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28. Alexander Thomas T. Smith and John Holmwood, "sociologies of moderation":

The Sociological Review, 61: S2, pp. 6-17, (2013) The Authors. Editorial

organisation © 2013 The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review

29. Chaney, David, (1994), The cultural Turn, New York, Routledge.

30. Sobel, Michael, (1981), Life style Expenditure in comtem porary American:

Relations bet ween stratification and culture, American behavioral scientist, vol.

26. No. 4 pp. 521-533.