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01 The Scientific Method.notebook R Cummins 1 March 20, 2013 The Scientific Method Biology is the study of living things. Science works by using a certain set of steps called the Scientific Method. Step 1. Observation This is the most important part of the scientific method. We use our senses and notice something. e.g. the sugarloaf mountain looks like a volcano. Step 2. Hypothesis An educated guess based on an observation. e.g. If the sugarloaf is a volcano then it would be made of basalt or granite rock. Step 3. Experimentation We design an experiment to test our hypothesis or idea. e.g. we test the rocks around the sugarloaf to see what type they are.

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Page 1: 01 - The Scientific Method.notebook - Mr C Biology - The Scientific Method.pdf · 01 The Scientific Method.notebook R Cummins 1 March 20, 2013 The Scientific Method Biology is the

01 ­ The Scientific Method.notebook

R Cummins 1

March 20, 2013

The Scientific MethodBiology is the study of living things.Science works by using a certain set of steps called the Scientific Method.

Step 1. ObservationThis is the most important part of the scientific method.We use our senses and notice something.e.g. the sugarloaf mountain looks like a volcano.Step 2. HypothesisAn educated guess based on an observation.e.g. If the sugarloaf is a volcano then it would be made of basalt or granite rock.Step 3. ExperimentationWe design an experiment to test our hypothesis or idea.e.g. we test the rocks around the sugarloaf to see what type they are.

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Step 4. Collection and Interpretation of data We collect our data and record everything very carefully.We can also analyse the data and look for patterns etc.e.g. we note where and when we tested the rocks. We analyse them in the laboratory and we write up our results.Results from the sugarloaf show that...it is made from Quartzite (compacted and hardened sand).

Step 5. Conclusion We reach a conclusion about our idea.The sugarloaf is made of sand which is not made from a type of rock thatvolcanoes are made from. Therefore the sugarloaf cannot be a volcano.

The Hypothesis can be Accepted, Changed or Rejected.We must also report and publish our findings in a scientific journal.

Now we need to go and make a new hypothesis....e.g. If its made of sand, how and where did it form? What do you think?

What now?

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The Sugarloaf was formed over 500 million years ago in the deep sea in an ocean called the Iapetus Ocean that split Ireland in half. The two halves of 

Ireland drifted together and pushed the sea out of exsistance.

 

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Further evidence of this is found in the North where they have mountains of quartz. Fossils and rock types also back up this theory.

There is a fault line running through England, Scotland and into Scandinavia also that shows how all the rocks are the same in these countries. What does that suggest to you?

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That all these countries were once stuck together. Again there is proof of this in rocks and fossils. We still get small earthquakes along these fault lines every year.

Finally, if there was a huge ocean what would live in it?

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Experimentation1. Careful planning and design is needed in an experiment.You can only test 1 factor at a time to make it a fair test.e.g. Phototropism experiment only test for light.

2. Experiment must be safe. Lab rules keep us safe.

3. You must have a Control experiment.A control is something to compare your results to.e.g. Phototropism experiment.

4. Sample Size ­ the larger number of tests the better as this will give a more correct result. Random Sampling ­ various types of things should be tested.Replication ­ others should be able to read your notes, copy your methodsand get the same results as you did.

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Phototropism

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Limitations of the Scientific MethodInterpreting results ­ 2 scientists can come to different conclusions from the same set of results. However, this just means that more experiments can be carried out to see which scientist is correct.

Ethics ­ is it right or wrong to do the experiment? (Jenner)The use of embryonic stem cells is still an issue in some places.

Accidental DiscoveriesSir Alexander Fleming.Discovered the antibiotic penicillin in 1928.It was an accidental discovery as he had left a petri dish of bacteria open by accident. He noticed that the bacteria had been killed in places by a fungus. This led to us using antibiotics to treat bacterial infections.

Timeline

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MRSA Timeline