefoftheLancetthen

askedwhywedonotalwaysactonevidence,citing

theexampleofclimatechange.Heemphasisedthe

importanceofcommunicationbetweenresearch

andpractitionercommunities,andthechallengeof

successfullyexplainingcomplexissuestothepub

lic.

HansRosling

(Professor

of

Global

Health,

Karolin

skaInstitute(KI),Sweden)deliveredandentertain

ingandrevealingpresentationentitledTowardsan

evidencebasedworldview.ProfessorRoslingil

lustratedtheimportanceofusingevidencetochal

lengepreexistingperceptions,contesting,inpar

ticular,popularassumptionsaboutthedeveloped

anddevelopingworld.TheGapminderFounda

tion(www.gapminder.org)hostsanumberofvideo

presentationswhichchallengereceivedwisdom

abouttheseissues.HowardWhite(ExecutiveDirec

tor,InternationalInitiativeforImpactEvaluation

(3ie),Egypt)alsostressedtheimportanceofchal

lengingtheoreticalassumptionsandcarefullyas

sessingtheimpactofinterventionstoensurere

sourcesarebeingspentwisely.

AhighlightinthefieldofCrimeandJusticewasDr.

JonathanShepherds(DirectoroftheViolenceand

SocietyResearchGroup,SchoolofDentistry,Uni

versity

of

Cardiff,

UK)

Jerry

Lee

Lecture

examining

thecontributionsofpublichealthresearchtovio

lenceprevention.Hispresentationhighlightedthe

findingsofanumberofstudiesundertakeninthe

UK.OneRCTrevealedthebenefitsofusingtough

enedglassestoreduceinjuriesinpubsandbars,

andevidencefromanothermetaanalysisillustrated

theeffectivenessofbriefalcoholmisusemotiva

tionalinterviewsinhelpingmodifyfuturealcohol

consumption.

DrShepardconcludedthat,comparedwithmedical

sciences,appliedcrimescienceisunderdeveloped.UniversityPoliceSchoolsandOffenderManage

mentSchoolswhichintegrateresearch,trainingand

practice,shouldbeatthefoundationofcriminal

justicesystems.Practitioneracademicsareneeded

incrimeandjustice,asinthefieldofhealth,to

driveevidencebasedpoliciesandinterventions.

Linkstootherpapersfromtheconferenceinthe

areaofCrimeandJusticecanbefoundhere:

www.campbellcollaboration.org/Colloquium/

colloquium_programme/

Crime_and_Justice_Track.php

TheNationalPolicingImprovementAgency(NPIA)

iscurrentlyworkingwiththeCenterforEvidence

BasedCrimePolicy(CEBCP)atGeorgeMasonUni

versitytofundfurtherworkbytheCampbellCol

laboration.Asystematicsearchforevaluativestud

iesofnoncurricularlawenforcementstrategiesto

preventschoolcrimeanddisorder(Policing

schools)hasjustbeencommissioned,alongwith

fivenew

systematic

reviews

in

the

following

areas:


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20


EffectivenessofGISuponcrimereduction

Legitimacyinpolicing

StressManagementTrainingandDevelopmentProgramsforPoliceOfficersandRecruits

Crimedisplacementanddiffusionofcrimepreventionbenefitsresultingfromgeographicallyfocussed

policeinitiatives

Effectofinterviewandinterrogationmethodsoninvestigativeoutcomes

TheNPIAisalsoworkingontranslatingselectedsystematicreviewsintoWhatWorksguidesaimedat

policepractitioners.Thepurposeoftheseguidesistoprovideanonlineresourcethatdistilsthekeyfind

ingsofthereviews,inadditiontootherrobustresearchevidence,intoastyleandformatsuitableforanon

academicaudience.Theaimistomaketheworkoftheresearchandacademiccommunitymoreeasilyac

cessibletopolicepractitionersonadaytodaybasis.

ReviewscurrentlyontheCampbellwebsitemaybeausefulresourceforyourorganisationinaddressing

commonpolicingissuesfacedbyforcesallaroundtheworld.TheCampbellLibrary(http://

www.campbellcollaboration.org/library.php)enablesfreeaccesstoreviewsonanumberofimportantsub

jects.

