02 borrowings

8/10/2019 02 Borrowings

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English Borrowings in Polish

1. History of contacts with UK and US

1.1. 15th c. Poles study in England and Scottish exiles settle in Poland

1.2. 18th c. actors, traders fro UK! Polish "arliaent odelled after English odel! Eigration to UK and US after

#o$e%er and &anuary 'nsurrections

1.3. 1(th c. English literature translated into Polish! )rench su""lanted %y English

1.4. *fter ++'' na$al, trade, s"orting, touris and technology influences

2. History of %orrowings fro English

2.1. 18th c. arine ters only "l. kuter cutter-

2.2. 1(th c. food, clothing, trade, religion, finance, s"orts etc. poncz "unch, flanela flannel, gallon gallon, kwakier ua/er,

budżet %udget, dżokej 0oc/ey-

2.3. 2th c. steady increase of *ngliciss in any areas, ainly s"orts, life and culture, science and "olitics, "redoinantly

in two registers3 technical and collo4uial

. Sources

.1. )oreigners $isiting Poland traders, settlers-

.. Polish eigrants coing %ac/ to Poland fro a%road

.. 6iterature and edia

.7. '"orted goods and new technologies3.5. *ngliciss were also transitted $ia ediating languages, e.g. eran befsztyk 9 E beefsteak -, )rench szewiot 9 E

che$iot, rod:a0 we;ny- or <ussian e.g. snajper 9 E sniper -

4. Seantics of English lexical %orrowings into Polish

7.1. #u%ers

4.2. Seantic fields of English lexical %orrowings in Polish %ased on the studies %y Konec:na 1(=-, )isia/ 1(=2- and

>anc:a/?+ohlfeld 1((5-.

Sem field 1937 1970 1995 change

Sport 1 1 1 →→

Marine 2 2 7 →↘

Culture 3 9 4 ↘↗

Economy 4 3 8 ↗↘

Clothing 5 8 3 ↘↗

Food 6 7 5 ↘↗

Transport 7 5 9 ↗↘

Sci tech 8 4 6 ↗↘

!griculture9 11 11 →↘

"eople 10 6 2 ↗↗

"olitics 11 10 10 →↗

Remarks

▪ @he saller the ordinal nu%er, the greater the nu%er of %orrowings fro the gi$en seantic field.



▪ @he seantic classification ado"ted for all three studies was the one fro )isia/ 1(=2. Since the original

seantic categories in the other two studies differed fro )isia/As categories, the ran/s in the first and third

colun are a""roxiate

▪ ue to the continuous de$elo"ent of '@ technologies and PolandCs 0oining the EU and #*@D, in an u"?to?

date study, the seantic field of technology, "olitics and econoy would "ro%a%ly ran/ higher than in 1((5.

5. *da"tation

5.1. Dlder %orrowings usually well integrated with s"elling, "ronunciation and inflection rules.

5.2. <ecent %orrowings often ha$e s"elling businesswoman, business woman, busineswoman, bizneswoman- and

"ronunciation $ariants kɛʧup vs kɛʧap, burgɛr vs bɛrgɛr-

5.3. @here are exa"les of returning to original s"elling of gra"heically ada"ted words biznes -> business, dżin -> gin-

6. Seantic changes affecting English words %orrowed into Polish

6.1. nu%er and /ind of eanings of the English Source ES- and Polish @arget P@- word are the sae, e.g. sweter,

i"orter

6.2. nu%er of senses of P@ is saller than that of ES, e.g. E3 dealer trader, %ro/er- ? P3 dealer trader-! E3 sha/er drin/,

tool, "erson- ? P3 sha/er drin/-

6.3. nu%er of senses of P@ is greater than that of ES, e.g. E3 fi$e tea- ? P3 fa0f tea, "arty-

6.4. denotation of P@ narrower than that of ES restriction of the eaning-, e.g. E3 ca/e %a/ed food- ? P3 /e/s s"ecial

sort of %a/ed food-

6.5. denotation of P@ wider than that of ES extension of the eaning-, e.g. E3 0a of any fruit exce"t citruses- ? P3 dFe

of any fruit-

7. >or"hological ada"tation of English lexical %orrowings into Polish

7.1. INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY

7.1.1. PDS A"arts of s"eechA- of English loan words in Polish3 aong a""rox. 1=22 %orrowings fro English we ha$e

>anc:a/?+ohlfeld 1((5357-.

POS Freq

#ouns (7.G

er%s .=G

*d0ecti$es .7G*d$er%s 2.IG

Exclaations 2.G

Ex"lanations3 nouns are the ost fre4uent PDS in E and in P and we tend to thin/ %y eans of relations

%etween nouns.

=.1.. #DU#S

7.1.2.1. egree of or"hological ada"tation of English nouns in Polish. <oughly, the "ro"ortions %etween

the a%o$e grou"s are 8331.

