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townplanMALAYSIAN

SEMENANJUNGMALAYSIA

Federal Department of Town and Country Planning,Ministry of Housing and Local Government, Malaysia

JPBD June 2004: Malaysian Townplan. Copyright @2004 by The Federal Department of Town and Country Planning, Ministry of Housing and Local Government, Malaysia.All rights reserved. No part of this journal may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any other means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording or otherwise, without permission in writing of the publisher. ISSN 1975-7629. Published in Malaysia by The Federal Department of Town and Country Planning,Ministry of Housing and Local Government, Malaysia.

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M A L A Y S I A N T O W N P L A N

This Journal is a publication of The Federal Department of Town and CountryPlanning, Ministry of Housing and Local Government, Malaysia.

Jalan Cenderasari 50646 Kuala Lumpur.Tel: 603-26992146/26915472 Fax: 603-26933964Webpage : http://www.townplan.gov.myE-mail : [email protected]

A D V I S O R SDato’ Haji Abd. Mutallib JelaniMohd. Fadzil Hj. Mohd. KhirDato’ Haji Zainul Ayob

C H I E F E D I T O RKamalruddin Shamsudin

C O O R D I N A T O RMohamed Jamil Ahmad

E D I T O R I A L B O A R DDr. Dolbani MijanDr. Dahlia RoslyMohd. Nasir ShaariWan Hassan Wan IsmailNorimah DaliLilian Ho Yin ChanNazirah MahmudSanisah ShafieNor Zaliza Mohd PuziChua Rhan SeeMohd Faizalnizam Md. ZainYong Chee KongSuraya Badaruddin

E D I T O R I A L S T A F FSaifuddin AhmadNoraziah Abdul AzizMohd Nasir KaminZahrah Md. SallehKhatijah Che EmbiNorzahriyati Aini Abd MajidMohd Azahari Abd Rahman

E D I T O R I A L P O L I C YThe contents of this Journal do not necessarilyreflect the view of The Federal Department ofTown and Country Planning nor are they officialrecord. Manuscripts or articles submitted whichdo not conform to the conventions of the Journalmay be returned to the authors for revision.TheEditorial Board will not take any responsibility forany information published in this journal for theirauthenticity.

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Contents

townplanMALAYSIAN

02EEDDIITTOORR’’SS JJOOTTTTIINNGGSS 04

FFEEAATTUURREESS

INTEGRATED LAND USE ASSESSMENT (ILA) MODEL : ' What if ' Approach 05

GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM AND THE LAW: Some points for consideration 15

SISTEM MAKLUMAT GEOGRAFI DI JPBD NEGERI 19

TRANSFORMASI SISTEM INFRASTRUKTUR KEBANGSAANbagi Tanah (NaLIS) kepada Pusat Infrastruktur, Data,Geo-Spatial Negara (MyGDI) 24

PELAKSANAAN SISTEM MAKLUMAT GEOGRAFI 29

WWHHAATT IIFF 38

PPLLAANNNNIINNGG TTOOOOLLSS UUPPDDAATTEE

THE APPLICATION OF MULTIPLE CRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS IN THE KLANG VALLEY INTEGRATED LAND USE ANDTRANSPORTATION STUDY 40

PPAALLAAVVEERR

GIS GOOBLEDIGOOK 56

RREEVVIIEEWW

BOOKS: Editor’s Choice 64

UUPPDDAATTEESS

PLANNING UPDATES 66

BBLLAASSTT FFRROOMM TTHHEE PPAASSTT 68

OOnn GGeeooggrraapphhiiccaall IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn SSyysstteemm((GGIISS))....Planners and GIS proponents arestrange bedfellows.The planning com-munity have an ambivalent attitudetowards GIS. There exist a real gapbetween theoretical advancement andpractical application…we languish thedisparity. In this issue of Townplan, wehave drawn together planners and GISproponents, to illustrate efforts fromthe planning academia and public sec-tor planners towards closing this gap.

To appreciate the whys and wherefor-es of GIS, we have put together a number of GIS articles coveringregional monitoring, development con-trol, legal aspects, data warehousing(national and departmental), historicaldevelopment, and applications in planning studies. New to GIS? Ourpermanent column, 'Planning Palaver'introduces and welcome readers toGIS.The GIS books recommendedunder Editor's Choice provides further reading.

OOnn PPllaannnniinngg TTooooll UUpp--ddaatteess....This new column up-dates readers onnew tools for town planning applica-tion. Multiple Criteria DecisionAnalysis (MCDA), greets and welcomereaders to the world of decision science, theory and application.Thedesign and selection of the future railcorridors for the Klang Valley is illustrated using MCDA tools and softwares. It is co-written with MCDAgurus from the Netherlands. Its

strength over conventional planningdecision tool is obvious from its trans-parency, participatory model, sensitivityanalysis and reasoning support toolcapability.

WWhhaatt RReeaaddeerrss ssaayy aabboouutt TToowwnnppllaann....A small number of respondents, butwith good enough feedbacks werereceived for the first issue of Townplan.You have asked for future publicationto look into planning theory, planningpractice, development planning andplanning law.To realise these, weencourage researchers from local andinternational planning institutes to keepon submitting articles on new develop-ment in planning theory, research andpractice.

Our heartfelt thanks to all contributorswho have accommodated suggestionsto their original articles.We hopemore planners will hit the keyboard,letting their planning thoughts flow intothe computer screen and ultimatelyinto printed pages for the next issue.


The front cover features a local delicacy called kuih lapis (layer cake) in its glorious classicpink and white.When the subject of GIS is being discussed didn’t we often hear a suggestion that ‘planners need to think in layers?’.The back cover design includes a teaspoon used as a tool to fulfill the kuih lapis’s destiny.This signifies that GIS is above all justa tool for planners. IITT’’SS HHOOWW OONNEE UUSSEESS IITT TTHHAATT MMAATTTTEERRSS..

Concept: Sanisah Shafie. Design: A&I Network

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C O V E R D E S I G N

Editor’s Jottings

Kamalruddin ShamsudinChief Editor

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Features

IINNTTEEGGRRAATTEEDD LLAANNDD UUSSEE AASSSSEESSSSMMEENNTT ((IILLAA)) MMOODDEELL :: '' WWhhaatt iiff ''AApppprrooaacchhAhris yaakup, Susilawati sulaiman, Siti Zalina abu bakar email: [email protected] GIS dan Perancangan, Biro Inovasi dan Perundingan, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor

ABSTRACTThe dynamic nature of planning and monitoring of development in the Klang Valley region needs a 'tool' for a continuous evaluation and analysis of the current environmental situation as well as the capacity for future development. ILA is a new concept recently introduced within AGISwlk, aimed at developing an integrated spatial analysis model with the ability to generate development scenario alternatives byintegrating physical and socio economic information.The introduction of ILA as an integrated land use planning approach that applies the GISanalysis capabilities while supported by the use of planning support systems is seen as a good alternative for achieving better and more rational decisions.'What if' is one of the software that is used to overcome the GIS limitation by responding to development growth. Its underlying structure, relationship and assumption enable development scenario alternatives to be generated that canserve as guide for decision makers in choosing the suitable alternatives and identify their impact on the area. This paper discusses the management approach and strategy of regional development, ILA concept and adoption of the 'What if' approach in generating development scenario alternatives.

The ILA Model is dynamic in approach, providing flexibility for users in manipulating theselection criteria and organizing them on priority basis for development of scenarios.The assessment technique in ILA adopts the GIS spatial analysis technique combinedwith the weighting and sequential techniques.

GIS

The need for planning and monitoringof land use at the regional level isemphasized by the government due tothe rapid urban land use expansion inthe Klang Valley influenced by thedrastic increase in population growthwith the rate of 3.6% between 1991and 2000, increase in urbanisationshowing 4 folds of built up areas in1998 as compared to 1988, increasein status of living and individual mobility (BKWPPLK, 2002).

Relative to the rapid land use growth,various issues and problems ariseespecially those pertaining to environ-mental pollution, land use conflicts, aswell as the availability of land forfuture development.The changes thatoccur necessitate continuous moni-toring to ensure sustainable develop-ment in the environmental as well associo-economic aspects.Assessmentof these changes is crucial not only tounderstand and review current devel-opment scenarios, but also to predictchanges that will occur, formulate

policies and strategies, as well as control the urban development.TheFederal Territory Development andKlang Valley Planning Division (BKWPPLK)as the coordinator in the planning anddevelopment of Klang Valley requires atool capable of facilitating the monitoring,management, analysis and generation ofdevelopment scenario alternatives of theregion which consequently ease theprocess of policies and developmentstrategies formulation.

THE URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNINGAPPROACHThe land use planning system is also considered a positive and innovativemethod.The preparation of develop-ment programmes adopted a continu-ous, cyclical system approach basedon certain stages such as identificationof needs and goals, the formulationand evaluation of alternative coursesof actions and monitoring of adoptedprogrammes. In contrary, planningprogrammes also provide opportuni-ties for public participation.TheAppeal Board is also established toavoid the abuse of power by theresponsible planning authority.

As much as the issues in planningwhich are sometimes too complicatedand 'wicked', planners are responsiblein managing the environmentalchanges.As managers, planners shouldadopt effective management approachin the planning process to arrange,control as well as lead changes(Bruton and Nicolson, 1987). Planners

should thus adopt incremental andcontingency approach to address current issues and pressing changes. Inconfronting these complex problems,planners have to resolve to consensusand bargaining measures to limit scenario pertaining conflict of interest.

Due to the scope, process and methods involved in land use planning,a development programme does notonly need a broad set of data and

information but they should also beeasy to be processed and manipulatedbased on requirement and situation.Data and information that need to beanalysed will be coming from varioussources either in the primary or sec-ondary forms.This has set the needfor planning agency to develop a plan-ning information system appropriatewith its urban and regional planningand monitoring functions.

INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR REGIONALPLANNING AND MONITORING Given the dynamic nature of planningand management, it is particularlyimportant to have a well conceivedinformation system, which can serveas the eyes and ears to a regionaldevelopment planning and monitoringprocess. It provides for the monitor-ing and surveillance of compliancewith planning regulations and it servesas an early warning system withregard to sources of friction, imbal-ances, shortfalls and failures in theprocess of planning and management

(Yaakup, Johar and Dahlan, 1997).Up-to-date, reliable information istherefore needed at the managementlevel to facilitate administrative proce-dures, policy planning and implementa-tion as well as development strategy.It is a necessity for forecasting, model-ling and evaluation of current situationand changes that are in progress.Theactivity of planning should be seen asa process (McLoughlin, 1973:Chadwick, 1971) and not be carried


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out just once and for all.Thus, theplan making procedures may have tomove in a direction that would sub-stantially improve its ability to useinformation systems.This philosophyis based on the concept of feedbackof information to evaluate plans andthe plan making process (Geddes,1949). In the plan making process,Calkins (1972) suggested that, 'betterplanning will be achieved through bet-ter information, and better informa-tion will necessarily flow from an

information system'.The major func-tions of information system in plan-ning should include as follows:i. The descriptive functionInformation should help to describesituation:ii. The cognitive functionInformation system also contribute toimproved understanding of regionalproblems by providing the key factorsand variables that can be analyzedusing regional modelling and other statistical techniques;

iii. The normative function The information system can also contribute to improved action byreducing the cost of actions withknown consequences of actionsalready taken or about to be taken.

........it is particularly important to have a well conceived information system, which can serve as theeyes and ears to a regionaldevelopment planning andmonitoring process.


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Much of regional planning activitieshave to do with the use of land and how the different types of land userelate to one another. As such, spatiallyreferenced data including parcel bound-aries, buildings, ownership of land andso forth are a fundamental part of aninformation-based approach to regionalplanning.This information combinedwith socio-economic data such as thepopulation consensus and environmen-tal data, provides more meaningfulinformation for planners and decisionmakers.

This approach also brings increasingrationality to the decision makingprocess. Since geographic information isstored in its primary form, analysisbecomes more quantitative and rational.The modelling stage which iscalled for in planning process, requiresplanners to make explicit their criteriafor the selection of alternative pro-grammes.This encourages the selectionof objective criteria, based on real dataabout the area under study.

The Geographical Information Systems(GIS) is seen as the most appropriate solution to addressing spatially refer-enced data. GIS provide the facilities to deal with the data requirement for thefunctions mentioned earlier. Oneimportant GIS capability is in handlingboth digital cartographic data and theassociated databases of attribute infor-mation for map features (Healey,1988).

GIS systems can store the map coordi-nates of point locations, linear and areafeatures.These features have attributesthat must be stored in the database.Once all the data are stored, both thedigital map and the database can bemanipulated simultaneously.This is par-ticularly important in many land useplanning applications, which requiredata on a wide variety of physical andenvironmental attributes.

GIS has proven to be an invaluable toolfor evaluating alternative solutions tourban planning problems. Planning data-base can be extensively interrogated togenerate several alternative solutions tourban strategic planning problems.Various scenarios which take intoaccount the socio-economic character-istic of urban dwellers, the constraintsof physical development, availability ofland and land suitability for differentkind of development can be generated.

With rational planning approach, thequality of planning and decision makingprocess can be substantially improvedthrough data appropriately and efficiently handled. Information from awell-conceived database can be usedto generate various scenarios takinginto account the socioeconomic aspect,physical development constraint andlocation suitability by applying criteriathat can be easily adapted to suit thesituation.The development scenarioalternatives can be generated using theGIS spatial modelling method. The

development scenarios can then beevaluated through employment of vari-ous evaluation techniques such as thecost-benefit analysis, the developmentgoal achievement matrix analysis, thepolicy achievement and developmentstrategy analysis, and some others(Figure 1).These techniques will enablecomparison of proposed developmentbased on the scenario alternatives tobe made and thus produce a morepractical and reliable development plan.

GIS APPLICATION FOR THE KLANG VALLEY REGION

TThe recent advancement in the field ofinformation technology has providedvast opportunities for testing newapproaches to computer processing ofgeographically referenced data, thusadding new dimensions to data man-agement, data analysis, generation ofcurrent scenarios and data presentationwhich is essential in the process ofplanning and decision making. GISwhich come as a complete packagewith the capability in capturing, storing,updating, manipulating, analysing anddisplaying of all forms of geographicallyreferenced information, is proven anappropriate tool for regional planningand monitoring. In response to the cur-rent need for application of informationtechnology, BKWPPLK has developed acomprehensive database and GIS-basedplanning application under the projectnamed "Application of GeographicalInformation System for the Klang Valley

GIS

Region (AGISwlk)" to be used as aplanning support tool for formulatingand evaluating development policiesand strategies as well as coordinatingand monitoring the development ofKlang Valley.The Application ofGeographical Information System forKlang Valley Region (AGISwlk) project-was first initiated in 1995 with themission to develop database and 10planning applications.This project isconsidered successful and significantlycontributes to the understanding ofthe development characteristic of theKlang Valley region and thus helps inplanning, coordinating and monitoringthe database and utilising every poten-tial of the system mainly as a decisionsupport tool in planning and monitor-ing the development programmes ofthe area.

IIn BKWPPLK's decision making system,AGISwlk is seen/able to help improvethe decision making process pertainingthe planning and monitoring of the KlangValley region. AGISwlk as one of theproducts within the system involves twocomponents which are ILA and 10 sec-tor-based planning applications. Figure 2illustrates the relationship within thedevelopment products in the decisionmaking system of BKWPPLK.

The GIS capabilities as a regional plan-ning and management tool is furtherenhanced through integration with aPlanning Support System especially ingenerating development scenario alternatives that can serve as the basisfor the formulation of more rational and effective development policies and

strategies.Within AGISwlk, an integratedlanduse approach called ILA wasemployed in order to integrateAGISwlk's sectoral-based analyses previ-ously undertaken and simultaneouslytranslate them into a model that enablethe generation of scenario alternatives.Based on the importance and need forILA in regional planning, a pilot study wasundertaken through implementation ofthe ILA model for generating scenarioalternatives which can be used as guide-lines and reference in formulating moreeffective policies and strategies.