THESCOTTISHINSTITUTEFORPOLICINGRESEARCH(SIPR)

By

NICKFYFE,PROF.,DIRECTOROFTHESCOTTISHINSTITUTEFORPOLICINGRESEARCH,UK

Establishedin2007andsupportedbyinvestmentfromtheAssociationofChiefPoliceOfficersinScotland

andtheScottishFundingCouncil,theScottishInstituteforPolicingResearch(SIPR)isa consortiumofthir

teenuniversities.Itskeyaimsare:

Toundertakehighquality,independentresearchofrelevancetopolicinginScotland;

Toengageinarangeofknowledgeexchangeactivitiesinordertostrengthentheevidencebaseon

whichpolicingpolicyandpracticearedeveloped;

ToprovideasinglefocusforpolicingresearchinScotlandinordertofosterthedevelopmentofna

tionalandinternationallinkswithotherresearchers,policymakersandpractitioners;

ToenhancepolicingresearchcapacityinScotlandbydevelopingtheresearchinfrastructureanden

hancingresearchskills.

SIPRsactivitiesareorganisedaroundthreeinterdisciplinaryResearchNetworkswhichbringtogether

researchersfromover15differentacademicdisciplines. ThePoliceCommunityRelationsNetworkfocuses


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21


ontherelationshipsbetweenthepoliceanddiffer

entsocioeconomicandgeographicalcommunities

andbringstogetherresearcherswithbackgrounds

insociology,criminologyandpoliticalscience. The

Evidence&InvestigationNetwork focusesonthe

roleofthepoliceintherecovery,interpretationand

effectiveuseofintelligenceandevidenceinthein

vestigationofcrimeanddrawsontheexpertiseof

researcherswithbackgroundsinareaslikeforensic

science,computingandpsychology. ThePolice

OrganisationNetworkfocusesonissuesofmanage

ment,structureandleadershipwithinthepolice

andincludesresearcherswithamanagementsci

enceandpublicadministrationbackground. The

activitiesofthethreenetworksarecoordinated

fromanadministrativehubbasedattheUniversity

of

Dundee.

Withineachofthesenetworks,SIPRisdirectlysup

portingnewpolicingresearch throughinvestment

inPhDstudentshipsandpostdoctoralresearchers.

Theseresearchprojects,eachofwhichhasbeende

velopedincollaborationwithpoliceforces,covera

widerangeoftopics. Theseincludeissuesrelating

tocommunitypolicingstrategies,thepolicingof

racialandethnicdiversityandradicalization;ob

tainingbestevidencefromwitnessesandtheuseof

forensicscienceinvolumecrimeinvestigations;andstudiesofresilienceandwellbeingin Scottish

policeforcesandthegovernanceandaccountability

ofpoliceorganisations. SIPRisalsohelpingre

searcherssecureresearchfundingfromexternal

sourcesbyfacilitatingaccesstopolicepersonnel

anddataheldbypoliceorganisations.

Complementinginvestmentinnewresearchisthe

processofmakingsurethatknowledgeisex

changedbetweenresearchers,practitionersandthe

policycommunity. Indeed,forSIPRknowledge

exchangeisoneofthemostimportantrolesitper

forms. Thisispartlyachievedviaitsgovernance

arrangementwhichinvolvechiefpoliceofficersand

senioracademicsmeetingregularlyatitsExecutive

CommitteeandBoardofGovernance. Inaddition,

SIPRsupportsawiderangeofmechanismstofacili

tateprocessesofknowledgeexchange. Thisin

cludesorganisingaregularprogrammeofseminars

andworkshopsattendedbythepoliceandre

searchers,holding

an

annual

research

conference

andannuallecture,andmaintainingawebsite

whichcontainspodcastsofconferenceandseminar

events,abriefingpaperseriesforpractitioners,and

otherresearchresources. Inaddition,SIPRworks

closelywiththeScottishPoliceCollegeinthedeliv

eryofaContinuousProfessionalDevelopmentpro

grammeforallmembersofthepoliceservice.

SIPRisalsoworkingtodeveloptheknowledge,

researchandanalyticalskills ofthosewhoworkin

policeorganisationsviathecreationofadistance

learningGraduateProgrammeinPolicing. Begin

ninginAutumn2010,thisprogrammeaimsto

makeasubstantialcontributiontotheprofessional

developmentofpolicinginScotlandwithinitial

modulescoveringtheoriesandconceptsofpolicing,

leadershipinpoliceorganisations,understanding

andcontrollingcrime,andpolicecommunityrela

tions.