•

I8.8G of %orrowed nouns are regularly declined in Polish, which indicated high degree of theirada"tation to Polish or"hological syste

•1I.IG of %orrowed nouns are declined "artially e.g. they do not allow "lural for, e.g. E3 bush,

bushes ? P3 busz, Jbusze-

• (.7G are not declined

7.1.2.2. ategory of gender in noinal %orrowings. *ong a""rox. 1=22 nouns %orrowed fro English we

ha$e

Noungender Freq.

>asculine =I.5G

)einine 8.G

#eutral 5.G

no fixed- gender 2.IG

•Ex"lanations3

o 'n Polish, asculine nouns are ore fre4uent than nouns of any other gender



o >asculine gender is uni$ersally doinant aong the %orrowings fro languages that ha$e no

graatical gender into languages that ha$e graatical gender

o >a0ority of noinal %orrowings fro English ends in a consonant. 'n Polish the a0ority of

asculine nouns ends in a consonant, whereas the a0ority of other genders ends in a $owel

•)actors affecting gender assignent

o Phoneme endng of the English loan word

Polish ty"ical asculine ending is a consonant, e.g. nati$e AtonA $s %orrowed

AbadmintonA

Polish ty"ical feinine ending ?LaL, e.g. nati$e AsosnaA $s %orrowed AsekwojaA

Polish ty"ical neutral endings ?LiL,?LoL,?LuL, e.g. nati$e AdzieckoA $s AdiscoA

o Gra!h"a# re!resen$a$on of the %orrowing, e.g. guinea LginiL AcoinA and AstateA gra"heically

ends in ?a and is assigned feinine, though "honeically it fits neutral-

o Form o% $he su%%&' e.g. all E %orrowings ending in -ist are assigned asc. %y analogy to Polish

words ending in -ista, E3 escapist ? P3 eskapista asc.-

o Meanng o% $he (orro)ng' e.g. E3 dingo is assigned asc %y analogy to P3 pies though

"honeically and gra"heically it fits neutral, E3 whisky $s P3 wódka

o Se& o% $he re%eren$' e.g. E3 lady is assigned fe in P though "honeically it fits neut3 ?LiL

o Gender o% $he same (orro)ng n ano$her #anguage' e.g. E3 round ? eran3 die Runde ? P3runda

=.1... ategory of nu%er in noinal %orrowings

• )ull ada"tation of an English %orrowing to Polish "luralisation rules3 English singular for is

declined as regular Polish nouns, i.e. recei$es -i, -y, -e in "lural, e.g. terminale, parkingi, toasty

• Partial ada"tation of English words ending in –s

o E "lural ending -s is su%stituted for P "lural ending -y higher degree of ada"tation-

e.g. E3 shorts ? P3 szorty , E3 jeans ? P3 dżiny

o E "luralia tantu -s ending isinter"reted as "lural ending -s- is cut off to for singularPolish noun

e.g. E3 pyjamas ? P3 piżama, piżamy , E3 goggles ? P3 gogle

o E "lural ending -s is "reser$ed in Polish "lural for saller degree of ada"tation-

e.g. E3 marines ? P3 marines

• de!#ura#sa$on ? English "lural for is treated as singular in Polish and "ossi%ly declined as a

regular Polish noun, i.e. gi$en -i, -y, -e ending in "lural- e.g. E3 drop, drops ? P3 drops, dropsy

=.1.. E<BS

7.1.3.1. *ccording to the degree o% assm#a$on, $er%s %orrowed fro English into Polish can %e di$ided into

three ty"es

• fully assiilated $er%s

o assue ?owa ending, e.g. parkowa

o con0ugate along Polish con0ugation "atterns, e.g. parkuj!cemu

o soe of the ay ha$e "erfecti$e and i"erfecti$e as"ect, e.g. zaparkowa

• "artially assiilated $er%s, e.g. no "erfecti$e fors, jazzowa %ut Jzajazzowa

• unassiilated $er%s M"artial $er%sM-, only i"erati$e fors of English $er% is used in Polish, e.g.

play, pull, stop

=.1... Part of s"eech PDS- of English $er%al %orrowings in Polish

• usually a $er%, e.g. E *er( to charter ? P er% czarterowa

• rarely a gerund, e.g. E Ger dubbing ? P er% dubingowa

• or a noun, e.g. E Noun hooligan ? P er% chuligani , E Noun whist ? P er% wistowa

=.1.7. *&E@'ES

7.1.4.1. *""rox. half of the ad0ecti$es %orrowed into Polish fro English inflect as nati$e Polish ad0., e.g.relewantny, kompatybilny

7.1.4.2. @he second half do not inflect, e.g. country, fair, so"histicated

=.1.5. *E<BS, EN6*>*@'D#S



7.1.5.1. when %orrowed into P, they %eha$e as regular P ad$ and "articles, i.e. they do not inflect. @hey are

usually %orrowed without gra"heic change, e.g. fifty-fifty, non-stop, hal o

+.,. -ERI*ATIONAL MORPHOLOGY

=..1. 'nto Polish, we ay %orrow "articles that in English constitute...

