01 - introduction to wan
TRANSCRIPT
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CCNA ExplorationCampus-Booster ID : 327
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Introduction to WAN
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Course objectives
Learn about WAN devices
Understand WAN norms
Create a hierarchical network
Learn about WAN networks
By completing this course, you will :
Introduction to WAN
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Course topics
WAN Technology concepts
WAN Connection options
Course plan
Introduction to WAN
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WAN Technology concepts
Introduction to WAN
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Plan
Overview
Equipments and devices
Physical Layer Terminology
Norms
Physical Layer concepts
Data Link concepts
Chapters we will study:
WAN Technology concepts
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OverviewWAN Technology concepts
Working primarily on Layers 1 & 2 of the OSI Model
Correlation between OSI Model and WAN Services
OSI Model WAN Services
Data Link Frame Relay, ATM, HDLC
Physical Link Electrical, mechanical, operational connections
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OverviewWAN Technology concepts
Main characteristics of WAN networks:
Wide geographical areas
Internet providers services
Layers 1 & 2 of the OSI Model
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OverviewWAN Technology concepts
Local loop = part between the customer’s POP and the service provider CO
Group of links linked to interconnected telecom providers
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WAN Technology concepts
Router
Layer 3 equipment
Provides several services such as :
Path selection
LAN and/or WAN ports
Filtering
NAT Redirection
Equipments and devices
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WAN Technology concepts
Communication server
Layer 7 equipment
Inbound and outbound concentrator for users communications
Example : DSLAM
Equipments and devices
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WAN Switches
Layer 2 unit
Multi-port device that ensure WAN traffic switching
Examples : ATM switch, ISDN
WAN Technology concepts
Equipments and devices
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WAN Technology concepts
Modem & CSU/DSU unit
Layer 1 unit
Converts a signal into another one
Exemples
Modem : Digital to analog converter using modulation and demodulation process
CSU/DSU unit : Digital Interface (TA, NT1, etc.)
Equipments and devices
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WAN Technology concepts
Physical Layer Terminology
12
3
4
5
6
LAN1
CPE2
Demarcation line3
Local loop4
Central Office switch5
Service provider interurban network6
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WAN Technology concepts
Physical Layer Terminology
CPE
Located at the customer premise
Belong to the customer or rented by the provider
Example : Modem, NT1
DCE:
Convert user’s data in a WAN format
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WAN Technology concepts
Physical Layer Terminology
DTE
Provides the user’s data
Demarcation Line :
Demarcation between customer side and provider side
Line that separate responsibilities
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WAN Technology concepts
Physical Layer Terminology
Local loop
Link between the demarcation line and the central office
Switch :
Nearest to the customer
Inter-Urban network :
Service provider “cloud” (Routers, switches, etc).
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WAN Technology concepts
WAN norms
Describes :
Delivery ways of Physical layer
Configuration of Data-link layer
Addressing
Flow control
Encapsulation
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WAN Technology concepts
WAN norms
Normalization organisations :
ITU (International Telecommunications Union
ISO (International Standards Organization)
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
EIA (Electrical Industries Association)
TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association)
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WAN Physical Layer conceptsWAN Technology concepts
Physical layer
Description of the interface between DCE and DTE
DTE DCE
Physical layer norms
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WAN Physical Layer conceptsWAN Technology concepts
EIA/TIA-232 (similar to the V.24)
Asymmetrical circuits
Up to 64 Kbits/s
EIA/TIA-449
Faster version of EIA/TIA-232 (2 Mbits/s)
EIA/TIA-612/613
Describes HSSI interface (Pour E3, T3, SDH STM-0, etc.)