SIPR

also

runs

a

Practitioner

Fellowship

pro

grammewhichprovidesopportunitiesforpolice

practitionerstoworkwithacademicresearcherson

thepracticalandpolicyapplicationsofapolicing

topic,withtheacademicprovidingadviceabout

relevantliterature,researchdesignandmethodo

logicalissues.

Ataninternationallevel,SIPRisalsodeveloping

stronglinkswithawidercommunityofpolicere

searchersandpractitioners. Thisisimportantbe

causeinaneraofglobalisationitisimportantforScotlandtobeabletoaccessknowledgeaboutpolic

ingcreatedelsewhereintheworldandtoreapthe

benefitsofcomparativeanalysis. Threeworldclass

policingscholarshavebeenappointedasVisiting

Professorstotheresearchnetworkswiththeaimof

creatingopportunitiesforcollaborativeresearch. In

addition,SIPRsinternationaladvisorycommittee

hasstrongEuropeanrepresentation(fromtheNor

wegianPoliceUniversityCollege,DutchPolice

AcademyandthePoliceScienceprogrammeat

RuhrUniversity,Germany)and,inaninitiativeled

bythePoliceAcademyoftheNetherlands,SIPRisa

foundingmemberoftheTheNorthSeaCollabora

tionfordoingresearchonandwiththepolice. This

bringstogetherpolicingresearchinstitutesfrom

Holland,Norway,Belgium,Sweden,Finland,Eng

land&WalesandScotlandwiththeaimsofcon

ductingcomparativeresearchandcreatingopportu

nitiesfortheexchangeofknowledgeandpeople.

Acoupleofcomparativeprojectshavealready

emergedfrom

this

collaboration:

one

on

careers

withinpoliceforces(coordinatedbyresearchersat

theNorwegianPoliceUniversityCollege)andan


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22


otheroncommunityengagementandcommunitypolicing(coordinatedbySIPRandtheUniversityof

Ghent).IndividualmembersofSIPRarealsoplayingimportantroleswithinwidernetworksofresearchers

andpractitionersincludingtheEuropeanAcademyofForensicScience,theEuropeanSocietyWorking

GrouponPolicingandtheEuropeanchapteroftheFBINationalAcademyofAssociates.

InlittleunderthreeyearsSIPRhasestablisheditselfasakeypartoftheresearchandpolicinglandscapein

ScotlandwithstronglinkstootherpartsoftheUK,Europeandbeyond. Furthermore,asamodelofcol

laborationbetweenpolicepractitionersandtheacademicresearchcommunityitnowattractsnationaland

internationalattention. Crucialtoitssuccessisrecognisingthatregularandsustainedcontactsbetween

researchprovidersandresearchusersarevitaldeterminantsof policyimpact. Researchersandpracti

tionersmustalsoshareamutualunderstandingoftherelevanceofeachothersinterestsandactivitiesand

haveanunderstandingofthewaysinwhichresearchcanaddvalueandofferinsightstokeyissuesofcon

cernforpolicepractitionersandpolicymakers. AspoliceorganisationsacrossEuropeincreasinglyfacethe

challengeofhavingtodomorewithless, asaresultofgrowingdemandsbutlimitedresources,thepart

nershipbetweenuniversitiesandpoliceforcesembodiedbySIPRprovidesahighlyeffectivewayofmeet

ingtheneedforrelevantresearchandfordevelopingtheskillsofthosewhoworkinpoliceorganisations.

Furtherinformation

FurtherinformationaboutSIPRisavailablefromitswebsite(www.sipr.ac.uk)andweverymuchwelcome

inquiriesfromresearchersandpractitioners. TheseshouldbesenttoitsDirector,ProfessorNickFyfe

([email protected]).

CENTRE DE RECHERCHE DE LA GENDARMERIENATIONALE(CRGN)

By

Philippe SCRIBE, LIEUTENANT-COLONEL, HEADOFRESEARCHDEPARTMENT, CRGN, FRANCE

LocatedinMelun,50kmSouthEastofParis,theResearchCenteroftheGendarmerieNationale(CRGN)isconnectedwiththeGendarmerieNationaleOfficersCollegeandheadedbyadirector,whoisasenioruni

versityprofessor.

Thecenterwassetupasapoliticalinitiativetoprovidemajoreducationalestablishments,dedicatedtothe

trainingofhighmilitaryandcivilianservants,includingthefundingofresearchfacilities.