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“The Application of Geographical Information System for Klang Valley Region (AGISwlk) project was first initiated in 1995 with mission to develop database and 10 planning applications”.

PLANNING OBJECTIVE

Data

Database

Analysis

MODELLINGGIS

Infrastructure - Land - Environment - Physical

USING ‘WHAT IF’

Criteria For Evaluation Modification

Yes

Result

Project Implementation

PLA

NN

ING

PR

OC

EDU

RES

Modelling Procedures

Logical Expression

NoEvaluationAccepted

FFiigguurree 11 : Planning Assessment Process Using GIS(Source :Yaakup and Healey, 1994)

INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR REGIONAL PLANNING AND MONITORING

43

21Scenario

The Concept Of ILAThe concept of integrated approach in ILA is focusedon the aspect of integration of the applications previ-ously developed in AGISwlk, which are more towardssector-based. ILA emphasizes on the concept of inte-gration whereby relationship exists between the data-base developed in AGISwlk and implementation ofapplication-based analyses, with the use of planningsupport systems.

Integrated Land use Assessment (ILA) is an approachwhich integrates the physical and socio economicinformation and undertaken to produce an integratedspatial and non-spatial analysis model that enables thegenerating of scenario alternatives for developmentthrough the use of planning support systems.

The main purpose of developing ILA is to create arelationship and subsequently integration between thesector-based applications in AGISwlk in generating thedevelopment scenario alternatives.The need for ILA isbasically as follows:

To act as a development planning mechanism at the regional level, with BKWPPLK using it as a guideline and reference for defining the suitable type of development in the future.

To support land development control and provide a direction for development in the Klang Valley through analysing the forecasted development scenarios.

“The Land CapacityAssessment involvesfour deriving factorsincluding ConstructionSuitability (Terrainmap); CarryingCapacity for RiverBasin,Transportationas well as PublicFacilities; DevelopmentPlans; and PopulationCarrying Capacity.”


AGISwlk

APPLICATION OF GIS

FOR THE KLANG VALLEY REGION

INTEGRATED LAND USE

ASSESSMENT (ILA)Sub Models

A. Land Resources B. Land CapacityC. Land Assessment

APPLICATIONS1.Land use, Built-up Area & Physical Characteristics2.Green & Recreational Area3.Industries & Commerce4.Population & Socio-economy5.Low-cost housing & Squatters6.Environment7.Public amenities & Utilities8.Transport Planning9.Geohazard10.Tourism

PELAWI

(THE KLANG VALLEY PERSPECTIVE PLAN)

1. Projection

2. Policy & Strategy

3. Planning Strategy

PLANNINGASSESSMENT

DECISION

IMPLEMENTATION

FFiigguurree 22 : Relationship within Decision Making Systems in BKWPPLK

INTEGRATED LAND USE ASSESSMENT (ILA)

I S S U E 0 1 / V O L . 0 2 / J U N E . 2 0 0 4 11

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Model Development

The dynamic nature of planning andmonitoring of development in theKlang Valley region needs a continu-ous evaluation and analysis of the cur-rent environmental situation as well asits carrying capacity for future devel-opment. Planners should be able toidentify and make adjustments toderiving factors as well as evaluationcriteria to develop scenarios for gen-erating development alternatives tosupport the decision makers.Thechoice of deriving factors shouldinclude the aspect of land resourcesand land capacity.

The ILA Model is dynamic inapproach, providing flexibility for usersin manipulating the selection criteriaand organizing them on priority basisfor development of the scenario.Theassessment technique in ILA adoptsthe GIS spatial analysis techniquecombined with the weighting andsequential techniques. ILA involvestwo types of assessment namely LandResources Assessment and LandCapacity Assessment (Figure 3). LandResources Assessment aims at evalu

ating potential land resources for development in terms of suitability byconsidering two deriving factors,which are Environmentally SensitiveAreas and Highly Accessible Areasbased on locality factors. Meanwhile,Land Capacity Assessment evaluatesthe extent of acceptable developmentin terms of supply to ensure that theenvironmental quality is not degraded.The Land Capacity Assessmentinvolves four deriving factors includingConstruction Suitability (Terain map);Carrying Capacity for River Basin,Transportation as well as PublicFacilities; Development Plans; andPopulation Carrying Capacity. LandAssessment generally shows all thescenarios alternatives of land availablefor development derived after taking into account the land resourcesand capacity based on the deriving factors and selection criteria.

Using Multi Criteria Evaluation Method

Evaluation is essential in the planningprocess especially in selecting theappropriate development scenario

alternative to be implemented.Assuch, in this phase, it is necessary fordecision-makers to define the suitableplanning evaluation model so that thedevelopment scenario chosen couldcater for future planning and its imple-mentation is beneficial to the public.In defining the planning evaluationmodel, the development scenarioalternatives should satisfy various cri-teria such as taking into considerationthe planning objectives proposed andmeasuring all the costs and benefitsfor every sector. In the case of ILAstudy, a table of deriving and selectionfactors based on the ILA model wasprepared while at the same timeallowing users the choice and flexibili-ty of redefining the factors to gener-ate the scenario alternatives subjectto the different policies, weight andrating concerned (Refer Table 1 onthe next page).

AA

LLAANNDD RREESSOOUURRCCEESS

A1. EnvironmentallySensitive Areas

CCuurrrreenntt SScceennaarriiooss

A2. Locality Factors

FFiigguurree 33 : ILA Model

BB

LLAANNDD CCAAPPAACCIITTYY

C

LAND ASSESSMENT

GIS

B2. Carrying Capacity

B3. Development Plans

B4. Population

B1. Construction Suitability

C=SS2

C=SS3

C=SS1

FFiigguurree 33 :The Land Resource Assessment and the Land Capacity Assessment - The ILA Model.

A121. LandslideA122. FloodA123. Land SubsidenceA124. Erosion

Hill AreaNatural retention areaLimestone, ex-mining land

BeachRiverPondIsland

Limestone HillSedimentary rock

Major Coal Mine (Batu Arang)Biggest & deepest mine (Sungai Besi)Major Tin mine (Perigi TujuhSerendah)

Unique Rock

Ex-mining area

Hot Spring Area

A113. Geology


1.Very Critical2.Critical3.High Sensitivity4.Medium Sensitivity 5.Low sensitivity



1.High2.Medium3.Low

1.High2.Medium3.Low

AA.. LLaannddRReessoouurrcceess

OOUUTTPPUUTTSSPPEECCIIFFIICC SSEELLEECCTTIIOONN FFAACCTTOORRSSEELLEECCTTIIOONN FFAACCTTOORRDDEERRIIVVIINNGG FFAACCTTOORR

AA11..EEnnvviirroonnmmeennttaall SSeennssiittiivvee

AArreeaa

AA22.. LLooccaalliittyy FFaaccttoorrss

AA1111.. HHeerriittaaggee

AA1122.. GGeeoohhaazzaarrdd RRiisskk

AA1133.. LLiiffee SSuuppppoorrtt

AA2211.. AAcccceessssiibbiilliittyy

AA2222.. PPrrooxxiimmiittyy

AA2233.. LLaanndd SSttaattuuss

A211. Main roadA222. Main RailwaysA223. Main JunctionA224.Transit Station

A221. Built up areaA222. Committed DevelopmentA223. Public AmenitiesA224.Town CentreA225. Main River

A231. Land ReserveA232. Land Ownership

A114. Landscape

A111. Historical, monu-ment and archaeology

A112. Biodiversity

BuildingsHillsCavesVillagesArchaeology Sites

Reserved ForestWild Life reserves

FFAACCTTOORR

Public recreation Park

A131. Fresh Water Supply

A132. Food

A133. Energy and Building Materials Resources

GroundwaterDam Drainage System - River

Aquaculture area - Resources

Crops area - Resources

Poultry area - Resources

Agriculture Industry Center

Research Station - institution

Mineral Metallic Tin

Sand

Industrial mineral resources area Aggregate rock

Clay

1.Class I2.Class II3.Class III4.Class IV

Level of Services (LoS)1.Class A2.Class B3.Class C4.Class D5.Class E6.Class F

Service level

Carrying Capacity base on population

Carrying Capacity base on development

Land use zone

Population density,distribution, etc

BB.. LLaanndd CCaappaacciittyy

BB11.. CCoonnssttrruuccttiioonn SSuuiittaabbiilliittyy

((TTeerraaiinn MMaapp))

BB22.. CCaarrrryyiinngg CCaappaacciittyy

BB33..

DDeevveellooppmmeenntt ppllaann

BB44.. PPooppuullaattiioonn

BB2211.. TTrraannssppoorrttaattiioonn

BB2222.. PPuubblliicc AAmmeenniittyy CCaarrrryyiinngg CCaappaacciittyy

BB2233.. BBaassiinn CCaappaacciittyy

BB3311.. NNaattiioonnaall PPhhyyssiiccaall PPllaann

BB3322.. KKllaanngg VVaalllleeyy

PPeerrssppeeccttiivvee PPllaann

BB3333.. SSeellaannggoorr SSttaattee

SSttrruuccttuurree PPllaann

BB3344.. DDBBKKLL SSttrruuccttuurree PPllaann

BB3355.. DDiissttrriicctt LLooccaall PPllaann

BB4411.. EEnnuummeerraattiioonn BBlloocckkBB4422.. CCeennssuuss DDiissttrriiccttBB4433.. LLooccaall AAuutthhoorriittyyBB4444.. DDiissttrriicctt//aarreeaa BB4455.. CCoouunnttyyBB4466.. PPllaannnniinngg ZZoonneeBB4477.. TToowwnn

B211. Road

B212. Junction

B213. Public transportation

BB1111.. SSllooppeeBB1122.. EElleevvaattiioonnBB1133.. AAccttiivviittyyBB1144.. EErroossiioonn && SSttaabbiilliittyy

Main roadTraffic Volume (Traffic demand) Capacity (Road capabilities to support number ofvehicles)

Volume/ capacity ratio

Geometry & Configuration Types of controlVolume by direction

Types of public transportation

Usage choices

B221. Educational CentreB222. Religious CentreB223. Recreational areaB224. Healthcare centreB225. Police stationB226. Fire Station

B231. River Basin CapacityB232. Drainage Capacity - River, Retention pond

TTaabbllee 11 : Selection Factors for ILA Model

METHODOLOGY OF STUDYTThe study was divided into three mainstages.The methodology was devel-oped and organised based on the GISspatial analysis process and planningsupport system framework.The stagescan be simplified as follows:

STAGE 1 : IDENTIFY POLICY ANDSTRATEGYThis stage involves identification ofpolicy and strategy to be used asguideline and direction of study inachieving the desired output.

STAGE 2 : COLLECTING DATA FORANALYSISThe second stage involves identifyingdata in AGISwlk database to be usedto create Uniform Analysis Zone(UAZ) based on predetermined selec-tion factors. UAZ are GIS generatedpolygons, which are homogeneous inall respects considered in the model(Figure 5). For instance, all points with-in a UAZ have the same slope, arelocated in the same municipality, arewithin the same distance of an existingor proposed highway, and so on(Klosterman R.E., 2001).

STAGE 3 : ANALYSIS AND MODELLINGThe analysis and modelling stageinvolves the process of creatingUniform Analysis Zone (UAZ),designing project file and conductingsuitability analysis.The process ofcreating UAZ layer includes combiningof GIS data layers.The GIS functionsinvolved in the process are the overlayfunction, classification and measure-ment. Designing the project file is mostimportant because it influences thesuitability analysis and affects theresulting output.

The suitability analysis involves threesteps which are selecting the suitabilityfactors, specifying factor weights andspecifying factor ratings. In this study, amathematical formula was applied forall factors considered in generating thedevelopment scenarios.

nn

yy == Σ wwi rriiiwhere

y = Scorewi = Weight of suitability factorri = Rating of factor category

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FFiigguurree 55 : Example of Uniform Analysis Zone (UAZ)

The ILA study was implemented on the sub-river basins of Batu and Gombak,covering about 7,508.2 hectares in the District of Gombak in the Klang Valley(Figure 4). In this study, the ILA model was applied to generate developmentscenario alternatives. Both types of assessment which are the Land ResourcesAssessment and Land Capacity Assessment were implemented but due tocertain constraints not all the selection factors were used.The Land ResourcesAssessment was carried out by considering two deriving factors, which areEnvironmentally Sensitive Areas and Highly Potential Areas based on localityfactors while Land Capacity Assessment only involved one deriving factorwhich is Construction Suitability (the terrain map).This is a preliminary studyto design a model based on an integrated approach in generating develop-ment scenario alternatives while considering land resources and land capacityfactors.

FFiigguurree 44 : Study Area

ILA STUDY - THE USE OF WHAT IF? PLANNING SUPPORT SYSTEM


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REFERENCE:

1. BKWPPLK (2002) Pembangunan Sistem DanAplikasi, Laporan Akhir Tahun 1: AGISwlk 2001-20052. BKWPPLK (2003) Peningkatan Konsep DanRekabentuk, Laporan Kemajuan 1: AGISwlk2001-20053. BKWPPLK (2003) Pembangunan Sistem DanAplikasi, Laporan Kemajuan 2: AGISwlk 2001-20054. BKWPPLK (2003) Pembangunan Sistem DanAplikasi, Laporan Kemajuan 3: AGISwlk 2001-20055. Brown, A.J. and Sherard, H.M. (1956) Town andCountry Planning, Melbourne University Press,Australia.6. Bruton, M.J. dan Nicolson, D.J. (1987) Local Planning in Practice, Hutchinson, London.

7. Chadwick, G. (1971) A System View ofPlanning, Pergamon, Oxford.8. Calkin, H. (1972) An Information System andMonitoring Framework for Plan Implementation,(Tesis Ph.D unpublish), University of Washington,Seattle, USA9. Ibrahim Wahab (1991) Pangkalan Data untukSistem Perancangan, DBP, KL.10. Keeble, L. (1969) Principles and Practice ofTown and Country Planning, Estates Gazette,United Kingdom.11. Klosterman R.E. (2001) 'What if?', CommunityAnalysis and Planning System, Inc, USA.12. Klosterman R.E. (1998) The 'What if?'Collaborative Planning Support Sytem, Environment and Planning, B : Planning and Design, 26 (1999) :(pp. 393-408)

13. Klosterman R.E (2001) The What if? PlanningSupport Sytem' dlm Richard K.Grail dan Richard E.Klosterman (eds) Planning Support Sytem. ESRIPress, Redland, California.14. McLoughlin, J.B. (1969) Control and UrbanPlanning, Faber and Faber Ltd. London.15. Royston, M.G. (1982) The Modern Managerand the Human Environment, Proceedings of theSymposium of the Malaysian Environment inCrisis, The Consumer Association of Penang,Malaysia.16. Yaakup, A.B., Johar, F. and Dahlan (1997) GISand Decision Support Systems for LocalAuthorities in Malaysia, in H. Timmermans,Decision Support Systems in Urban Planning, E &FN SPON, London, pp. 212-228.

FFiigguurree 77 : Scenario 2 of Land AssessmentFFiigguurree 66 : Scenario 1 of Land Assessment

CONCLUSION

AHRIS yaakupProf. Dr.Ahris is currently a lecturer and Head of the GIS Laboratory, at the Department of Urban and Regional Planning. He also head the GIS andPlanning Unit, Bureau of Innovation and Consultancy, University Technology Malaysia.Ahris is considered a pioneer in incorporating GIS Planning tolocal authorities as well as other agencies. He has been involved in more than 40 researches and consultancy projects in the field of Planning andInformation System. Member of the Asian GIS and Spatial Analysis Organization and Panel Advisor for GIS to the State Government and LocalAuthorities.

SITI ZALINA abu bakarSiti Zalina is currently a planner and GIS spatial analyst in the GIS and Planning Unit, Bureau of Innovation and Consultancy, University TechnologyMalaysia. Her research interest includes land use and development planning through application of Multcriteria Decision Making (MCDM) methodsand incorporation of Planning Support System (PSS) in spatial analyses.

