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Byzantine Culture and Society Overview • Constantinople was the center of Byzantine trade and culture and was incredibly diverse. • The Byzantine Empire had an important cultural legacy, both on the Orthodox Church and on the revival of Greek and Roman studies, which influenced the Renaissance. • The East-West Schism in 1041 divided the Christian world into the Orthodox Church—now the Eastern Orthodox Church—the Catholic Church—now Roman the Catholic Church. People living under the early Byzantine Empire saw themselves as Romans, but the culture of the empire changed over the centuries. As it incorporated Greek and Christian culture, it transformed into a unique Byzantine culture. Additionally, the Byzantine Empire was influenced by Latin, Coptic, Armenian, and Persian cultures. Later on, it was influenced by Islamic cultures as well. Constantinople was an extremely diverse city. Its residents were multi-ethnic and multi- religious. Taxes for foreign traders were the same as for residents, which was pretty unique at that time. Byzantine merchants actively traded with regions in the Mediterranean as well as in the east and west, including areas around the Black Sea, the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean. Byzantine culture The Byzantine Empire influenced many cultures, primarily due to its role in shaping Christian Orthodoxy. The modern-day Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest Christian church in the world. Orthodoxy is central to the history and societies of Greece, Bulgaria, Russia, Serbia, and other countries. Byzantine architecture, particularly in religious buildings, can be found in diverse regions from Egypt to Russia. During the Byzantine Renaissance—from 867 to 1056—art and literature flourished. Artists adopted a naturalistic style and complex techniques from ancient Greek and Roman art and mixed them with Christian themes. Byzantine art from this period had a strong influence on the later painters of the Italian Renaissance. A golden-hued mosaic depicting a man with wings. St. Michael mosaic, Monastery of Hosios Loukas. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons.

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Page 1: 02 Byzantine Culture and Society - Weebly

ByzantineCultureandSocietyOverview

• ConstantinoplewasthecenterofByzantinetradeandcultureandwasincrediblydiverse.• TheByzantineEmpirehadanimportantculturallegacy,bothontheOrthodoxChurchandon

therevivalofGreekandRomanstudies,whichinfluencedtheRenaissance.• TheEast-WestSchismin1041dividedtheChristianworldintotheOrthodoxChurch—nowthe

EasternOrthodoxChurch—theCatholicChurch—nowRomantheCatholicChurch.PeoplelivingundertheearlyByzantineEmpiresawthemselvesasRomans,butthecultureoftheempirechangedoverthecenturies.AsitincorporatedGreekandChristianculture,ittransformedintoauniqueByzantineculture.Additionally,theByzantineEmpirewasinfluencedbyLatin,Coptic,Armenian,andPersiancultures.Lateron,itwasinfluencedbyIslamicculturesaswell.Constantinoplewasanextremelydiversecity.Itsresidentsweremulti-ethnicandmulti-religious.Taxesforforeigntraderswerethesameasforresidents,whichwasprettyuniqueatthattime.ByzantinemerchantsactivelytradedwithregionsintheMediterraneanaswellasintheeastandwest,includingareasaroundtheBlackSea,theRedSea,andtheIndianOcean.ByzantinecultureTheByzantineEmpireinfluencedmanycultures,primarilyduetoitsroleinshapingChristianOrthodoxy.Themodern-dayEasternOrthodoxChurchisthesecondlargestChristianchurchintheworld.OrthodoxyiscentraltothehistoryandsocietiesofGreece,Bulgaria,Russia,Serbia,andothercountries.Byzantinearchitecture,particularlyinreligiousbuildings,canbefoundindiverseregionsfromEgypttoRussia.DuringtheByzantineRenaissance—from867to1056—artandliteratureflourished.ArtistsadoptedanaturalisticstyleandcomplextechniquesfromancientGreekandRomanartandmixedthemwithChristianthemes.ByzantineartfromthisperiodhadastronginfluenceonthelaterpaintersoftheItalianRenaissance.

Agolden-huedmosaicdepictingamanwithwings.

St.Michaelmosaic,MonasteryofHosiosLoukas.Imagecredit:WikimediaCommons.

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/medieval-world/byzantine1/beginners-guide-byzantine/a/byzantine-artintro
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosios_Loukas
Page 2: 02 Byzantine Culture and Society - Weebly

IntheperiodfollowingthesackingofConstantinoplein1204andthefallofConstantinoplein1453,peoplemigratedoutofConstantinople.AmongtheseemigrantsweremanyByzantinescholarsandartists,includinggrammarians,poets,writers,musicians,astronomers,architects,artists,scribes,philosophers,scientists,politiciansandtheologians.TheexodusofthesepeoplefromConstantinoplecontributedtotherevivalofGreekandRomanstudies,whichledtothedevelopmentoftheRenaissanceinhumanismandscience.ByzantineemigrantsalsobroughttowesternEuropethebetterpreservedandaccumulatedknowledgeoftheirownGreekcivilization.ByzantinesocialstructuresAcentralfeatureofByzantineculturewasOrthodoxChristianity.Byzantinesocietywasveryreligious,anditheldcertainvaluesinhighesteem,includingarespectfororderandtraditionalhierarchies.Familywasatthecenterofsociety,andmarriage,chastity,andcelibacywerecelebratedandrespected.Becausefamilywassosignificant,womenandmotherswereseenasimportantmembersofthefamilyunit,thoughsomewomenjoinedmonasticorders.Althoughmoralattitudesaboutwomendictatedthattheyshouldbesecludedinsegregatedspacesandavoidbeingoutspoken,inpracticethiswasnotalwaysthecase.Womendidhavetheirownspaces,calledgynaikonitis,wheretheyengagedinactivitieslikespinningandweaving,butotherlocationswerenotsharplysegregatedbetweenmenandwomen.