Benefitingfromthesethinktankpotentials,theGendarmerieNationaleOfficersCollegedealswithissues

linkedtohomelandsecurityandespeciallyregardingthecareerofGendarmes.Theworkundertakenatthe

centeraimsatincludingthecadetsineachandeverypartoftheiracademicstudies.

TheformerdocumentationcenteroftheAcademyhasbeenthetouchstoneoftheResearchcenterofthe

GendarmerieNationale(CRGN),henceattheoriginofitscreationinSeptember2008.Itisnowsupervised

bybothmilitaryandcivilianstaff.


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23


OrganizationofthecenterIthasapermanentteamcomposedofasenioruniversityprofessorwhoisinchargeofthegeneralpolicyof

thecenterandanetworkofseveralresearchers.Heisassistedbyanadministratorsecondincommand

whoonthecontraryhasamilitarybackgroundandwhoisthedirectlinkwiththeinstitution.Asenioroffi

cerisheadingtheResearchDepartment,whereas theResourceDepartmentisheadedbyacivilian.

Inadditiontothepermanentstaff,thereareafewresearcherswhoworkparttime.Theyareusuallypeople

witheitheranacademicbackgroundorhighqualifications,whoareinchargeofsupplyingforareserveof

researchers,comingfromuniversitiesaswellastheGendarmerie.ThroughtheirMastersthesisthecadets

areincloserelationwiththecenter.

Asfarastheresearchfieldisconcerned,therearesixmaintopics:

1. securityandterritories

2. securityandenvironment

3. securityandsciences

4. securityandethicalcode

5.

security

and

law

6. securityandhistory

Alltheresearchersarelistedinadatabasethatismanagedbythecenter,whothenmakesaninventoryof

theMastersthesisdealingwithsecuritythathadbeenwrittenbyGendarmesondutyorinretirement.

AssignmentsBasedonresourcesthatareinconstantevolution,theCRGNaimsatleadingandcoordinatingresearchin

termsofsecurity.

ThroughthedifferentcontributionsprovidedbytheCRGN,thecadetsaregivenguidancefortheirthesis

oninternalsecurityandcanbesupportedbyotherGendarmeswhoareeitherwritingathesisoraPh.D.

ThecenteralsoworksintightrelationswiththeGendarmerieheadquarters.Theworkundertakenbythecadetswillserveasathinktanktothehighcommandandthetopicsmusthavebeenrequestedbythecen

traladministration.Ontheotherhand,theResearchCentercanmakesuggestionsinthismatter.

TheCRGNsmissionisalsotowatchandpickupupdatedinformationdealingwithsecurityfromtheinter

net.

Overall,justlikeanyotherresearchcenter,theCRGNorganizesseminarsandsymposiumsandpartici

patesinseveralscientificactivitiesinFranceorabroadtofacilitateageneralsynergywithothercentersand

institutions.

AnoverviewoftheCRGNsactivitiesisavailableviaitswebsite:

http://www.gendarmerie.interieur.gouv.fr/crgn

OutlookThiscenterisstillindevelopmentandhasonlybeensetupforresearchactivitiessinceSeptember2009.Itis

alreadyworkingjointlywiththeEuropeanPoliceCollege CEPOLandwithotherdifferentEuropeanpart

nersintermsofinternalsecuritymattersandsuppliesforitsowndatabaseaswell.Bytheendof2010the

bestthesiswrittenbythecadetsduringtheirscholarshipwillprobablyhavebeuploadedintoCEPOLe

Library.


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24


OBITUARYINMEMORIAMPROF. JEANPAULBRODEUR(19442010)Itwaswithgreatsadnessthatwelearntthatthewell

knownscholarofpolicing,ourcolleagueandfriend,

JeanPaulBrodeur,professorattheUniversityofMontreal,DirectoroftheInternationalCentrefor

ComparativeCriminology(CICC),diedonMonday

26April2010.

ProfessorBrodeurpublishednumerousbooksand

articlesonpolicing,sentencingandpoliticallymoti

vateddevianceinFrenchandEnglish.Hewasalso

researchdirectorforseveralCanadiancommissionsof

inquiry(federalandQubecprovincial)andadistin

guishedscholar

and

teacher.