SUSILAWATI sulaimanSusilawati is a GIS analyst and documentation manager in GIS and Planning Unit, Bureau of Innovation and Consultancy, University TechnologyMalaysia, since 1998. She is involve in various GIS research and consultancy projects including Application of GIS for Klang Valley Region (AGISwlk).

In realising an integrated and sustain-able development, BKWPPLK needs toplay an active role in grabbing theopportunities provided through theadvancement in information technolo-gy towards a better regional planningand monitoring process. Formerly, thepolicies and strategies are formulatedonly in the form of statements andthus had made it difficult for decisionmakers to assess the impact in spatialform. However, the adoption of ILAwill enable the spatial assessment ofthe policies applied and amendmentbe made based on the generated setof predicted scenarios. Adoption ofILA as an integrated landuse planningapproach through the use of GISanalysis capabilities supported by aPlanning Support System resulted in amore integrated planning and servesas a good alternative in producingmore rational decisions.The use of ILAat different stages of planning andmonitoring would assist decision mak-ers in evaluating different decisionoptions.

Land Assessment

TTwo scenario alternatives were gener-ated using different weight and ratingappropriate to two different policies.

Scenario 1In Scenario 1, the policy encouragesdevelopment even in environmentallysensitive areas and potential areasbased on locality factors. Scenario 1shows 13.4% of land is suitable, 32.2%of land is moderately suitable, 40.9 % ofland is less suitable while 13.5% of landis not suitable for development (Figure6).This means 45.6% of land is suitablefor development but the environmen-tally sensitive areas has to be sacrificedfor development purpose.The scenario

suggests more land available for devel-opment but the environmental impactwill be inevitable such as pollution andquality degradation.

Scenario 2In Scenario 2, the policy outlined thatno development shall be carried out inEnvironmentally Sensitive Areas.Scenario 2 shows 15.1% of land is suit-able for development, 21.3% moderate-ly suitable, 50.1% less suitable and13.5% not suitable for development.This means 36.4% of land is suitable fordevelopment and at the same time theenvironmentally sensitive areas are con-served (Figure 7).

INTRODUCTIONIn this cyber age, information has indeed become a valued and much sought aftercommodity. Apart from fuelling quests for domination and power, it has becomeimperative for better and improved decision-making, planning and management,particularly in the light of the Malaysian sustainable development agenda.Thegeographical information system (GIS) has become an increasingly useful tool inthat the system facilitates the packaging of data in a manner that is comprehen-sive, dimensional with diverse potential applications.There are however causes forconcern, ranging from the need for a regulatory framework specifically for GIS, tothe legal implications in its development, use and application.This paper willbriefly look into the issues and discuss the possibility of remedying them.

I S S U E 0 1 / V O L . 0 2 / J U N E . 2 0 0 4 15

Features

GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM AND THE LAW:Some points for considerationSSAARRAAHH aazziizz aanndd SSHHAAHHAARRUUDDIINN iiddrruuss email: [email protected], [email protected] of Environment and Development (LESTARI) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Bangi, Selangor

This article is intended to generate discussion and provide general informa-tion. It is not intended to provide legaladvice. Opinions, findings, conclusionsand/or recommendations expressed here-in are those of the authors and do notnecessarily reflect the views of LESTARIand/or Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

ABSTRACTInformation has become a fundamental requirement in development, and in the advent of Geographical Information Systems, the need tobetter control the use and generation of information is a priority. The requirement for a regulatory framework to be put in place toensure that generation and usage of such information will not result in adverse impacts on development, environment and the welfare ofsociety will have to be considered.

“To date in Malaysia there is no one law or statute specifically regulating GIS, its development, use and application. Instead there are a number of statutes that can be linked to GIS”

DEFINITIONS: GIS AND LAWGIS in reality is not easily defined, as itcan be seen amongst others, as a geo-graphically orientated computer tech-nology or an information system thatcaptures, stores, manipulates, analysesand displays data that are spatially ref-erenced or a manual or computerbased set of procedures to store andmanipulate geographically referenceddata or a system with advanced geo-modelling capabilities (Maguire, 1991).The various definitions touch on sub-ject matter and activities, but the com-mon theme is geographical and or spa-tial information.The terms spatial andgeographical have been used inter-changeably throughout most of thedefinitions of GIS, though there is a dis-tinct difference between the two, with

the former referring to informationabout the location, which can includeengineering and remote sensing andcartographic information, while the lat-ter refers to locational informationabout the surface or near surface atreal world scales and space (Frank,1988 in Maguire, 1991).

'Law' on the other hand at its simplestare a set of rules and or rights thathave been accepted and adopted bysociety, as embodied in a legal instru-ment, which is enforced through a setsystem and mechanism until it is abol-ished or repealed. Law is the instru-ment that facilitates the protection ofsociety and all that it provides for,including rights and benefits from harm,danger and abuse.

THE LAW AND GISTo date in Malaysia there is no one lawor statute specifically regulating GIS, itsdevelopment, use and application.Instead there are a number of statutesthat can be linked to GIS as selectedand shown in Table 1.

THE ISSUES AND POINTS FOR CONSIDERATIONThe discussion forthwith will be dividedinto 5 sections :

DefinitionData and informationGIS : the system, software and hardwareUse and application of GISPrivacy

PPaatteenntt AAcctt 11998833


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STATUTE OBJECTIVE

An Act to make provisions for patents and other matters connected

therewith

CCoommppuutteerr CCrriimmeess AAcctt 11999977An Act to provide for offences relating to the misuse of computers and other

matters connected therewith

CCooppyyrriigghhtt AAcctt 11998877An Act to make provisions for copyright and other matters connected

therewith

OOffffiicciiaall SSeeccrreettss AAcctt 11997722An Act to consolidate and revise laws relating to official secrets

LLaanndd aanndd MMiinniinngg PPllaannss aanndd DDooccuummeennttss

((PPhhoottooggrraapphhiicc CCooppiieess)) AAcctt 11995500

An Act to provide for the validity of photographically produced plans,

copies of plans and documents

NNaattiioonnaall AArrcchhiivveess AAcctt 11996666An Act to provide for the custody and preservation of public archives and

public records and other matters incidental thereto

PPeennaall CCooddee 11999977An Act relating to criminal offences

PPrriinnttiinngg PPrreesssseess aanndd PPuubblliiccaattiioonnss AAcctt 11998844

An Act to regulate the use of printing presses and printing, importation,

production, reproduction, publishing and distribution of publications and for

matters connected therewith

PPuubblliicc AAuutthhoorriittiieess PPrrootteeccttiioonn AAcctt 11998844An Act relating to the protection of persons acting in the execution of a

statutory and other public duties

SSttaattiissttiiccss AAcctt 11996655 An Act relating to statistics

SSaallee ooff GGooooddss AAcctt 11995577 An Act relating to the sale of goods

TTrraaddee DDeessccrriippttiioonn AAcctt 11997722

An Act relating to merchandise marks, misdescription of goods provided in

the course of trade, false or misleading statements of service and others

TToowwnn aanndd CCoouunnttrryy PPllaannnniinngg AAcctt 11997766An Act for the proper control and regulation of town and country planning

and purposes connected therewith

CCoommmmuunniiccaattiioonnss aanndd MMuullttiimmeeddiiaa AAcctt

11999988

An Act to regulate converging communications and multimedia industries

and related matters thereto

DDeeppoossiitt ooff LLiibbrraarryy MMaatteerriiaall AAcctt 11998866An Act to make provision for the collection, conservation, bibliographical

control and use of library materials published in Malaysia

GGoovveerrnnmmeenntt PPrroocceeeeddiinnggss AAcctt 11995566An Act relating to proceedings by and against the Federal Government and

the governments of the State

TTaabbllee 11 : A selected summary of statutes and its brief objective

I S S U E 0 1 / V O L . 0 2 / J U N E . 2 0 0 4 17

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b. DATA AND INFORMATION

The most crucial aspect of GIS is data,but the problem arises when there is:

Ownership and uncertainty of the source of data: a question of whose data?Reliability of such data at the source;Reliability, certainty and accuracy of data upon manipulation;Liability as to the application itself,the information or data generated;Issue of privacy: whose privacy and to what extent? (see point ‘e’ next page)

OOwwnneerrsshhiipp,, RReelliiaabbiilliittyy aanndd LLiiaabbiilliittyyIn Malaysia some data and informationparticularly that of the governments'fall within the Official Secrets Act 1972.The question now arises as to theownership of data, if it is clearly desig-nated, for example cadastral maps thatfall within the purview of the SurveyDepartment, then it is clear that itbelongs to the government. But whathappens to data rightfully obtainedthen manipulated to whom does therevised or improvised data or informa-tion belong to, does it belong to the'manipulator' or still to the govern-ment? Does change have to be sub-stantial before ownership passes?

Another factor worth noting is thatGIS often tiptoes along the thin linethat is everyone's right and intellectualproperty rights.

And what of the issue of liability towrongful, misleading or inaccurate dataor information, where should the fingerpoint ? It is much easier, but not neces-sarily less painful if it only gives rise to'pecuniary or fiscal-like damages', butonce it involves human life, nature orproperty destruction then whereshould the chain of causation start ?For example, information about anarea, the topography, land use and set-tlement is fed into the GIS system andwith additional information, the idea isto determine the hazard risk of thearea, and through the system it isdeemed low risk. Development thentakes place based on such informationand within a year a massive landslideoccurs and lives were lost, propertyand environment damaged. How doesone even begin to determine thecause of the tragedy and calculate thedamages and compensation due, letalone begin to remedy the situation?

a. DEFINING GIS: A QUESTION OF SCOPE AND JURISDICTIONAs stated earlier there is no one clear definition for GIS which renders it difficultto pinpoint a particular statute that can govern it in entirety, unlike matters suchas digital signatures (Digital Signatures Act 1997). Only until an appropriate andpractical definition of the term can be agreed to and adopted for Malaysia, can alegal framework to regulate the development, use and application of the systemand related matters be drawn. A practical definition that provides a clear scopeof what it is that encompasses GIS would also facilitate easier regulation andmonitoring.This is important so as to ensure that users and suppliers of informa-tion for example can be protected from harm, and matters such as accountabilityand liability can be determined. In the light of the fact that information can to acertain extent stretch beyond traditional administrative boundaries, as can beseen in the problem of cyber space policing, designating an authority to regulatematters related to GIS is an immediate imperative.

cc.. GGIISS:: TTHHEE SSYYSSTTEEMM,, SSOOFFTTWWAARREEAANNDD HHAARRDDWWAARREE

Usually the system, software and hard-ware becomes an issue when thingsgo wrong or when it fails to live up tocertain expectations.The advent ofglobalisation has brought the worldmarket literally to our doorstep, albeitvia the cyber portals.This would meanthat there is a huge market for differ-ent systems, software and hardwarethat lay claim the ability to performcertain functions, applications and usesthat is meant to simplify all aspects ofhuman life, from decision making rightup to monitoring.This is an attractiveoffer indeed, since if we can do withless tedious work we can actually goon to do more and accomplish moreat shorter lengths of time and money.This is sometime true but there havebeen cases particularly in the UnitedStates where things have gone horriblywrong (Onsrud, 1999). It would belogical to say that if a system or soft-ware or even hardware is defectivethe chances of the information or datagenerated being accurate will be pret-ty slim.

How do we determine, and protectourselves from harm if standards toensure the fitness for purpose of theGIS system, software and hardware arenot clearly put into place. And how farare the manufacturers or producersliable for such defect?

“How do we determine, and protect ourselves from harm if standards to ensurethe fitness for purpose of the GIS system, software and hardware are not clearlyput into place? “

CONCLUDING REMARKS

GIS indeed is a useful tool that can facilitate better decision making, planning,management, enforcement and monitoring, basically oiling the wheels of governance, both public and corporate towards a better good.The flipsidehowever, there are still issues that lay 'unattended' to, who actually functions asthe GIS 'police', where can we go to when things go wrong and what can wedo about it. Perhaps the following points can be taken into consideration:

i. A body (existing or otherwise) should be established to look into the regulating and monitoring of GIS from the development, manufactur-ing and the production of the system (software to hardware) right up to the use and application of the product and other related matters.In this way the issues of harm can be dealt with efficiently;

ii. A proper review of what is GIS and how it benefits or harms should be conducted to facilitate such regulation; and

iii. A network to be developed within the Region or beyond (depending on the scale and capacity) between Malaysia and various countries to help better understand and regulate GIS use and application so as to avoid abuse of sovereignty.


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REFERENCE & BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1. Maguire D.J., (1991) An overview and definitionof GIS in Maguire, D.J., Goodchild, M.F., andRhind, D.W. (eds.) 1991, GeographicalInformation Systems: Principles andApplications. Volume 1. Longman, London. pp 9-202. Onstrud, H.J., (1999) Liability in the use of geo-graphic information systems and geographicdatasets in P. Longley, M. Goodchild, D. Maguireand D. Rhind (eds.), 1999, GeographicalInformation Systems: Vol.2 Management Issuesand Applications. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. pp643-6523. Sarah Aziz dan Shaharudin Idrus, (2002) Isu-isuperundangan dalam sistem maklumat geografi(GIS) di Malaysia in Shaharudin Idrus and AHarman Shah (eds.), 2002, LESTARI Round TableDialogues No. 11: Kelestarian Sistem MaklumatGeografi (GIS) di Malaysia. LESTARI Publications.pp 85-924. Malaysia, (1997) Computer Crimes Act 1997.Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad, KualaLumpur5. Malaysia, (1998) Communications andMultimedia Act 1998. Percetakan Nasional MalaysiaBerhad, Kuala Lumpur6. Malaysia, (1987) Copyright Act 1987. PercetakanNasional Malaysia Berhad, Kuala Lumpur 7. Malaysia, (1986) Deposit of Library Material Act1986. Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad, KualaLumpur8. Malaysia, (1950) Land and Mining Plans andDocuments (Photographic Copies) Act 1950. Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad, KualaLumpur

9. Malaysia, (1956) Government Proceedings Act1956. Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad, KualaLumpur10. Malaysia, (1966) National Archives Act 1966.Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad, KualaLumpur11. Malaysia, (1972) Official Secrets Act 1972.Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad, KualaLumpur12. Malaysia, (1983) Patent Act 1983. PercetakanNasional Malaysia Berhad, Kuala Lumpur13. Malaysia, (1997) Penal Code 1997. PercetakanNasional Malaysia Berhad, Kuala Lumpur14. Malaysia, (1984) Printing Presses andPublications Act 1984. Percetakan NasionalMalaysia Berhad, Kuala Lumpur15. Malaysia, (1984) Public Authorities ProtectionAct 1984. Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad,Kuala Lumpur16. Malaysia, (1965) Statistics Act 1965.Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad, KualaLumpur17. Malaysia, (1957) Sale of Goods Act 1957.Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad, KualaLumpur18. Malaysia, (1972) Trade Description Act 1972.Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad, KualaLumpur19. Malaysia, (1976) Town and Country PlanningAct 1976. Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad,Kuala Lumpur

dd.. UUSSEE AANNDD AAPPPPLLIICCAATTIIOONN OOFF GGIISSAs can be seen from Table 1 above,there is no one law that regulates theuse or application of GIS, which wouldmean that liability and accountabilitypretty much lies with the person whocan prove his or her case thestrongest. If GIS is used for publicgood, chances are the level of accept-ability of use and application will behigher and the end would sometimesjustify the means, but if it were other-wise and skirts the issues of intellectu-al property rights and privacy, then thesituation becomes more complex.There is a need indeed for a regulato-ry body to be set up to look into thismatter.