Anillustrationonred-coloredpotterydepictingwomenworkingtogetherinanall-women

space.DetailfromapieceofpotteryshowingGreekwomenweavinginagynaikonitis,about500BC.Imagecredit:WikimediaCommons.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynaeceum#/media/File:Gynaeceum_scene_Louvre_MNC624.jpg
Page 3: 02 Byzantine Culture and Society - Weebly

Despitesomerestrictions,manywomenhadaroleinpubliclifeandengagedincommercialactivities.Womenalsohadtherighttoinheritandoftenhadindependentwealth,whichwasfrequentlyintheformofadowry.Womenwereseenbythechurchasspirituallyequaltotheirmalecounterparts,andtheyplayedrolesinconvents.Noblewomenalsopatronizedmonasteries.However,womencouldnotbecomepriestsinthechurchorhavesimilarhighroles.Amongroyalty,theempressesTheodora—wholivedfrom500to548CE—andIrenewholivedfrom752to803CE—werenotablefortheirpowerandinfluence.Theodorainparticularisknownforhavinginfluencedaseriesofreformsthatwerebeneficialtowomen.Sheinstitutedpoliciesprohibitingprostitution,creatingconvents,andinstitutingharshpunishmentsforrapeandotherformsofviolenceagainstwomen.Thereformsalsoexpandeddivorce,childguardianship,andpropertyownershiprightsforwomen.Eunuchs,menwhohadbeencastrated,werealsoanimportantpartofByzantinesociety.TheywereabletoattainhighpositionsintheByzantinecourt,inpartbecausetheywereregardedastrustworthyduetotheirinabilitytoclaimthethroneandhavedescendents.Inadditiontotheeliteclassesatthetopofsociety,Byzantinesocietyhadnumeroussocialhierarchiesamongpeasants,whowerenotahomogenousgroup.Thelivesofpeasantsdifferedgreatlydependingonwhethertheyownedtheirownpropertyorweredependantonprivateorstatelandowners.Overtime,duringthefourthtosixthcenturies,thenumberofpeasantswhoheldsmallparcelsoflanddeclined,andpeasantswereincreasinglytiedtoparticularlandparcels.TheEast-WestSchismBytheturnofthemillennium,theEasternChurchoftheByzantineEmpireandtheWesternChurchofRomehadbeengraduallyseparatingalongreligiousfaultlinesforcenturies.TheByzantineIconoclasm—thedestructionorprohibitionofreligiousiconsandotherimagesormonumentsforreligiousorpoliticalmotives—ignitedamajorcontroversythatlastedforacenturyandwidenedthegrowingdivergencebetweeneastandwest.TheWesternChurchremainedfirmlyinsupportoftheuseofreligiousimages,thoughthechurchwasstillunifiedatthistime.Inaddition,therewereotherdisputes,includingdisagreementoverthethesourceoftheHolySpirit,whetherleavenedorunleavenedbreadshouldbeusedintheEucharist,andtheBishopofRome'sclaimtouniversaljurisdiction.

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/medieval-world/byzantine1/beginners-guide-byzantine/a/iconoclastic-controversies
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/medieval-world/byzantine1/beginners-guide-byzantine/a/iconoclastic-controversies
Page 4: 02 Byzantine Culture and Society - Weebly

Inresponse,thepopeinthewestdeclaredanewemperorinCharlemagne,solidifyingtheriftandcausingoutrageintheeast.TheempireinthewestbecameknownastheHolyRomanEmpire.Finally,1054CEsawtheEast-WestSchism,theformaldeclarationofinstitutionalseparationbetweeneast,intotheOrthodoxChurch—nowtheEasternOrthodoxChurch—andwest,intotheCatholicChurch—nowtheRomanCatholicChurch.

Mapofeastern-westernallegiancesin1054withformercountryborders.Mapofeastern-westernallegiancesin1054withformercountryborders.Imagecredit:WikimediaCommons.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Schism_1054_with_former_borders.png
Page 5: 02 Byzantine Culture and Society - Weebly

DeclineDuringtheEarlyMiddleAges,despitesignificantterritoriallosses,theByzantineEmpireflourished.However,duringtheHighMiddleAges,theEmpirebegantodecline.ItlostAnatolia,whichismostofmodern-dayTurkey,duringtheBattleofManzikertin1071.ItalsosufferedadefeatagainsttheNormansinthesameyear.ItscapitalcitywasdevastatedduringtheSackingofConstantinoplein1204.

MapofthechangesinthebordersoftheByzantineEmpirefrom476to1400CE.

MapofthechangesinthebordersoftheByzantineEmpire.Imagecredit:WikimediaCommons.EvenafterConstantinoplewasreconqueredbytheByzantinesin1261,theempirewasdrasticallyweakened.Bythefifteenthcentury,ByzantineterritorybarelyexceededConstantinople.In1453—whentheOttomansconqueredConstantinople,renamingitIstanbul—theByzantineEmpirecametoanend.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire#/media/File:Byzantine_Empire_animated.gif

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