OfCanadiancitizenship,JeanPaulBrodeurhad

stronglinkswithEurope,inparticularwithFrancefor

alongtime.Nanterrewastheplacewherehepre

sentedhisphilosophyoflogicthesisonSpinoza.His

thesiscoordinator,PaulRicoeur,wasatthattimea

philosopherinvitedeveryquartertouniversitieson

allcontinentsoftheworldandJeanPaulsmanu

script,oncefinished,travelledaroundtheglobefor

oneyearinsearchofthecoordinator,beforefinding

himonthesolidgroundofNanterre.Thisjourney

foretoldwhatwastobeJeanPaulsintellectualcontri

butiontothesocialsciences:brillancewithoutterrito

rial,disciplinaryorintellectualboundaries.

Soonaftercompletinghisthesis,JeanPaulentereda

courseincriminologyattheUniversityofMontreals

SchoolofCriminology.Hisworkwouldmadehim

focusoncommissionsdenqute,investigatorybodies

thatareinchargeofbringinglightontodevianciesor

faultsofpublicinstitutionsinNorthAmerica,often

aboutmattersof criminaljusticeorthepolice.He

wrote

his

first

book

based

on

these

elements,

La

dlin

quancedelordre.Hewastheninvitedtoconductre

searchbythemostfamouscommissioninthehistory

ofCanada,theKeableCommission,ontheinfiltration

oftheRoyalGendarmerieofCanadaby

sovereignistegroups.Recently,hecamebacktothis

experience,atthecrossroadsbetweenpoliticsand

research,andthisleftamarkonhisfutureresearch.

JeanPaulBrodeurindeeddedicatedthemajorityof

hisworkstopolicing,moreexactlythefragmentation

ofpoliceactivities,separatedbetweenhighpolicing

andlowpolicing,or:betweenpoliticalpolicingand

everydaypolicing.Thearticlethathepublishesin

1983intheSocialProblemsJournal, HighPolicingandLowPolicing ,noticeablymarkedhisentryintotheinternationalfield.Fromthere,hewouldnotcease

toworkonthiscentralissue:dothepolice,itsactivity

empiricallyseparated,requireaunifiedtheory?This

projecthasremainedhis,tireless,fromthecollection

ofarticlespublishedin2003byPressesdelUniversit

de

Montral,

on

Visages

de

la

police

(its

multi

facetedappearanceforasinglereality),the2005issue

ofthejournalCriminologie,dedicatedto thepolice

indetachedpieces ,orhisworkthatwillbepublished

inAugust2010byOxfordUniversityPress:ThePolicing

Web,forwhichhehadjustreturnedthecorrected

drafts.However,heevenlyneverlostsightofthe

practicalchallengesofpolicereformandimprove

mentadimensionofhisworkwhichispossiblybest

documentedinbecomingtheeditorofHowtoRec

ognizeGoodPolicingin1998,avolumethatbrought

togetherresearchfindingswithpracticalexperienceinacomprehensivemanner.

JeanPaulBrodeurwillthushavebeenallthewaya

philosopherofcategoriesofthoughtandknowledge

whowill,certainly,haveresolutelymovedawayfrom

academicphilosophyinordertoobservetheconcrete

existenceofpolice,theStateanditslegalsystem,but

whowillincessantlyinterrogatehiscriminological

objectswiththatkindofintelligenceusedincritical

epistemology.Alltheforceofthecriminologyhe

practicedcamefromthematichybridisationandthe

concerntoconfronthisknowledgewiththereallifeof

institutions;byeitherparticipatinginselectedcom

mittees(CanadianCommissionontheestablishment

ofsentences,thentheSelectedCommissionontrans

gressionsoftheCanadianArmyinSomalia),orem

piricalinvestigations,focusingonjudicialinvestiga

tions,thathehadpresentedinaCESDIPseminar,in

2002.

Strongworkingrelationshipevolvedovertheyears

withtheGroupeEuropendeRecherchesurlesNor

mativits(GERN)

and

the

Centre

de

Recherches

Soci

ologiquessurleDroitetlesInstitutionsPnales

(CESPDIP),wherehecooperatedandbecamefriends

withwellknownfrancophonecriminologistslike


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25


ReneZauberman,RenLvy,andPhilippeRobert,

whotaughtattheUniversitdeMontralonaregular

basis.JeanPaulBrodeursoeuvrehadalsoamajor

impactonayoungergenerationofFrenchspeaking

policescholarslikeBenotDupont,FabienJobardor

ChristianMouhanna.Aparticularlyclosecooperation

developedwithDominiqueMonjardet,initiallyan

industrialsociologistsofprofession.Theassociation

ofthetworesearchersprovedtobecrucialwhenit

cametosettinguptheInstitutdeshautestudesdela

scuritintrieure(IHESI)anditsfirstyearsofexis

tencethat,togetherwithJeanMarcErbs,itsfirstdi

rector,hewishedtocontributetobetterintelligence

andreforminpolicing.Latertheycopublishedto

getheraFrenchversionofselectedkeytextsofAnglo

Saxonsociologyonpolicing

A

distinguished

scholar

in

his

own

right,

Prof.