SARAH azizSarah Aziz is currently a Research Fellow at the Institute for Environment and Development(LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. She is currently involved in various multidisciplinaryresearch projects conducted by LESTARI, both relating to sustainable development and ecosystemhealth. Her current areas of research includes ecosystems governance; assessment and control of theKundasang landslide complex; regulations and construction industrial wastes; and regulations and per-sistent organic pollutants. She has a legal background, having obtained her LL.B (Hons) and LL.M(Environmental Law) from the United Kingdom. She was called to the English Bar in 1993, and admit-ted as an advocate and solicitor of the High Court of Malaya in 1994. Prior to joining LESTARI, shewas practising as an advocate and solicitor with a legal firm in Kuala Lumpur. Her interests and areasof research are focused on the use of law and legislative processes in addressing issues related tosustainability governance.

ee.. PPRRIIVVAACCYYUnlike the United States of America,Malaysia does not have a strict privacylaw but this does not negate the factthat citizens are entitled to some pri-vacy. GIS is often used to integrateinformation on a geographical and orspatial scale, which would mean infor-mation about the individual may beincorporated into such a system andthen be used for various purposes.One would assume (cautiously) that ifsuch purposes were to serve for agreater and public good, safety forexample, such an 'invasion' of privacythen would be acceptable. But what if,such information so generated by GISis used to secure 'the market' by theretail industry, would it be acceptable?Where do you draw the line betweenacceptable invasion and unacceptableinvasion of privacy?

SISTEM MAKLUMAT GEOGRAFIDI JABATAN PERANCANGAN BANDAR DAN DESA SEMENANJUNG MALAYSIA

I S S U E 0 1 / V O L . 0 2 / J U N E . 2 0 0 4 19

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ABSTRAKSistem Maklumat Geografi (GIS) telah wujud dalam tahun enam puluhan. Sistem tersebut mula digunakan bagi tujuan kajian, pengurusan danpemantauan alam sekitar di Kanada dan Amerika Syarikat. Pada peringkat awal model yang digunapakai adalah dalam bentuk ‘raster’ di manamaklumat permukaan bumi di wakili menggunakan sel empat segi dan setiap satunya ditentukan nilai berdasarkan ciri yang diwakili. Oleh kerana bidang perancangan bandar juga mempunyai unsur-unsur alam sekitar maka ianya juga sesuai digunakan dalam bidang ini.

MMOOHHDD AALLII aabbuu bbaakkaarr email: [email protected] Perancangan Bandar dan Desa, Semenanjung Malaysia.

disebabkan oleh ‘user friendly’nya bagitujuan pemetaan mudah.Walaubagaimana pun, pada peringkatini penggunaan perisian ‘MapInfo’adalah bagi tujuan persembahan petasemata-mata dan tidak menggunakanunsur data kedua iaitu ‘atribute’.

Pada tahun yang sama juga, RancanganTempatan Parit Buntar dan Bagan Seraimula disediakan. Dalam penyediaantersebut, GIS telah dibangunkan untuk memudahkan dan mempercepatkanproses penyediaan pelan-pelan didalam Kajian Rancangan Tempatan.Di samping itu, data-data GIS telahdiguna untuk mempermudahkan danmempercepatkan kerja-kerja PihakBerkuasa Tempatan di dalam men-jalankan aktiviti yang berkaitan denganproses perancangan dan kelulusan per-mohonan kebenaran merancang.Sistem tersebut dikenali sebagaiSMaRT (Sistem Maklumat RancanganTempatan) bagi Majlis Daerah Kerian,Perak. Pembangunan sistem tersebutdibuat sepenuhnya oleh perunding.Kakitangan sokongan Jabatan cumadilatih kaedah memasukkan data sahaja.


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‘VENDOR DRIVEN GIS’Ekoran dari itu, JPBD telah dikunjungioleh pengedar-pengedar perisian GIS.Antara perisian GIS yang didedahkanialah seperti ‘Terrasoft’, ‘PA Maps’,‘MapInfo’ dan ‘ArcInfo’. Beberapa pem-belian perisian telah dibuat oleh beber-apa unit di JPBD secara berasingan.Selepas itu perisian GIS telah

GIS PERANCANGAN BANDARBidang perancangan bandar danwilayah banyak menggunakan teknikpeta tapisan dalam analisis perancangandan manupulasi maklumat. KegunaanGIS model ‘raster’ ini sesuai bagiPerancangan wilayah berskala makro.Perkembangan GIS model ‘vektor’ padatahun lapan puluhan telah membawadimensi baru dalam penggunaannyadalam bidang Perancangan Bandar.Dengan adanya model ini, data spatialbercorak tempatan telah dapat digunakan bagi tujuan penganalisaandan pengurusan maklumat terperinci.Model ini lebih menarik kerana iamenyerupai data yang lazim dipakaiuntuk tujuan Perancangan Bandar.Pembangunan perisian GIS danperkembangan pembangunan teknologiperkakasan telah sedikit sebanyakmempengaruhi sejarah penggunaanGIS di Jabatan Perancangan Bandar danDesa Semenanjung Malaysia (JPBD).

BERMULANYA DI SINIPenggunaan GIS di JPBD boleh disi-fatkan sebagai kebetulan pada tahun1993. Ketika itu Jabatan sedang menye-diakan konsep awal Perancangan PusatPentadbiran Persekutuan yang baruiaitu Putrajaya. Pusat pentadbiran terse-but kini sedang giat dibangunkan.Perunding yang turut sama terlibatdalam membuat Perancangan tersebutialah IGD Consultant dan syarikattersebut telah memperkenalkanperisian ‘MapInfo versi 1’ kepada sebahagian kecil kakitangan Jabatan

digunakan bagi projek-projek baruseperti Perancangan UniversitiCommonwealth Malaysia pada tahun1996. Sepanjang tempoh tersebut jugabeberapa pegawai Jabatan telah melanjutkan pelajaran di luar negaramengikuti kursus GIS. Sekembali mereka tercetuslah hasrat untuk mengguna GIS di JPBD secara serius.

Dalam tender pada tahun 1995,perisian dan perkakasan GIS telahdibeli. Perisian ‘Arc/Info versi unix danDOS’ telah diperolehi melalui tendertersebut. Pada tahun 1996 perancanganMultimedia Super Corridor (MSC)telah dimulakan dan pada waktu inipenggunaan perisian GIS bagi tujuan Perancangan teruji. Penggunaan GISpada peringkat ini dibuat bersama dengan perunding Sepakat Sdn. Bhd.Pengendalian sistem memerlukan kemasukkan arahan garisan (line command) dan sistem operasiyang asing (unix) daripada kebiasaantelah mempengaruhi pengunaan diJabatan. Disebabkan oleh kerumitanuntuk mengendali perisian tersebutyang memerlukan kemahiran yang tinggi pada waktu itu dan bilangan unit yang terhad ianya tidak popular di kalangan kakitangan Jabatan.

Pada waktu yang sama penggunaanperisian GIS, ‘MapInfo’ semakinberkembang di Jabatan walaupun tidaksecara sistematik. Penggunaan PerisianGIS lain terpinggir disebabkan olehkekurangan pengguna. Seperti juga kur-sus perisian komputer yang lain, Jabatandari masa ke semasa juga mengan-jurkan kursus ‘MapInfo’ berkonsepkanrakan bimbingan dibuat mendedahkanpenggunaan perisian tersebut oleh kak-itangan yang pernah menggunakannya.Kandungan kursus hanya tertumpukepada kaedah kemasukan data sertapemetaan dan melibatkan kumpulansokongan sahaja. Potensi GIS tidakdieksplotasi sepenuhnya disebabkankurangnya minat dan pengetahuan daripegawai-pegawai peringkat Pengurusandan Profesional pada waktu itu.

(Laporan Awalan)Metodologi KajianSkop Kajian dan "Data Volume"

Asas Rujukan

Ringkasan Projek

PROSES PENYEDIAAN RT

Penyediaan Peta Asas Berdigit

Asas Rujukan PenyediaanPeta Asas Berdigit

Liputan Kawasan Kajian(Syit Piawai yang Terlibat)

PROSES PENGGUNAAN GIS

Pernyataan Bertulis(Garispanduan

Penggunaan Dan Piawaian Perancangan)

Peta Cadangan

Pelan-pelan Grafik Sokongan

Analisis Data(Technical Documents)

Pengumpulan Data

Customised Application(Executive Information

System)

Data Storage(For updating and further application)

Data Presentation

"Data Processing" dan Analisa Data

Input Data Spatial dan "Attributes"

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‘INFORMATION SYSTEM PLANNING’ Pada tahun 1997, JPBD telah menyedi-akan satu Pelan Induk PerkomputeranJabatan yang dikenali sebagai‘‘IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn SSyysstteemm PPllaannnniinngg’’ ((IISSPP)).. Salahsatu peluang penggunaan TeknologiMaklumat dan Komunikasi yang dikenalpsti ialah penggunaan GIS dalamPerancangan Bandar. Pada tahun yangsama JPBD mula mengatur langkahuntuk memperkembangkan penggu-naan GIS dalam bidang PerancanganBandar. Kurikulum kursus GIS yanglebih mantap telah diadakan.Tigamodul telah diperkenalkan iaitu modulpemahaman, modul analisis dan moduleksekutif. Sepanjang tahun 1997 hinggatahun 1999 hanya modul pemahamandilaksanakan untuk memberi kefa-haman asas kepada semua lapisan kaki-tangan di Jabatan.

Selain kursus, beberapa siri taklimatberhubung dengan konsep dan peng-gunaan GIS telah di adakan melaluiSeminar dan Bengkel kepada Pengurus-pengurus projek Kajian RancanganStruktur dan Rancangan Tempatan.Selain dari itu, kepentingan mewujud-kan pangkalan data GIS untuk menyim-pan maklumat-maklumat yangdikumpul dan dijana dalam prosespenyediaan Rancangan Pemajuan terse-but turut disampaikan.

Sebagai usaha untuk menggalakkanpenggunaan GIS dalam bidang peran-cangan, beberapa ‘roadshow’ telah dibuat oleh Unit Bank Data JPBD(IP)pada masa itu (sekarang BahagianTeknologi Maklumat) ke pejabat-peja-bat projek. Bengkel juga telah diadakanuntuk mempromosikan kegunaan GISdalam penyediaan RancanganPemajuan. Untuk memberi kefahamankepada kumpulan pengurusan dan pro-fesional beberapa kursus moduleksekutif telah diadakan di pejabat-pejabat projek. Namun sambutan darikumpulan pengurusan dan profesionaltidak menggalakan kerana beranggapanGIS hanya alat pemetaan untuk kumpu-lan sokongan sahaja.

GIS DALAM PENYEDIAAN RANCANGANPEMAJUANSebagai persediaan untuk mengguna-pakai GIS dalam penyediaan RancanganPemajuan Unit Bank Data menyediakangaris panduan pelaksanaan. Sebagailangkah awal, sebelum sesebuahRancangan Tempatan disediakan, petaasas berdigit perlu disediakan. Peta asastersebut perlu dijadikan sebagai asasbagi semua sektor kajian yang dibuat.

Pada pertengahan tahun 1999, satuprojek perintis menggunakan garis pan-duan tersebut telah dijalankan. Kawasanyang terpilih ialah Rancangan TempatanTasik Gelugur, Pulau Pinang. Hasil darirancangan tersebut adalah amat mem-berangsangkan. Pengumpulan dan peny-impanan maklumat adalah lebih ter-susun dan lebih sistematik berbandingdengan kaedah sebelumnya. Syabas diu-capkan kepada Pasukan kajian danperunding yang terlibat dalam kajiantersebut.

Lanjutan dari projek perintis tersebutdan beberapa kajian lain yang meyusurselepasnya, garis panduan format struk-tur pangkalan data GIS dan klasifikasigunatanah yang menjadi kor kepadaaktiviti Perancangan Bandar telahdiperkemaskan. Pada tahun 2001,pindaan terhadap Manual PenyediaanRancangan Tempatan telah dibuat. Garispanduan penggunaan GIS telah dimasukkan sebagai salah satu kompo-nen dalam penyediaan RancanganTempatan. Bermula dari RancanganMalaysia Ke Lapan semua penyediaan

Rancangan Pemajuan (RancanganStruktur Negeri dan RancanganTempatan Daerah) perlu menggunakanGIS sepenuhnya. Satu sektor khasberhubung penggunaan SistemMaklumat Geografi telah diwujudkan.Penggunaan sistem maklumat geografidalam proses penyediaan RancanganPemajuan telah disepadukan bermuladari peringkat pengumpulan maklumathingga ke peringkat penghasilan petacadangan. Maklumat-maklumat yangdikumpul dan yang dihasilkan sepanjangkajian akan diserahkan kepada PihakBerkuasa Perancang Tempatan setelahkajian tamat untuk dikemaskini danditambah nilai. Disamping itu, satuSistem Maklumat Eksekutif disediakanuntuk memudahkan pengguna membu-at rujukan terhadap cadangan-cadanganyang dikemukakan, disokong denganpangkalan data yang komprehensif.

Di samping itu, GIS turut digunakandalam penyediaan Rancangan FizikalNegara pada tahun 2000. Pada per-ingkat awal pelaksanaan banyak rung-utan yang diterima, terutama bagimereka yang tiada pengetahuan danpengalaman dalam bidang GIS.Walaubagaimana pun, dengan tunjukajar dan panduan yang diberi merekatelah mula berkeyakinan dan mendapatmanfaat dengan penggunaan GIS dalammembuat Perancangan gunatanah.Keputusan yang dibuat adalah lebihmantap hasil dari analisis yang objektifdisokong dengan data.

RRaajjaahh 11 :: Proses Penyediaan Rancangan Tempatan Menggunakan Sistem Maklumat Geografi


GSARDMenyedari keberkesanan penggunaanGIS bagi dalam membuat analisis datageospatial, satu program telah diperke-nalkan. Program tersebut dikenali sebagai ‘Geotechnical Analysis Researchand Development’ (GSARD). Pesertaprogram adalah terdiri daripadapegawai dari pelbagai bahagian diJPBD(IP) dan pejabat projek. Objektifprogram tersebut adalah untuk mem-perkembangkan penggunaan GIS dalambidang Perancangan dan membuatpenyelidikan terhadap kaedah analisisdata geospatial yang boleh digunakandalam proses penyediaan RancanganPemajuan. Disamping itu juga, pesertaprogram dilatih menggunakan GIS danteknik-teknik analisis dengan harapan,mereka ini dapat menyebarkan penge-tahuan dan melatih kakitangan yang laindi tempat masing-masing.

CABARAN JPBDOleh kerana buat masa ini penyediaanRancangan Pemajuan banyak disediakanoleh perunding, kemampuan kakitanganJPBD masih lagi menjadi persoalan.Kalau dulu kakitangan JPBD dikatakanlebih memahami GIS daripada perunding, apakah statusnya sekarangdan akan datang? Adakah kakitanganJPBD mampu untuk setanding denganperunding? Untuk mempastikan JPBDtidak terkebelakang, semua kakitanganperlu membuka minda mempelajaridan menggunakan GIS sebagai alat perancangan (planning tools) dan men-gaplikasikannya dalam kerja-kerjaPerancangan Bandar di sampingmemantau dan menyelaras kerja-kerjayang disediakan oleh perunding.

‘DATA WAREHOUSING’Salah satu lagi program yang dikenal-pasti dalam ISP ialah ‘data warehousing’.Oleh kerana data-data Perancanganada kaitan dengan ruang, data formatGIS telah dikenalpasti paling sesuaidigunakan untuk menyimpan maklumatjenis ini. Sehingga kini data-data asasPerancangan berskala makro telah ter-simpan dalam ‘data warehouse’ yangtelah diwujudkan. Sebahagian besaradalah dari kajian-kajian yang dijalankanoleh Jabatan terutamanya KajianRancangan Fizikal Negara. Di sampingitu, data dari Jabatan Ukur danPemetaan Malaysia dibeli dari masa kesemasa oleh Jabatan untuk menambahkuantiti data. Selain data vektor Jabatanturut membeli data-data satelit LLaannddssaattTTMM,, SSppoott,, QQuuiicckkbbiirrdd dan IIkkoonnooss.. Data-data tersebut telah mula mendapattempat untuk dijadikan sebagai datarujukan dalam menjalankan kajianRancangan Pemajuan kebelakangan ini.