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WAN Physical Layer conceptsWAN Technology concepts
V.35
Synchronous circuits
For packet networks
X.21
Synchronous digital lines
G.703
BNC connector
E1 throughputs (2.048 Mbits/s)
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WAN Physical Layer conceptsWAN Technology concepts
V. EAI-530: Two electrical implementation of EIA/TIA-449
RS-422: Symmetrical transmission
RS-423: Asymmetrical transmission
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WAN Data Link conceptsWAN Technology concepts
Data link layer
Definition of data encapsulation
WAN Encapulations (Layer 2)
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WAN Data Link conceptsWAN Technology concepts
Frame Relay :
Lightweight simplified Encapsulation
No error correction
To be used with very-top digital equipment
Fast data transmission
2 variants :
Cisco
IETF
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WAN Data Link conceptsWAN Technology concepts
PPP :
Contain a layer 3 protocol identification field
Link quality verification at the connection establishment
Possible authentication:
PAP
CHAP
ISDN :
Group of digital services for voice and data
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WAN Data Link conceptsWAN Technology concepts
LAPB :
For X.25 networks
On packets switching network
Also on point-to-point link if bad reliability and/or important delay (Example: satellite link)
Reliability and flow control
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WAN Data Link conceptsWAN Technology concepts
HDLC :
Can be incompatible between providers (several implementation of HDLC)
Support point-to-point and multipoint connection type
Based on and replacement to SDLC
Enable by default on WAN interfaces of Cisco router
Very simplified ( no windowing and no flow control)
HDLC is recommended for link between 2 IOS equipment (if not PPP is advised)
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WAN Data Link conceptsWAN Technology concepts
Telecom providers supply end-to-end communications
Offer services such as:
Communication initiation (Signalization)
Data transit
Time-division multiplexing
Bandwith sharing
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WAN Data Link conceptsWAN Technology concepts
WAN paths that interconnect DTE
Link
Circuit
Canal
Line
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WAN Data Link conceptsWAN Technology concepts
DTE provides datas (router)
DCE converts and transports datas (Modem, CSU/DSU unit, TA, NT1)
DCE is the interface between DTE and service provider WAN link
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WAN Data Link conceptsWAN Technology concepts
2 kinds of circuits
End-to-End : Dedicated circuits (POTS, ISDN)
Virtual : Logical circuit through a cloud (Frame Relay, X.25)
SVC
PVC
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WAN Data Link conceptsWAN Technology concepts
SVC
Dynamically established on demand an closed at the end of the transmission
3 steps communication :
Establishment
Data transfert
Closing
Bandwidth consumption (because of steps)
Low costs (according to time)
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WAN Data Link conceptsWAN Technology concepts
PVC
Permanently established
Used for constant transmission needs
Communication in 1 step
Transfert
Lower bandwidth consumption (less steps)
Higher costs (permanent services)
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WAN Data Link conceptsWAN Technology concepts
Line Bandwith
T1
E1
E3
T3
1.544 Mbits/s
2.048 Mbits/s
34.064 Mbits/s
44.736 Mbits/s
Examples :
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PauseWAN Technology concepts
At which layers of the OSI Model do WAN networks work?
Layers 1 & 2
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PauseWAN Technology concepts
What is the difference between a modem and a CSU/DSU unit?
The first one is analog, the second one digital
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PauseWAN Technology concepts
What kind of encapsulation is generally used on ADSL lines ?
PPP
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WAN Connection Options
Introduction to WAN
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Plan
Introduction
Dedicated connection link options
Switched connection options
Chapters we will study:
WAN Connection Options
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WAN network
Dedicated Switched
Circuits switching
Packets/cells switching
T1/E1T3/E3
POTSISDN
56K,V90
X.25Frame Relay
ATMSMDS
IntroductionWAN Connection Options
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Dedicated connection link optionsWAN Connection Options
Continuous service
Physical dedicated link between customer and provider
Point-to-point synchronous serial links
Physical link
Virtual link made of several physical links
Used for big quantities of informations and constant traffics
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Dedicated connection link optionsWAN Connection Options
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Switched Connection OptionsWAN Connection Options
Circuit switching :
Physical commutation of telephony central in order to get a point-to-point link
Packets /cells Switching:
“Logical” switching performed at the layer 2 of the OSI model
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Switched Connection OptionsWAN Connection Options
Circuit switching :
Physical dedicated circuit using switching at central offices
Established, maintained and closed at each session
Established on demand
Can be used as backup link for main link
Dedicated bandwidth
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Switched Connection OptionsWAN Connection Options
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Switched Connection OptionsWAN Connection Options
Circuit switching disadvantages :
Low data rate
Relatively long connection time
Example of ISDN:
2 types: BRI and PRI
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Switched Connection OptionsWAN Connection Options
Usage of a virtual point-to-point dedicated circuit (PVC or SVC)
Forwarding variable (packets) or fixed (cells) length frames
Flexible usage
Better use of the bandwith than circuits switching links
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Switched Connection OptionsWAN Connection Options
WAN network
Switch
LAN
LA
N
LA
N
Provider network
DCE
DCE DCE
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Switched Connection OptionsWAN Connection Options
Packet switching can be viewed as a mix between leased lines and circuit switching (low cost)
Frame Relay, ATM, and legacy X.25 are the most popular packet-switching technologies used today
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PauseWAN Connection Options
ATM
POST
RNIS
Frame Relay
Circuits switching
Packet switching
Link peers up
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QuizzWAN networks
At customer side
At provider side
Where is DCE located ?
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WAN connection
Option
WAN connection
Option
Course summary
WAN technologies
concept
WAN technologies
concept
Introduction to WAN
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Congratulations
You have successfully completed the SUPINFO course
Introduction to WAN
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The EndIntroduction to WAN