7.2.1.1. %ound inflectional or"hees, e.g. dzi"k-s rare-

7.2.1.2. %ound deri$ational or"hees, e.g. cyber-"r:estr:eO

7.2.1.3. free or"hees si"lexes-, e.g. brydż?y/, faul L foul

7.2.1.4. constructs of free and infl or"h, e.g. drop-s, mail-ing

7.2.1.5. constructs of free and deri$ or"h, e.g. cyberse# , host-essa

7.2.1.6. constructs of free or"h co"ounds-, e.g. bukmacher Lbookmacher , spotlight , copyright

7.2.2. >a0ority of %orrowings that constitute co"lex words in English, in Polish function as si"lexes3 e.g. $%ost-

essa o%slugiwa;aA %ut not APani host owa;aA since Poles do not see -ess as a or"hee that can %e cho""ed off or

re"laced

7.2.3. Dnly few %orrowings of English words are relati$ely "roducti$e, e.g. Polish noun komputer has a""rox. 2

deri$ati$es in Polish! co"ared to 7.7 deri$ati$es for an a$erage Polish si"le noun and to o$er I22 for the

ost "roducti$e ones &adac/a 1((53171-.

8. Phonology of English Borrowings in Polish

8.1. *ccent hange

8.1.1. 'n P "enultiate, 'n E free. E words %orrowed into P usually stressed on the "enultiate sylla%le, e.g.

badminton E // ? P / /. Exce"tions e.g. P A"hesterfield8.1.2. Unaccented $owels get reduced in E, in P not, e.g. in badminton

8.1.3. E words with ulti"le accents ha$e single accent when %orrowed into P, e.g. E //-

>P//

8.. Sound hange

8.2.1. 'n the "rocess of %orrowing an E word into P, three ty"es of !aradgma$" E !honeme den$%"a$on ay

occur

8.2.1.1. 'n the "rocess of %orrowing, English $owels are si"lified in Polish, whereas English consonants are

rendered in a ore co"lex way, Q15G of loanwords "reser$e their English "ronunciationR

• -ergen$ ? one E "honee occurring in different E words is rendered %y se$eral P "honees in P

ada"tations of these words. *""lies ore often to consonants than to $owels. 'tAs a least fre4uent

ty"e of "honee identification. e.g. E // ? P LuL, LaL! E / / ? P / /, E /L ?P L/

• Conergen$ ? se$eral E "honees in different E words are rendered %y one P "honee in P

ada"tations of these words. *""lies ore often to $owels, e.g. E //, / /, //, //, //,

// ? P LaL! E // ? P/L, E/ L ? P L L, etc

• irect ? one E "honee in an E word is rendered %y one P "honee in the P ada"tation of this word.

'tAs the ost fre4uent ty"e of "honee identification.

• e.g. E LtL ? P LtL! toast P L ? P

8..1.. 'n the "rocess of %orrowing an E word into P, two ty"es of syntagatic E "honee identification ay

occur

• Sm!#%"a$on ? se$eral E "honees occurring one %y one or a di"hthong, tri"hthong- in an E word

are rendered %y a si"ler structure in the P ada"tation of this word.e.g. E LiL ? P LiL E. clearing

• E&$enson ? one E "honee in an E word is rendered %y a ore co"lex structure in the P ada"tation

of this word, e.g. E LL ? P L / E. clearing

<eferences

&adac/a H. 1((5, <:ec:owni/ "ols/i 0a/o %a:a derywacy0na, +#?P+#, +?a.

Konec:na 1(=, )isia/ 1(=2, cited after >anc:a/?+ohlfeld 1((5

>aOc:a/?+ohlfeld, ElF%ieta. 22. MPolishM, in3 >anfred rlach ed.-, English in Euro"e. Dxford3 Dxford Uni$ersity Press, 1?

8.

>anc:a/?+ohlfeld, ElF%ieta. 1((5, @endenc0e ro:wo0owe ws"T;c:esnych :a"oFyc:eO angiels/ich w 0:y/u "ols/i. Uni$ersitas,

Kra/ow.

+italis:, *lic0a. English linguistic influence on Polish and other Sla$onic languages. U<63

htt"3LLasacta.ci%.uni%o.itLarchi$eL22222(18L21LD*S'D#*6"."df last access 8 Dct. 228-

http://amsacta.cib.unibo.it/archive/00000918/01/OCCASIONALp.pdf



02 borrowings

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