Program ‘data warehousing’ tersebutdikenali sebagai JJPPBBDD DDaattaaWWAARREE(Gedung Pangkalan Data JabatanPerancangan Bandar dan Desa).Objektif pembinaan pangkalan dataadalah seperti berikut;

- Untuk mengumpul maklumat-maklumat yang berhubung kait dengan kerja-kerja perancangan dan juga aktiviti-aktiviti Jabatan,

- Meningkatkan produktiviti:Maklumat-maklumat lazim sedia untuk diguna atau ditambah nilai,

- Pangkalan data dinamik:pengumpulan dan penyimpanan maklumat diintegrasikan dalam proses kerja / aktiviti Jabatan.

Tumpuan buat masa ini adalah untukmengumpul data-data geospatial yangada hubungkait dengan perancangandan aktiviti jabatan. Data-datapangkalan data digital boleh dikate-gorikan kepada tiga iaitu data sejarah,data operasi dan data luaran.

Data sejarah terdiri dari data-data projek yang telah disediakan olehJabatan dalam bentuk RancanganPembangunan. Sebahagian besar data-data ini asalnya dalam bentukcetakan (hardcopy) yang telah dan akan didigitkan menjadi digital dan disimpan dengan menggunakan sistemmaklumat geografi. Projek-projek yangtelah dikenalpasti ialah RancanganTempatan, Rancangan PengumpulanSemula Orang Asli / PenyususunanSemula Kampung dan PusatPertumbuhan Desa.

Mengikut pendekatan semasa, semuakajian Rancangan Pembangunan perludisediakan dengan menggunakan sistemmaklumat geografi. Semua data-datayang dikumpul dan dijana sepanjangkajian adalah merupakan data yangdikategorikan sebagai data operasi.Setelah kajian tersebut tamat atau biladifikirkan perlu akan di simpan dalampangkalan data digital yang diwujudkan.

Kategori data yang ketiga ialah dataluaran. Data ini bersumberkan lain-lainagensi seperti Jabatan Ukur danPemetaan Malaysia, Jabatan Pertaniandan agensi-agensi lain.

Salah satu aktiviti yang telah dibangunkan dalam program JPBDDataWare ialah TTPPllaannGGdd ((TToowwnn PPllaannnniinnggGGeeooddaattaabbaassee)). Pangkalan data yangterkumpul dalam TTPPllaannGGdd diperolehidari pelbagai sumber. Dengan adanyapangkalan data ini, akan memudahkanwarga Jabatan mengetahui maklumatyang terdapat di JPBD (IP) dan meng-gunakan maklumat tersebut dalammenjalankan tugas harian dengan lebihproduktif. Semua warga Jabatan adalahdigalakkan mengguna dan menyumbangdata yang telah ditambah nilai kepadapangkalan data ini.

Perbincangan Anggota GSARD

RUJUKAN:

1. Sepakat Computer Consultant Sdn. Bhd. (1977)“Information System Planning, Final Report 1997”. Tidak diterbitkan.2. Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa SemenanjungMalaysia (2001) “Manual Penyediaan RancanganTempatan (Pindaan 2001). MS ISO 9001. Sistem KualitiPerkhidmatan Bagi Penyediaan Rancangan Tempatan”.Tidak diterbitkan.3. Mohd Ali b. Abu Bakar (1999) “Kepentingan mewujud-kan Pangkalan Data Kajian Rancangan TempatanDalam Format Sistem Maklumat Geografi”, Kertas kerjadalam Bengkel Rancangan Tempatan bagi Pengurus-pen-gurus Projek Kajian Rancangan Tempatan, JabatanPerancangan Bandar dan Desa, 29 Mei 1999, di StraitMeridian Hotel, Bandar Melaka. Tidak diterbitkan.4. Henk J. Scholten and John C. H. Stillwell, eds.. (1990)“Geographical Information Systems for Urban andRegional Planning”, Netherlands: Kluwer AcademicPublishers.

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PENUTUPPerancangan adalah aktiviti pemprosesan maklumat. Perancangan Bandar menggunakanbanyak data geospatial bagi tujuan penganal-isaan. Oleh itu, semua jururancang tidak kiradari sektor awam atau swasta perlumemahirkan diri untuk menggunakan GISsebagai alat perancangan. Bahagian yang palinggetir dalam mengguna GIS adalah penyediaandata digital. Bahagian getir tersebut telah ham-pir berlalu. Data GIS telah mula mudah diper-olehi bukan sahaja di Jabatan PerancanganBandar dan Desa malah di agensi kerajaan lainyang turut menggunakan GIS untuk menyim-pan maklumat mereka. KewujudanIInnffrraassttrruukkttuurr DDaattaa GGeeoossppaattiiaall MMaallaayyssiiaa ((MMyyGGDDII))perlu dipergunakan sepenuhnya untuk mem-perolehi dan berkongsi data digital. Melaluikaedah ini, produktiviti kerja dapat ditingkatkan dan penjimatan masa diperolehi.Di samping itu kualiti PerkhidmatanPerancangan Bandar dan Desa di Malaysiaakan dapat ditingkatkan.

JPBDwarehouse

Rancangan Fizikal Negara

Rancangan Desa

Rancangan Struktur

Rancangan Tempatan

DOA JUPEM

MACRESLAIN-LAINAGENSI

Data Operasi Data Sejarah Data Luaran

Sumber Data

Transformasi /Integrasi

Meta Data

Data Warehouse

Pekerja

Berpengetahuan

Pangkalan Data Geospatial JPBD

TambahNilai

GunaData

MOHD ALI abu bakarBeliau adalah seorang Pegawai Perancang Bandar danDesa yang berkhidmat di Bahagian Teknologi Maklumatdi Jabatan Perancangan Bandar Dan DesaSemenanjung Malaysia sejak dari tahun 1997. Beliauberkelulusan MA GIS dari University of Leeds tahun1996. Mewakili jabatan dalam pelbagai Jawatankuasaberhubung dengan pembangunan GIS di Malaysiaseperti MyGDI dan JUPEM dan juga selaku tenaga pen-gajar dan jurulatih kursus GIS Jabatan. Berpengalamandalam perancangan Luar Bandar, Rancangan Strukturdan Rancangan Tempatan sebelum ditempatkan diBahagian Teknologi Maklumat. Ditukarkan ke PejabatProjek Kuala Lumpur mulai Mei 2004.

RRaajjaahh 22 :: ‘Data Warehousing’

RRaajjaahh 33 :: Struktur ‘Data Warehouse’

RRaajjaahh 44 :: Memperkaya Pangkalan Data

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TRANFORMASI SISTEM INFRASTRUKTUR KEBANGSAANBAGI TANAH (NaLIS) KEPADA INFRASTRUKTUR DATAGEOSPATIAL NEGARA (MyGDI)LLIILLYY HHAAMMMMAADDAAHH rraammllee email: [email protected] Pengarah, Seksyen Penyelidikan dan Pembangunan, Pusat Infrastruktur Data Geospatial Negara (MaCGDI),Kementerian Tanah dan Pembangunan Koperasi

LATARBELAKANG PEMBANGUNAN MyGDI

Pembangunan Sistem Infrastruktur Kebangsaan bagi Tanah (National Infrastructure for Land Information System) atau lebih dikenali sebagai NaLIS telah bermula dalam RMK7 bagi membolehkan pengguna-pengguna maklumat tanah mendapat maklumat tanah dengan cepat dan tepat dengan menggunakan kemudahan teknologi maklumat.

Memandangkan skop dan tugas bagi melaksanakan aktiviti pembangunan infrastruktur data geospatial amat besar meliputiperkara-perkara berkaitan polisi, standard, teknologi, peraturan, perundangan, keselamatan serta pembiayaan termasuk penyediaan data di agensi-agensi di peringkat Persekutuan, Negeri dan Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan, maka Pusat InfrastrukturData Geospatial Negara (Malaysian Centre For Geospatial Data Infrastructure) MaCGDI telah diluluskan penubuhannya bagimenggantikan Sistem Infrastruktur Kebangsaan Bagi Maklumat Tanah (National Infrastructure for Land Information System)NaLIS.


Features

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MyGDI ‘CLEARINGHOUSE’

MyGDI beroperasi di dalam konsep sistem clearinghouse di mana agensi-agensi pembekal data membekalkandata mereka kepada clearinghouseMyGDI negeri berkaitan bagi mem-bolehkan aktiviti perkongsian datadilaksanakan. Bagi agensi-agensi kera-jaan negeri, adalah digalakkan penem-patan data dibuat di clearinghouseMyGDI negeri secara berpusat. Kaedahini dilaksanakan bertujuan untukmemudahkan pengurusan sistemaplikasi, data dan masalah rangkaian .Bagi agensi-agensi persekutuan dinegeri-negeri, peralatan MyGDI di tem-patkan di agensi berkaitan untuk pen-empatan data selain dari pembekalanterus dari ibu pejabat masing-masing.

MyGDI national clearinghouse serveryang berfungsi sebagai pusat sumberrujukan bagi data geospatial terletak di Pusat Insfrastruktur Data GeospatialNegara (Malaysian Centre for GeospatialData Insfrastructure) MaCGDI,Kementerian Tanah dan PembangunanKoperasi. Manakala MyGDI state clearinghouse server terletak di UPENatau pusat komputer negeri-negeri.Konsep perkongsian data melalui clearinghouse rangkaian MyGDI adalahseperti rajah di bawah:

Selaras dengan penubuhan MaCGDIpada 1 Disember 2002, SistemInfrastruktur Kebangsaan bagi MaklumatTanah (NaLIS) telah diubah namanyakepada Infrastruktur Data GeospatialNegara (MyGDI).

Objektif pembangunan dan pelaksanaanMyGDI adalah:1. Untuk menyediakan mekanisma bagi

memudahkan penggunaan dan perkongsian data geospatial di kala-ngan agensi pembekal dan pengguna.

2. Untuk mewakili kepentingan agensi- agensi di peringkat nasional dan antarabangsa berkaitan pengendalian data geospatial.

3. Untuk menggalakkan penggunaandata geospatial yang lebih meluas di peringkat negeri dan nasional.

4. Untuk meransang dan memper-tingkatkan kesedaran terhadap nilai data geospatial dan teknologi yang berkaitan.

5. Untuk bekerjasama ke arah pemba-ngunan data geospatial negara yang kukuh.

Meliputi data-data pesisiran pantai,struktur garisan pantai, perikanan, jetidan pelabuhan, inland water body sertalaut lepas. Data-data tersebut disediakan oleh Jabatan Ukur danPemetaan dan Jabatan Pengairan danSaliran serta Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan.

Meliputi maklumat peta topografi pel-bagai skala termasuk garisan kontor,embarkment, titik aras, lurah, cerun dansebagainya. Data-data berkenaan dise-diakan oleh Jabatan Ukur danPemetaan.

Mengandungi maklumat-maklumatberkenaan tanah seperti kesesuaiantanah, maklumat jenis tanah dan petahakisan tanah yang disediakan olehJabatan Pertanian.


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DATA MyGDI

Data Geospatial juga dikenali sebagai data spatial ataupun maklumat geografi. Ianya merujuk kepada maklumat semulajadi(natural) dan buatan manusia (man-made) serta sempadan di bumi yang dapat dikenalpasti lokasi geografinya. Data ini diper-olehi melalui teknologi-teknologi pemetaan dan pengukuran, foto udara dan remote sensing. Data non-spatial pula adalahdata berbentuk tekstual seperti data statistik, pemilikan dan hasil tanah, penilaian dan percukaian.Kategori Data MyGDI termasuklah :-

Maklumat yang terdapat dalam kategoriini adalah Peta Guna Tanah yangberasaskan kadaster termasuklah mak-lumat kediaman, perniagaan, industri,pendidikan, keagamaan, rekreasi,perkuburan serta kawasan pembangu-nan yang kebanyakannya disediakanoleh Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan sertaPihak Berkuasa Tempatan.

Menunjukkan maklumat berkaitan sem-padan hakmilik, sempadan pilihanraya,pelan perancangan, lot-lot tanah, peni-laian harta dan demografi yang disedi-akan oleh Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan,Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa,Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan, JabatanPenilaian dan Perkhidmatan Harta,Jabatan Perangkaan dan Pejabat Tanahdan Galian.

Merupakan data persempadanan kelasunit geologi dan kandungan mineral,maklumat hidrologi serta kejuruteraangeologi. Data-data tersebut disediakanoleh Jabatan Mineral dan Geosains.

BBuuiilltt EEnnvviirroonnmmeenntt DDeemmaarrccaattiioonn GGeeoollooggyy

HHyyddrroollooggyy HHyyppssooggrraapphhyy SSooiill

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Mengandungi maklumat-maklumat jali-nan jalan raya persekutuan, negeri danpihak berkuasa tempatan, jalan kere-tapi, komuter, ERL, LRT dan jugaMonorail. Data-data ini disediakan olehJabatan Kerja Raya dan Pihak BerkuasaTempatan.

Mengandungi maklumat spatial berkai-tan bekalan elektrik, bekalan air,telekomunikasi, minyak dan gas, sistemkumbahan, pengurusan sisa pepejalserta broadcasting. Maklumat-maklumattersebut dibekalkan oleh agensi-agensipembekal utiliti seperti TenagaNasional Berhad, Syarikat TelekomMalaysia, Perbadanan Air Negeri,Indah water, Petronas dan RadioTelevisyen Malaysia.

Data yang terkandung di bawah kate-gori ini termasuk maklumat land use,zon pertanian, indeks hujan, rizab hutanserta kawasan kering dan berair. Dataini disediakan oleh Jabatan Pertanian,Jabatan Perhutanan dan JabatanKajicuaca.

Mengandungi maklumat titik kawalan,tanda-tanda sempadan bandar, daerah,negeri dan antarabangsa. Data-datatersebut disediakan oleh Jabatan Ukurdan Pemetaan.

Mengandungi maklumat berkenaandengan Pengangkutan Udara sepertilapangan terbang, landasan kapal ter-bang, helipad dan sebagainya. Data-datatersebut disediakan oleh Jabatan Ukurdan Pemetaan.

Kategori data ini mengandungi mak-lumat-maklumat data tambah nilai yangtelah diperolehi hasil daripada pen-janaan terhadap data asas geospatialseperti digital terrain model (DTM),orthophoto dan seumpamanya.Maklumat ini kebanyakannya dihasilkanoleh Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan.

TTrraannssppoorrttaattiioonn UUttiilliittyy VVeeggeettaattiioonn

GGeenneerraall AAeerroonnaauuttiiccaall SSppeecciiaall UUssee


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KEMAJUAN PEMBANGUNAN MyGDI

Sehingga tahun 2003, pembangunan MyGDI telah dilaksanakan di 6 buah negeri iaitu Wilayah PersekutuanKuala Lumpur, Sabah,Wilayah Persekutuan Labuan, Perlis,Kedah dan Melaka. Agensi-agensi yang terlibat dalam pembangunan MyGDI adalah :-

WWiillaayyaahh PPeerrsseekkuuttuuaann KKuuaallaa LLuummppuurr ((1144 aaggeennssii))Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia (JUPEM)Jabatan Kerja RayaJabatan PertanianJabatan PerhutananJabatan PerangkaanPusat Remote Sensing Negara (MACRES)Jabatan Mineral dan GeosainsJabatan Pengairan dan SaliranJabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan WPKLPejabat Tanah dan Galian WPKLJabatan Penilaian DBKLJabatan Penilaian dan Perkhidmatan HartaJabatan Perancang DBKLJabatan Pengangkutan Bandar DBKL

SSaabbaahh ((1100 aaggeennssii))Jabatan Tanah dan Ukur SabahDewan Bandaraya Kota KinabaluJabatan Pertanian Jabatan PerhutananJabatan Kerja RayaJabatan Perangkaan Cawangan SabahJabatan Minerals dan Geosains Cawangan SabahJabatan Pengairan dan SaliranJabatan PerikananJabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Wilayah

PPeerrlliiss ((55 aaggeennssii))Pejabat Tanah dan GalianJabatan Ukur dan PemetaanUnit Perancang Ekonomi (UPEN)Majlis Perbandaran KangarJabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa

KKeeddaahh ((77 aaggeennssii))Pejabat Tanah dan GalianJabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Unit Perancang Ekonomi (UPEN)Majlis Perbandaran Sungai PetaniMajlis Daerah Kubang PasuMajlis Perbandaran Kota SetarJabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa

MMeellaakkaa ((77 aaggeennssii))Pejabat Tanah dan GalianJabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Unit Perancang Ekonomi (UPEN)Majlis Bandaraya Melaka BersejarahMajlis Daerah JasinMajlis Perbandaran Alor GajahJabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa

WWiillaayyaahh PPeerrsseekkuuttuuaann LLaabbuuaann ((33 aaggeennssii))Jabatan TanahJabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Perbadanan Labuan

Pembangunan bagi negeri-negeri lain iaitu Pulau Pinang,Perak, Selangor, Kelantan,Terengganu, Pahang, Johor, Sarawakdan WP Putrajaya akan dibuat pada tahun 2004-2005.