Brodeurwasalsoacrucialintermediarybetweenthe

French,EnglishandGermanspeakingcommunities

ofpoliceresearchersandcriminologists,andinthis

regardalsoaintermediarybetweenNorthAmerica

andEuropeanpolicescholarship.In2007hekindly

followedtheinvitationbyCEPOLtoserveasacom

mentatoranddiscussantforthereportoftheProject

GrouponaEuropeanApproachtoPoliceScience

(PGEAPS)thatwaspresentedattheAnnualCEPOL

ResearchandScienceConferenceinMnster,Ger

many.Hisprofessionalobservationsoftheproject,underpinnedbyhisimpressiveinternationalexperi

enceandunderstandingofEuropeanmatters,were

highlyappreciatedbytheconferenceparticipants.He

alsobroughtahighlyinterestingpapertotheconfer

ence(TrustandExpertiseinPolicing)thatwillbe

publishedintheforthcomingCEPOLConferences

20062009volume.

Friendsandpolicescholarsacrosstheglobewillla

mentthelossofagenerous,intellectuallyinspiring

andhighlypleasantpersonandscholar.Hisworks

andhisownwaysofcrossingintellectualborders

howeverwillcontinuetostimulateindepthreflection

ongoodpolicinginEuropeandelsewhere.

ESRIFFinalReport

FinalReportofEuropeanSe

curityResearchandInnova

tionForum(ESRIF)waspub

lishedinDecember2009.ES

RIFisaEuropeanstrategy

groupinthecivilsecurityre

searchdomainestablishedby

ajointinitiativeofEuropean

Commissionand27EUMem

berStates.ItsmaintaskwastodefinetheEuropean

ResearchandInnovationneedsfor2030timehorizon

andtodevelopmidandlongtermstrategyforcivil

securityresearchandinnovationsthroughpublicpri

vatedialogue.

For

more

information

please

visit

official

ESRIFs

website:http://www.esrif.eu/

Upcoming Conferences & Meetings

The European Police Science and Research Bulletin willpublizise announcements of events that are relevant for thedevelopment and advance of police research and policescience from a European perspective. Please send all infor-mation in time to [email protected].

10th Conference of the European Society of Criminol-

ogy

Crime and Criminology:

From individuals to organizations

7-11 September 2010Liege, Belgium

www.eurocrim2010.com

TheSIPRAnnualConference2010Policinginanageofausterity

&TheSPSA/SIPRConference

Newdevelopmentsinforensicscience

14th - 15th September 2010West Park Conference Centre, Dundee; Scotland, UK

www.sipr.ac.uk/events

25 Years without borders - Prospects for

police cooperation and border control

in the Schengen area today

16 - 17 September 2010, Trier, Germanywww.era.int

2010 CEPOL

Police Research and Science Conference

Practicalresearchandresearchpractice

PoliceScienceintoanewdecade.Dates: 26-28 October 2010

Place: Oslo, Norway (restricted access)Web: www.cepol.europa.eu

Thisobituaryhasbeenadoptedwithpermissionfromthe

originalFrenchversion,publishedonthewebsiteofthe

CentredeRecherchesSociologiquessurleDroitetles

InstititutionsPnales(CESDIP)andamendedforthe

purposesoftheBulletin.Theeditorialteamwouldliketo

thankBogdanTeodorescuandCatherineLamothe

(CEPOLSecretariat)

for

their

support

in

translating.


26/26

EUROPEANPOLICERESEARCHANDSCIENCEBULLETIN

ISSUE3 Summer2010

Contributions to the Bulletin

ReadersoftheBulletinarekindlyinvitedtomakesubmissionsandtoshareoutcomesofrecentresearch,informationaboutresearchdepartmentsorcallsforcooperationsin

researchprojects.

Forafulllistofrequiredcontributionsandmoreinforma

tion about the Bulletin please visit our website on:

www.cepol.europa.eu/index.php?id=scienceresearchbulletin

Potential contributors should download the important

Manuscript Submission Guidelines, which should be

kindlybeobserved.

03 epsr bulletin

Documents