RUJUKAN:

1. Laman Web http://www.macgdi.gov.my2. Kertas kerja dan brosur yang dikeluarkan oleh MaCGDI

LLIILLYY HHAAMMMMAADDAAHH rraammlleeMula berkhidmat di Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa SemenanjungMalaysia pada November 1997 sebagai Pegawai Perancang bandar di PejabatProjek Kuala Lumpur. Beliau terlibat dalam penyediaan beberapa kajian rancangan pembangunan dan Kajian Penempatan Semula Orang Asli.Antaranya ialah Rancangan Struktur Negeri Perak, Rancangan TempatanPendamaran, Rancangan Tempatan Cheras, Rancangan Tempatan Bangi-Semenyih dan Beranang, Rancangan Tempatan Kuala Kangsar, RancanganTempatan Daerah Sabak Bernam dan Kajian Penyusunan Semula Kg. OrangAsli Kg. Sawah.

Pada bulan Mei 2003 sehingga Mac 2004, telah bertugas sebagai kader JPBDdi Bahagian Pusat Infrastruktur Data Geospatial Negara (MaCGDI),Kementerian Tanah dan Pembangunan Koperasi sebagai Penolong PengarahSeksyen Penyelidikan dan Pembagunan. Bermula 1 April 2004, bertugas seba-gai Penolong Setiausaha di Kementerian Wilayah Persekutuan, Putrajaya.

Telah mengikuti beberapa kursus dalam dan luar negara melalui program‘Geotechnical Analysis Research and Development’ (GSARD) bagi meningkatkankemahiran analisis spatial dalam penyediaan rancangan pembangunan.Antaranya kursus-kursus ArchView dan ArchGIS di UTM, Expert Choice danAHP di UIA dan kursus Spatial Multi-criteria Decision Making (MCDM) selama sebulan di International Institute for Aerospace Survey and EarthSciences (ITC), Enschede,The Netherland pada tahun 2002.

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PELAKSANAAN SISTEM MAKLUMAT GEOGRAFI DI JABATAN PERANCANGAN BANDAR DAN DESA NEGERI,Kepentingan, Dilema dan Potensi Melaksanakannya

ABSTRAKPenggunaan GIS sudah bertapak hampir satu dekad di negara ini. Bidang perancangan bandar dan desa mempunyai potensi yang besar di dalam menggunakannya. Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa (JPBD) Negeri adalah pihak yang sangat memerlukannya di dalam menjalankan tugas di dalam mengawal pemajuan gunatanah di negara ini. Kertas kerja memberi contoh penggunaanya di dalam melaksanakan Sistem ‘charting’ dan Maklumat Rancangan Pemajuan di JPBD Negeri Kedah.Walaupun masih menggunakan fungsi-fungsi ringkasperisian GIS tetapi ianya banyak memberi manfaat. Malah pelaksanaannya di JPBD Negeri Kedah telah diiktiraf dengan menjadi JohanPertandingan Inovasi Peringkat Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa, Semenanjung Malaysia tahun 2003.

PENGENALANSistem Maklumat Geografi (Geographical Information System - GIS) mula hangat diperkatakan di Malaysia sejak tahun 1980 anlagi. Penulis masih ingat lagi pada tahun 1991, di mana rata-rata para akademik, pegawai-pegawai kerajaan dan swasta begitusibuk memperkatakan tentang GIS. Di dalam tempoh 10 tahun tersebut, GIS ini sepatutnya telah mencapai tahap matang darisegi pelaksanaannya.

Walaupun begitu, sehingga kini khususnya Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa (JPBD) sama ada di peringkat persekutuan,negeri mahupun Bahagian Perancangan di Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan, kejayaan GIS kurang diketahui kecuali segelintir JPBDNegeri dan Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan. Apa yang lebih banyak dihebahkan adalah pembelian-pembelian perisian GIS terkiniyang ditawarkan, peralatan komputer, pembelian atau pembikinan peta-peta digital serta kajian-kajian sistem perkomputerantermasuk GIS.

MMOOHHDD.. NNAAZZRRII aabbdduullllaahh, email: [email protected] Perancangan Bandar dan Desa, Semenanjung Malaysia.

KKeerrttaass kkeerrjjaa iinnii mmeerruuppaakkaann kkeerrttaass kkeerrjjaa yyaanngg ddiiuubbaahhssuuaaii ddaarriippaaddaa ppeemmbbeennttaannggaann bbeerrttaajjuukk PPeellaakkssaannaaaann SSiisstteemm MMaakklluummaatt GGeeooggrraaffiiddii ddaallaamm PPeemmbbaanngguunnaann NNeeggeerrii KKeeddaahh ppaaddaa SSeemmiinnaarr SSeehhaarrii BBeerrssaammaa MMyyGGDDII,, ddii SSwwiissss IInnnn,, SSuunnggaaii PPeettaannii,, NNoovveemmbbeerr 22000033..


GIS merupakan satu bentuk sistemmaklumat khusus yang digunakan untukmemproses ddaattaa ggeeooggrraaffii bagi meng-hasilkan maklumat. Maklumat yangdihasilkan melaluinya biasanya berben-tuk peta (peta biasa atau peta tematik),model dan statistik. Apa yang pentingmengenai GIS ini menggunakan ddaattaassppaattiiaall (geographically referenced data)dan juga ddaattaa bbuukkaann ssppaattiiaall serta ter-masuk semua operasi yang menyokongaannaalliissiiss ssppaattiiaall..

Satu definisi yang relevan kepadabidang perancangan bandar dan desaadalah dengan mentakrifkan GIS seba-gai satu sistem yang mengandungiperkakasan, perisian, prosedur-proseduryang direkabentuk bagi menyokongppeemmeerroolleehhaann,, ppeenngguurruussaann,, mmaanniippuullaassii,,aannaalliissiiss,, ppeerrmmooddeellaann ddaann ppaappaarraann ddaattaaggeeooggrraaffii (spatial dan bukan spatial)untuk menyelesaikan masalah-masalahppeerraannccaannggaann,, ppeennggaawwaallaann,, ppeemmaannttaauuaannserta ppeenngguurruussaann yang kompleks.

Definisi di atas disokong oleh pendapatbahawa GIS itu terdiri dari empat (4)sub sistem iaitu :i) Data inputii) Simpanan dataiii) Manipulasi dan analisis dataiv) Pemaparan maklumat

DDAATTAAData merupakan input ke dalam sistem yang berupa data spatial atau bukan spatial. Sumber data adalah foto udara, peta, imej satelit, pelan, laporan dan sebagainya.Teknik kemasukan data adalah berasaskan 'keyboard', pengimbas,'digitizer' dan lain-lain. Kualiti data bergantung kepada ketepatan, terkini dan keutuhan. Data-data ini akan menjadi pengkalan data kepada GIS;

MMAAKKLLUUMMAATTMerupakan output dari GIS yang berbentuk peta, model statistik dan laporan;

PPRROOSSEEDDUURRProsedur ini melibatkan proses-proses kemasukan data, penyimpanan data,pemprosesan data, pemaparan maklumat, pengurusan sistem dan penyelenggaraansistem;

PPEERRKKAAKKAASSAANNPerkakasan ini melibatkan tiga peringkat iaitu perkakasan untuk kemasukan data(digitizer, keyboard, pengimbas), perkakasan memproses data (CPU), perkakasanpenyimpanan (disket, zip, cakera padat) dan pemaparan (plotter, pencetak);

PPEERRIISSIIAANNMelibatkan semua perisian untuk menggerakan Sistem GIS.Terdiri daripada sistemoperasi (Window 97,Window NT, Unix dan lain-lain), Sistem PengurusanPangkalan Data (Dbase, Microsoft Access, Oracle dan lain-lain) serta Perisian GIS(MapINFO, ArcINFO, AutoDeskWorld, Geomedia dan sebagainya);

MMAANNUUSSIIAAMelibatkan semua pihak yang terlibat dengan perlaksanaan GIS;

AAPPLLIIKKAASSIIAplikasi ini bergantung kepada bidang kerja. Contohnya Perancangan Bandar danDesa memerlukan aplikasi seperti 'Development and Planning System, PlanningMonitoring System, Planning Approval System' dan lain-lain.

Di dalam menggerakkan empat (4) sub sistem di atas, GIS umumnya mengandungitujuh (7) komponen untuk memproses ddaattaa ggeeooggrraaffii bagi pelbagai tujuan.Tujuhkomponen tersebut seperti berikut :-

DDAATTAA

IINNPPUUTT

SSIIMMPPAANNAANN

DDAATTAA

MMAANNIIPPUULLAASSII &&

AANNAALLIISSIISS DDAATTAA

PPEEMMAAPPAARRAANN

MMAAKKLLUUMMAATT

IINNPPUUTT PPRROOCCEESSSS OOUUTTPPUUTT

Masalah untuk mendapat dan menyediakan data juga merupakanmasalah utama. Pelbagai sumber data dengan kualiti yang berbeza-bezaakan menyebabkan berlaku kegusaran di dalam pelaksanaan GIS

Secara mudah, dapat difahami bahawaperkara penting di dalam melaksanakanGIS adalah DATA. Data merupakaninput ke dalam sistem GIS yang berupadata spatial dan bukan spatial.Keperluannya sama ada dari segi kualiti,kuantiti dan sumber data sangatbergantung kepada skop dan matlamatsistem GIS yang hendak dicapai. Ahli-ahli GIS bersependapat bahawakejayaan GIS banyak bergantung kepa-da data. Data ini merupakan sumberyang dinamik iaitu berubah mengikutperedaran masa dan keperluannya.

Manakala kepakaran, perisian,perkakasan, tenaga kerja, kaedah-kaedah penyediaan pangkalan data danpenyelenggaraan sistem merupakanjentera pengoperasian GIS. Maklumatmerupakan hasil akhir yang dicapai olehmatlamat pelaksanaannya.

Berdasarkan kepada ringkasan definisi diatas, dapat dibuat kesimpulan bahawapenubuhan GIS banyak bergantungkepada DATA. Ianya boleh diibaratkansebagai bahan mentah untuk mengger-akkan GIS. Sebaliknya, jentera pengop-erasian (perisian, kepakaran, peralatan,tenaga kerja dan lain-lain) merupakanpemandu kepada sistem GIS.

POTENSI PELAKSANAAN GIS DI JABATANPERANCANGAN BANDAR DAN DESA,NEGERI (JPBD NEGERI).

Sebagai seorang pegawai yang bertugasdi JPBD Negeri, penulis yakin pelak-sanaan GIS di JPBD Negeri mempunyairuang penggunaan yang amat besartetapi sehingga kini pengisiannya pelak-sanaan adalah terhad sekali.Adalah jelas sekali, penggunaan pelan,peta (maklumat spatial) dan maklumat-maklumat bukan spatial di dalam kerja-kerja harian di JPBD Negeri amatbanyak. Di Negeri Kedah contohnya,kerja-kerja harian melibatkan 454 syitpiawai skala 1 in : 8 rantai, 76 syitpiawai skala 1 in : 1 rantai dan juga petarupabumi Siri L7030 skala 1 : 250000.Ini tidak termasuk pelan-pelan tataturinduk, pelan pengezonan dan tidakterkecuali Peta Cadangan RancanganPemajuan (Rancangan Struktur danRancangan Tempatan). Pelan-pelan ataupeta-peta yang dimaksudkan ini adalahmerupakan sumber utama untukmelaksanakan GIS.

JPBD Negeri umumnya merupakanjabatan teknikal penting yang melak-sanakan perancangan guna tanah masa hadapan di dalam pembangunan sese-buah negeri. Di dalam menjalankantanggungjawab tersebut, pelbagai jenisdata (spatial dan bukan spatial) amatdiperlukan sama ada data-data yanglepas (data-data ini adalah banyak danrumit), data-data semasa mahupundata-data yang akan datang. Semuadata-data ini perlu diuruskan secarabaik untuk membolehkan peranan yangdimaksudkan di atas dapat diberikandengan baik dan berkesan. Bagi JPBDNegeri Kedah, antara kerja-kerja yangsangat bergantung kepada peta-peta

dan data-data berkaitannya adalahseperti berikut :,-- ‘Charting’;- Pertanyaan Kaunter ;- Pelan Tatatur Induk (mungkin

di negeri lain menggunakan istilah yang lain);

- Pelan Pengezonan dan Rancangan Pemajuan;

- Projek-projek Khas;- Data-data kemudahan awam

dan infrastruktur ;- Pelan Tekanan Pembangunan

dan lain-lain lagi.

Justeru itu, penulis berpendapat GISmerupakan alat yang berkesan di dalammembantu membuat keputusan peran-cangan pembangunan. Kajian''IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn SSyysstteemm PPllaannnniinngg'' yang telahdibuat bagi penyediaan Pelan StrategikTeknologi Maklumat oleh JPBD IbuPejabat (Bahagian Teknikal Maklumatdengan kerjasama pihak perunding)telah mencadangkan Sistem AplikasiTeknikal yang perlu dilaksanakan diJPBD Negeri seperti berikut :,- Development and Planning

System;- Planning Monitoring System;- Planning Approval System;- Counter Service System;- Appeal Board System;- SPC Decision Support

System;- Data Warehousing and

Executive Information System.

Berdasarkan kepada penerangan didalam Pelan Strategik TeknologiMaklumat tersebut, boleh dikatakanhampir 80 % daripada sistem di atasberasaskan kepada penggunaan GIS.Gambaran ini menunjukkan bahawaJPBD Negeri tidak boleh lari daripadamelaksanakan GIS sebagai alat untukmembantu melaksanakan tugas-tugasharian.

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Di dalam melaksanakan GIS di JPBDNegeri, kejelasan matlamat perlak-sanaan GIS, peruntukan kewangan yangbesar serta berterusan, kepakaran didalam bidang GIS, sokongan pihakatasan, tenaga kerja yang mencukupiserta rangka program pelaksanaanmemainkan peranan yang penting. Didalam pelaksanaan GIS di JPBD Kedah,memandangkan kesukaran mencapaisyarat-syarat dinyatakan di atas makappeennddeekkaattaann bbeerrsseessuuaaiiaann ddeennggaannkkeemmaammppuuaann digunapakai. Ini bermakna,pelaksanaan GIS dijalankan mengikutperuntukan, kepakaran dan tenaga kerjayang sedia ada dan terhad.Walaubagaimanapun, visi dan matlamatGIS dan rangka program kerja diuta-makan.

Secara umumnya, perancangan pelak-sanaan GIS di JPBD Kedah adalahberasaskan kepada Model SistemPengkalan Data Maklumat Perancanganyang terkandung di dalam Pelan'Information System Planning'. Modelumum ini, diubahsuai mengikut keper-luan JPBD Kedah.

Memandangkan kekurangan tenagakerja, kepakaran dan peruntukankewangan, JPBD Kedah telah memu-tuskan untuk memberi penumpuankepada dua Aplikasi Asas GIS iaitu :

1. Sistem Maklumat 'Charting' (KeCHART)

2. Sistem Maklumat Rancangan Pemajuan (KeDAP)

Sistem ini dilaksanakan terlebih dahulumemandangkan ia banyak melibatkanpeta-peta terutamanya syit piawai dankegunaan yang terlalu kerap sertakepentingan yang tinggi.

Kedua-dua aplikasi di atas kebanyakan-nya menggunakan arahan-arahan anali-sis 'query' dan 'find' ke atas maklumatdi dalam bentuk peta dan maklumattekstual.Walaupun menjalankan analisisyang ringkas tetapi kaedah ini amatberguna di dalam membantu kerja-kerja penting di JPBD Kedah yang meli-batkan 'charting' dan maklumat rancan-gan pemajuan.

CCoonnttoohh KKaaeeddaahh PPeenngggguunnaaaann KKeeCCHHAARRTT

aa.. KKaaeeddaahh 11:: PPeennccaarriiaann LLoott // ''CChhaarrttiinngg'' MMeenngggguunnaakkaann SSQQLL // ''QQuueerryy''bbeerraassaasskkaann PPeettaa KKaaddaassttrraall1. Pencarian Nombor Lot berasaskan Peta Kadastral Jabatan Ukur &

Pemetaan. Jika tiada, akan dicari melalui Nombor Lot di atas Peta Kadastral yang disediakan oleh JPBD Kedah.

2. Lot yang di kehendaki telah dijumpai melalui kedua-dua peta kadastral diatas.

3. Lot atau lot-lot yang ditemui akan di'charting'kan (jika belum ada) atau 'charting' yang sedia ada.

Semua maklumat 'charting' perlu dimasukan ke dalam Peta Kadastral Digitaluntuk mendapatkan 'charting' yang lengkap.

SSiisstteemm MMaakklluummaatt ''CChhaarrttiinngg'' ((KKeeCCHHAARRTT))

TTuujjuuaann ::Menukar Sistem 'Charting' sedia ada iaitu 'charting' berasaskan Syit Piawaiberskala 1 in : 8 rantai dan 1 in : 1 rantai kepada 'charting' digital menggunakanpeta kadastral berdigital.

'Charting' bagi JPBD Negeri Kedah merupakan maklumat terpenting yangberkaitan rekod fail-fail permohonan perancangan yang diproses.Memandangkan masalah syit piawai yang mengandungi maklumat-maklumatpenting tersebut yang kerap mengalami kerosakan, kehilangan dan sukar dibacamaka Jabatan telah memutuskan untuk memindahkan maklumat-maklumattersebut ke dalam bentuk digital menggunakan peta kadastral digital.

Di peringkat awalan, hanya maklumat-maklumat asas 'charting' dikemaskini.Walaubagaimanapun, lapisan-lapisan maklumat yang membentuk SistemMaklumat 'Charting' (KeCHART) yang berasaskan dan diubahsuai dari AplikasiSistem Pengkalan Data Maklumat Perancangan.

Pengoperasian Sistem KeCHART yang berasaskan perisian MapINFO Ver 6.5memudahkan pencarian 'charting' dan juga memplot 'charting'.Walaupunmasih menggunakan menu-menu yang terdapat di dalam perisian MapINFO(tidak ada customization) kerja-kerja yang biasanya dilakukan secara manualdapat mengurangkan masa semasa melaksanakannya.

APLIKASI GIS YANG DIPERLUKAN OLEH JABATAN PERANCANGAN BANDAR DAN DESA NEGERI

Pengalaman JPBD Negeri Kedah.

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1 2 3

PENTADBIRAN

NEGERI

DAERAH

MUKIM

SEKSYEN

SYIT PIAWAI

PETA ASAS

JUPEM

JPBD

SEMENTARA

PLOT MMK

PLOT PBT

KEMUDAHAN

AGAMA

PENDIDIKAN

KESIHATAN

POLIS

BOMBA

SUNGAI

SG SINGLE

TERUSAN

SALIRAN

JALANRAYA

LEBUHRAYA

KERETAPI

SIRKULASI

TOPOGRAFI

KECERUNAN

JENIS TANAH

FIZIKAL

GAS

RENTIS TNB

UTILITI

LANDSAT

PHOTOUDARA

SATELIT IMEJ

RT

RTD

RSN

RFN

SATELIT

GUNATANAH

RT

RS

PELAN 'ZONING'

KWS PBGN

KeDAP

CARTA UTAMA

SEMENTARA

PERTANYAAN

KeCHART

GISGISJPBD KEDAH

SSeennaarraaii LLaappiissaann AApplliikkaassii GGIISS:: KKeeCCHHAARRTT ddaann KKeeDDAAPPJJaabbaattaann PPeerraannccaannggaann BBaannddaarr ddaann DDeessaa NNeeggeerrii KKeeddaahh

RRaajjaahh 11 :: Senarai Lapisan Aplikasi GIS: KeCHART dan KeDAP Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa Negeri Kedah


Dengan berteraskan kepada AplikasiSistem Pangkalan Data MaklumatPerancangan, sistem KeCHART iniberupaya untuk diperkembangkanterutamanya untuk diintergrasikan den-gan Pelan Tatatur Induk Digital yangdijalankan menggunakan perisian CAD.Ini bertujuan untuk melengkapkan

Sistem Maklumat Perancangan yangdicadangkan berikut :,- Development and Planning

System;- Planning Monitoring System;- Planning Approval System.Selain itu, dengan tersedianya data danmaklumat 'charting' ini akan mem-bolehkan 'customization' dibuat pada

masa hadapan apabila mempunyaiperuntukan kelak. Inovasi dari pelak-sanaan KeCHART adalah masamelakukan 'charting' dapat dijimatkandan maklumat-maklumat yang diper-lukan untuk memproses fail permoho-nan perancangan dapat dipaparkan diperingkat awal lagi.

CCoonnttoohh KKaaeeddaahh PPeenngggguunnaaaann KKeeCCHHAARRTTbb.. KKaaeeddaahh 22:: PPeennccaarriiaann LLoott // ''CChhaarrttiinngg'' MMeenngggguunnaakkaann ''QQuueerryy'' bbeerraassaasskkaann SSyyiitt PPiiaawwaaii // PPiiaawwaaiiaann1. Pencarian menggunakan arahan 'Query' terhadap Syit Piawai / Piawaian

yang dikehendaki.2. Syit Piawaian yang dikehendaki telah ditemui dan lapisan-lapisan berkaitan

dibuka untuk carian terperinci.

Menggunakan kaedah ini memerlukan banyak elemen lain untuk membantu carianseperti jalan, sungai, kemudahan awam dan utiliti. Kebiasaannya ia melibatkan pencar-ian plot-plot baru.

Selain daripada mempunyai Peta Asas yang berkaitan lot, Sistem KeCHART ini perlumempunyai lapisan-lapisan sokongan untuk membantu dan memberi maklumatkepada sistem ini.

RRaajjaahh 22 :: Pencarian menggunakan arahan 'Query' terhadap Syit Piawai yang dikehendaki

RRaajjaahh 33 : Syit Piawaian yang dikehendaki telah ditemui dan lapisan-lapisan berkaitan dibuka untuk carian terperinci

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2. SISTEM MAKLUMAT RANCANGANPEMAJUAN (KeDAP)

TTuujjuuaann ::Menukar maklumat-maklumat yangterkandung di dalam CadanganGambarajah Utama (maklumat spatial)dengan disokong maklumat tekstual(maklumat bukan spatial) mengikutkeperluan JPBD Kedah ke dalam ben-tuk digital. Ini melibatkan data spatial(Cadangan Gambarajah Utama) danmaklumat cadangan perancanganutama.

RRaajjaahh 44 :: Pencarian lot atau lot-lot di dalamkawasan Rancangan Tempatan menggunakanSQL atau 'Query'.

RRaajjaahh 66 :: Menggunakan arahan 'Hotlink' untukmenyambungkan ke maklumat berkaitan BlokPerancangan Kecil (BPK) Rancangan Tempatanberkaitan.

RRaajjaahh 77 :: Paparan Maklumat BPK di dalamperisian MS Word. Maklumat berkenaan bolehterus dicetak.

RRaajjaahh 55:: Lot atau lot-lot yang dikehendaki telahditemui.

Rancangan Pemajuan (RancanganTempatan dan Rancangan Struktur) danPelan Pengezonan merupakan sumberrujukan utama di dalam memprosespermohonan perancangan dan juga per-tanyaan kaunter. Di dalam keadaansemasa, Peta Cadangan GambarajahUtama dan maklumat-maklumat peran-cangan berkaitannya adalah di dalam bentuk 'hardcopy'. Penggunaan PetaCadangan Gambarajah Utama mengala-mi kesukaran kerana peta tersebutkerap tersalah letak, hilang, koyak, mak-lumat di dalam bentuk yang berbezadan maklumat perancangan di dalambentuk laporan akan mengambil masauntuk disemak. Selain itu, penterjemahanyang berbeza terhadap RancanganPemajuan oleh pegawai-pegawai yangmemproses fail atau layanan kaunterkadang kala memberikan maklumat yangtidak konsisten kepada pelanggan.

Pembangunan Sistem KeDAP ini meru-pakan titik permulaan bagi mengguna-pakai maklumat-maklumat Rancangan Pemajuan sebaik mungkin.Walaupun iamerupakan satu aplikasi yang ringkas

dan asas, ianya tetap mempunyai ruangyang luas untuk diperkembangkan dandipertingkatkan di masa hadapanbergantung kepada kepakaran dan jugaperuntukan kewangan.

Dua aplikasi di atas, merupakan aplikasiyang mudah, ringkas dan ditahap asas.Walaubagaimanapun dari segi kegu-naannya, ia mampu meringankan tugas-tugas harian terumatamanya dari segipenjimatan masa. Malah penggunaanGIS secara lebih mendalam danmenyeluruh terutamanya pemakaianalat-alat analisis secara keseluruhannyadi dalam proses automasi pejabat akanmembuatkan kerja-kerja akan menjadilebih mudah dan cepat. Jika berdasarkankepada Pelan 'Information SystemPlanning', didapati keperluan Aplikasi'Planning Approval System' adalah sangatpenting.Walaubagaimanapun, penyedi-aannya memerlukan peruntukan kewan-gan yang tinggi kerana melibatkan datayang lengkap, menyeluruh dan tepatserta 'customization'.

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MASALAH PELAKSANAAN GIS DIJABATAN PERANCANGAN BANDAR DANDESA NEGERI.

Umumnya, masalah utama pelaksanaanGIS di JPBD Negeri tentunya berkaitandengan ppeerruunnttuukkaann kkeewwaannggaann.Peruntukan kewangan yang disediakanhanya meliputi skop pengurusan,manakala peruntukan aktiviti pemban-gunan hanya melibatkan peruntukanpenyediaan Rancangan Pemajuan.Walaupun permohonan peruntukanberasingan khusus untuk pembangunanGIS boleh diajukan tetapi ianya tertak-luk kepada kemampuan kerajaannegeri.Walaupun dari segi perolehanperalatan mampu diusahakan tetapi kosyang tinggi untuk perisian, perolehandata-data tepat dan 'customization' ter-hadap aplikasi sedikit sebanyak bolehmembataskan pelaksanaan GIS denganbaik.

Selain itu, masalah utama yang perludiberi perhatian adalah kurangnya per-ancangan pelaksaan pembangunan ICT.Pelan 'Information System Planning' yang

disediakan adalah amat baik sekali.Tetapi dengan kurangnya pendedahanakan isi kandungan pelan tersebutbermakna kajiannya tidak dapat diman-faatkan di peringkat negeri. Malahkebanyakan JPBD Negeri terkapai-kapaiuntuk melaksanakan aplikasi-aplikasiyang dicadangkan.

Berkaitan dengan perkara di atas, keti-adaan tenaga pakar yang mahir didalam bidang GIS turut menyumbangkepada masalah pelaksanaannya.Pelaksanaan GIS memerlukan peran-cangan dan program tindakan yangbersepadu dari pandangan pakar yangkhusus di dalam bidang GIS.Walaupuntidak mempunyai tenaga pakar di JPBDNegeri sendiri, sekurang-kurangnyaJPBD Negeri boleh merujuk kepadapasukan pakar tertentu. Malah jika,Pelan 'Information System Planning'diberi penerangan selengkapnya makaia akan banyak membantu perancangandan pelaksanaan GIS.

Penubuhan pasukan atau unit khususuntuk melaksanakan GIS adalah pent-

ing. Dengan kekurangan tenaga kerjasemasa ditambah dengan pengetahuanyang ada, tentunya penubuhan pasukanatau unit ini akan menjadi 'tidak popu-lar' dan kurang bermotivasi. Penubuhanpasukan atau unit berkaitan GIS perlumelibatkan pegawai-pegawai darikumpulan sistem maklumat dan jugamemerlukan pegawai 'data entry' dan'field survey' yang banyak.

Masalah untuk mendapat dan menyedi-akan data juga merupakan masalahutama. Pelbagai sumber data dengankualiti yang berbeza-beza akan menye-babkan berlaku kegusaran di dalampelaksanaan GIS. Contohnya, peta asassyit piawai di JPBD Kedah menggu-nakan dua sumber iaitu dari JabatanUkur dan Pemetaan Malaysia dan dise-diakan sendiri. Kedua-dua sumber inimempunyai kualiti dan kuantiti (lengkapatau tidak) yang berbeza. Masalah sum-ber data ini kebiasaanya timbul dise-babkan oleh skala, format danketepatan data yang berbeza-beza.


Featu

res

“Hanya akan tinggal kenangan.”

RUJUKAN:

1. CGIA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia dan NaLIS (2000) “Pengenalan Sistem Maklumat Geografi:Kursus Pendek untuk Agensi Berkaitan Tanah”.2. Ishak Endan (2000) “Pelan Strategik Teknologi Maklumat JPBD di Mesyuarat Pegawai PerancangBandar dan Desa Malaysia Ke XIII”.3. MapINFO Corporation (2001) “MapINFO Professional: User's Guide”

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Featu

res

PERLUKAH GIS DIGUNAKAN PADAMASA HADAPAN?

Perlukah JPBD Negeri mengubah sis-tem kerja manual sedia ada kepadakaedah-kaedah digital (iaitu GIS bagisetengah-setengah aktiviti) sedangkansumber-sumber untuk melaksanakannyaadalah terhad? Sejauh manakah baiknyaGIS berbanding dengan kerja secaramanual ataupun melakukannya denganperisian CAD?

Untuk melaksanakan GIS, mungkin pel-bagai persoalan timbul terutamanyauntuk mengubah cara kerja semasayang dilakukan dengan baik (yang padapendapatnya boleh berjalan sepertibiasa dan tiada masalah). Jawapan yangterbaik untuk menjawab persoalantersebut adalah langkah untuk mem-promosikan JPBD Negeri yang telahberjaya melaksanakannya. Ini bertujuanuntuk menunjukkan betapa tertinggal-nya cara kita bekerja. Malah, penulisjuga turut merasakan bahawa apa yangdilaksanakan di JPBD Negeri Kedahadalah jauh ketinggalan dari JPBDNegeri lain yang berjaya melaksanakan-nya.

Apa yang perlu dijawab mengenaipelaksanaan GIS di JPBD Negeribukanlah kesukaran GIS itu sendiri.Tetapi persoalan pokok yang perludijawab, adakah kita mahu melak-sanakan tugas dengan cara yang samaseperti yang kita lakukan pada masalalu di dalam dunia yang serba canggihdan moden ini? Dunia yang segala-galanya banyak menggunakan kaedahdigital. Mungkin peta-peta yang meng-gunakan kertas sekarang ini hanyamenjadi bahan simpanan di rak-rakpelan pada masa hadapan. Ini samalahseperti penggunaan telefon talian tetapsekarang ini lebih mirip menjadi bahanperhiasan berbanding dengan penggu-naan telefon bimbit.

MMOOHHDD.. NNAAZZRRII aabbdduullllaahhMemulakan karier di JPBD pada Mac 1995.Telah bertugas di Unit Latihan dan Perancangan SumberManusia (1995 - 1998), Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa Negeri Kedah (1999 - 2003) dansekarang bertugas di Bahagian Rancangan Pemajuan, Pejabat Projek Alor Star.

Semasa di JPBD Negeri Kedah, beliau terlibat dengan pembangunan Bank Data dan GIS.Telah berjaya membawa JPBD Negeri Kedah memenangi dua anugerah inovasi iaitu Sistem MaklumatPerancangan (KESIP) pada tahun 2000 dan Sistem Maklumat Charting Berkomputer (KeCHART)dan Rancangan Pemajuan (KeDAP) pada 2003. Kertas kerja ini merupakan kertas kerja yang diubahsuai daripada pembentangan bertajuk Pelaksanaan Sistem Maklumat Geografi di dalamPembangunan Negeri Kedah pada Seminar Sehari Bersama MyGDI, di Swiss Inn, Sungai Petani,November 2003.

Apa yang perlu dijawab mengenai pelaksanaan GIS di JPBD Negeri bukanlahkesukaran GIS itu sendiri. Tetapi persoalan pokok yang perlu dijawab, adakahkita mahu melaksanakan tugas dengan cara yang sama seperti yang kitalakukan pada masa lalu di dalam dunia yang serba canggih dan moden ini?

What if ?

LL’’uurrbbaa

nnii ss ttee ‘‘0044

THE APPLICATION OF MULTIPLE CRITERIA DECISIONANALYSIS IN THE KLANG VALLEY INTEGRATED LAND USE AND TRANSPORTATION STUDYMMOOHHAAMMMMEEDD AALLII sshhaarriiffii11 [email protected],, LLUUCC bbooeerrbboooomm22 [email protected],, KKAAMMAALLRRUUDDDDIINN sshhaammssuuddiinn33 [email protected]

INTRODUCTION

Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis "MCDA" method has recently been applied to assist decision makers in the design andevaluation of several rail corridor options in the Klang Valley.This study is a follow-up of the Klang Valley Perspective Plan II(2000-2020) completed in 2001. Among the proposals in the plan was the need to identify suitable future rail corridors toenhance the usage of public transportation facilities to serve a projected population of 7 million people by the year 2020.

The application of MCDA in the Malaysian setting, in particular, the design and evaluation of transportation facilities at theregional level, is believed to be the first of its kind (at least from regional development perspective).This therefore puts socialand environmental concerns on par with economics and engineering concerns in the design and evaluation process, as thelatter two concerns were traditionally given greater attention at the expense of the two former aspects in any (conventionalFour Step approach) transportation studies.

This article illustrates the application of MCDA technique to support the planning of an integrated land use and transporta-tion system for the Klang Valley. In this process, a new preference assessment method was developed and applied.Themethod, called structured pair-wise comparison, is a slight variation of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) (Saaty, 1980).AHP uses pair-wise comparisons to derive ratio scale priorities, which is relatively difficult, time consuming and even some-times tedious on the participants; especially when participants are not familiar with the Saaty scale. On the other hand struc-tured pair-wise comparison method applied in this study has proven its ease of use within a limited time-constraints partici-patory framework.

In this study, MCDA has been used as a framework for design, and evaluation of alternative rail-network in order to:i) Guide the preliminary design of potential alternative rail-networks, which matches the existing, and future

socio-economic and technical requirements of the Klang Valley region.ii) Study the pros and cons of the potential networks from different perspectives, considering proper indicators in order

to improve the designs.iii) Selection of proper transportation network through evaluation of potential alternative networks from different local

authorities perspectives through considering relevant socio-economic, environmental and engineering criteria and indicators. Such preferred network shall be subjected for further detailed design and development.


Planning Tools Update

1. Department of Urban Regional Planning and Geoinformation Management, International Institute for Geoinformation and Earth Observation (ITC), Netherlands.2. Department of Urban Regional Planning and Geoinformation Management, International Institute for Geoinformation and Earth Observation (ITC), Netherlands.3. Research and Development Division, Federal Department of Town & Country Planning, Ministry of Housing and Local Government, Malaysia.

31 2

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4. Values are subjective evidence specific to the problem.Theseare opinions, views, attitudes, prejudices, assumptions and inter-pretations that are difficult to measure but have important influ-ences on the decision-making process.They are often used totest desirability and answer the question "is the decision right?"(Luc Boerboom and Ali Sharifi, 2002). Research on improving theassessment techniques for value function are still in progress(Marjan van Herwijnen, 1999).

5. Failing to differentiate such understanding will result in usersapplying MCDM within a cookbook paradigm. Relevant expertknowledge in translating such criterion thresholds into a valuefunction curve is a requirement.6. For a related descriptive theory, see “Prospect Theory” (1979)concerning decisions under risk. It explains how and why ourchoices deviate from the normative model of expected-utilitytheory.

BACKGROUND TO MCDA

MCDA is a transparent way to systematically collect and processobjective information, express andcommunicate subjective judgementsconcerning choice from a set of alter-natives affecting several stakeholders.Such a systematic, rational, and trans-parency of judgements most probablyleads to more effective and efficientdecisions by individuals or groups ofdecision makers.Value judgement4 isessential in comparisons of 2 or morealternatives/criteria. Such value judgement in MCDA is also expressedin the form of value function when handling criterion performance besidesalso in setting appropriate weight settings etc.

Historically, Multiple Criteria Evaluationmethods were developed to select thebest alternative from a set of compet-ing options.These included single crite-ria methods for example cost benefitanalysis, decision tree analysis and pay-off tables, and many other methods ofMultiple Criteria Decision Makingmethods "MCDM". During its earlydevelopment MCDM devoted itself tothe core issue of formalizing decisionmethodologies within the analytical tradition.The emphasis was on developing and testing procedures forcriteria measurement, weight evalua-tion, integration of partial views, andoption selection. Several comprehen-sive surveys of these technical issues ofspatial decision analysis were producedduring the 1980s and early 1990s(Jean-Claude Thill, 1998).

Over the years, these methods haveevolved into a diverse range of decision aid techniques that can be

used in many different decision making processes to:- structure the decision problem andimprove the understanding of the mainissues involved in the decision;- identify and assess the effect andimpact of policy alternatives in variousforms;- identify pros and cons of variousmanagement processes to supportfeed back and feed forwards;- identify pros and cons of variousmanagement options, and support theevaluation of multiple policy alterna-tives;- transparent and effective presentationof the choice of options and priorities- support reasoning in negotiations;and- analyse the sensitivity and robustnessof options with respect to the select-ed criterion.

DECISION MAKING PARADIGMS ANDAPPROACHES

Before describing the actual process ofMCDA application, it is useful to men-tion the two main paradigms for deci-sion-making 5 and their related deci-sion models.ii)) OObbjjeeccttiivvee rraattiioonnaalliittyy ((ssuubbssttaannttiivveerraattiioonnaalliittyy)) where decision processresults in selection of the best solutioni.e. selection of an optimal course ofaction. It is also known as multi-objec-tive decision making (MODM). It issometimes viewed as a natural exten-sion of mathematical programming,where single or several objective func-tions are considered simultaneously.

iiii)) PPrroocceedduurraall rraattiioonnaalliittyy ((bboouunnddeeddrraattiioonnaalliittyy)) where procedure to reachthe best solution is optimal i.e. searchfor satisfied alternative rather than

optimal alternative.Therefore, selectionof a course of action, which is onlygood enough, is the objective.This issupported by simulation and multi-attribute decision-making (MADM).

The objective and procedural rationali-ties can be related to two types ofdecision models i.e. nnoorrmmaattiivvee mmooddeellss((pprreessccrriippttiivvee)) and ddeessccrriippttiivvee mmooddeellss.Normative models (as in MODM) indi-cate how to make a class of decisions(example engineering and economiccriterion for selection among alterna-tives are handled through optimiza-tion). Decision makers seek to maxi-mize profit or utility and are infinitelysensitive to differences among out-comes. On the other hand, descriptivemodels (as in MADM) indicates howdecision maker actually makes decision,through a limited search for a few satis-factory alternatives which satisfies deci-sion makers aspiration level (satisfice).This article essentially focus on suchsatisficing concerns and thus deals withMADM methods 6.

Decision-making is a process, involvinga sequence of activities that starts withrecognition of a decision problem andends with recommendation for a deci-sion.The quality of the decisiondepends on the sequence and qualityof activities that are carried out.Depending on the situation, there are anumber of ways that the sequence ofactivities can be organized. Accordingto Keeney (1992), two majorapproaches can be distinguished, thealternative-focused, and the value-focused approach.The alternative-focused approach starts with develop-ment of alternative options, specifica-tion of values and criteria, then evalua-tion and recommendation of an option.

...a new preference assessment method...called structured pair-wise compari-son, is a slight variation of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) (Saaty, 1980).AHP...is relatively difficult, time consuming and even sometimes tedious on theparticipants; especially when participants are not familiar with the Saaty scale.


APPLIED MCDM METHODOLOGY TOTHE KLANG VALLEY

The objective of the Klang ValleyIntegrated Land use and TransportationStudy was to design and recommendthe proper rail-network, which together with the other existing andplanned transportation infrastructuremeets the socio-economic, environ-mental and technical requirements ofthe people in Klang Valley region up tothe year 2020. Considering the objec-tives, the decision-making paradigmsand approaches, procedural rationalityand value-focused approach was select-ed to be used in the study. In this context after careful study of the caseand discussion with various membersof the consortium of local consultantsinvolved in the study, the following

procedure was planned and carriedout:i) Identification of the goal, objectives and purpose of the integrated trans-portation and land use system.ii) Development of basic principles forthe design and evaluation of the trans-portation network.This was developedthrough detailed specification of thecharacteristics of ideal transportationnetwork, so called "sustainable trans-portation system". Such system shallmeet the engineering requirements aswell as the future socio-economic andthe environmental requirements of theKlang Valley region up to the year2020.This leads to identification of cri-teria and indicators, which could be

used to measure performance of the designed network.iii) Such characteristics was hierarchically structured in the so called “criteria tree” which includes,goal, objectives, criteria, indicators,closely related to the overall goal andobjectives of the project.iv) The criteria structure after beingapproved by the Project TechnicalCommittee and the SteeringCommittee was used as a basis fordevelopment and evaluation of thetransportation networks.v) Considering the above desired characteristics (presented in the criteriastructure) and the existing studies, 3potential alternative transportation rail

Branch

1 2 73 4 5 6

Social Institutional

MaxEmployment

Linkages

MinDisruption

MaxMobility

StrategicCentresLinkages

MaxConnectivity

LandAcquisition

Ext.Linkages

1. Gross floor area [1/2 km radius].2. Extent residential area split by rail corridor.3. Serve high density population area.

Access to disadvantage areas.Access to shopping complexes.Access to educational areas.Access to tourism attractions.

4. Nos. strategic centres linked to network.5. Nos. connection to existing public transportation system.

FFiigguurree 11 :: Hierarchy of goal, objectives, criteria, indicators and Rail Network option

The value-focused approach on theother hand, considers the values as thefundamental element in the decisionanalysis.Therefore it first focuses onthe specification of values (value struc-ture), then considering the values feasi-ble options are developed and evaluat-ed based on the predefined value andcriteria structure.This implies that deci-sion alternatives should be generatedin such a way that values specified fora decision situation are best achieved.In other words, the order of thinking isfocused on what is desired, rather thanevaluation of alternatives. In fact alter-natives are considered as means toachieve the more fundamental values,rather than being an end. Naturally, indecision problems which alternativeoptions have to be developed andthen evaluated, the value-focusapproach can be much more effective,however if the decision problem startswith choice of option, the alternative-focused is more relevant.

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networks which complement the existing networks and meets the futuredemands of the people in the KlangValley were designed.vi) Presentation, review and finalizationof the conceptual networks with related stakeholders, through workshops and technical meeting sessions.The members of the TechnicalCommittee, Steering Committee, theeight local authorities, and the relatedexpert groups were considered as themain stakeholders.vii) Assessment of the socio-economic,environmental, and engineering performance/impacts of each of theabove networks by different expertsand stakeholders group. Some of the

impacts and performance indicatorswere estimated through transportationmodel "simulation" (Transcad software),some through surveys, and othersthrough application of GIS spatialqueries (through ArcView bufferingtool).viii) Selection of proper transportationnetwork through multi criteria evaluation.The evaluation was carriedout based on the impacts and performances of different networks oneach criterion and indicators as well astheir relative importance as perceivedby different stakeholders.ix) Preference assessments exerciseswas conducted with all eight localauthorities in the Klang Valley (with

complete response from seven localauthorities), the Selangor Town andCountry Planning Department, and further assessment by the local consultants for second, third and forthweights levels.x) Presentation of the evaluationresults to the Technical Committee forfeedback and supporting the final discussion and decision on the properrail network.

Radial Loop

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Environmental Engineering Economic

Goal

Indi

cato

rsC

rite

ria

Mai

nO

bjec

tive

Rai

l Net

wor

kO

ptio

n

MinIntrusion

MinEnergy

MinEmisson

Min Noise Constructability Max

EfficiencyMax

Economic

6. Length of network through private land. 13. Develop faster network [less passenger hr].7. Nos. of centres in outer Klang Valley within 400m. Minimize nos. of transfer station.8. Minimum intrusion into conservation, forest reserves, Less distance travelled [less passenger km]

water catchment and historic area. 14. Maximize feasible economic return.9. Power consumption per vehicle. Benefit/cost ratio.10. Emission of CO, NO2, particulates. Economic internal rate of return.11. Minimum noise for hospitals, residential, schools . Net present value.12. Minimize distance passing through problemmatic areas First year rate of return.

Total Cost [construction, operation & maintenance].

Hierarchy for the Rail Network Choice Problem

BASIC PRINCIPLE AND DESIGN OF RAIL NETWORK

To implement the selected value-focused MCDA approach, a largely topdown method was used to define thegoal, objectives, and their related indica-tors of the required transportationnetwork. After several rounds of dis-cussions involving the consulting team,Technical Committee members andlocal authority officials, a criteria struc-ture as presented in Figure 1 wasaccepted and used as a base for devel-opment and evaluation of the rail-net-work.The various elements of thisstructure are briefly defined as follows:

MAIN OBJECTIVES AND CRITERIA

ii)) EEccoonnoommiicc oobbjjeeccttiivveeEconomic objective seeks to maximizefeasible economic return in investmentfrom the network. A number of crite-rion were used to measure how wellan alternative performs on each indica-tors, e.g., benefit/cost ratio, first yearreturn, internal rate of return, net pres-ent value, construction cost and opera-tion cost.iiii)) EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg OObbjjeeccttiivveeThis objective looks at three main con-cerns i.e. efficiency of the network, con-struction issues, and effective use of thenetwork for work and non-work trips.

The criteria used to measure extent ofsuch achievement by networks are asfollows:- Efficiency is measured by examiningthe minimum number of transfer,(whereby an alternative with excessivetransfer will score low for this criteria),network which contribute to a reduc-tion in travel time compared to timespent in the vehicular traffic will scorehigh or be beneficial; and the more dis-tance covered by rail will be consid-ered a plus compared to a shorterarea of coverage;- From the construction aspect, alter-natives which have rail routes passingthrough problematic area like utilitylines, high density built-up areas, com-mercial area, industrial area and institu-tional areas, will be considered to scorelow for this criteria.iiiiii)) EEnnvviirroonnmmeennttaall OObbjjeeccttiivveeThe designed network should minimizedisturbance to the environment.Thiscan be materialized by i.e. reduction inenergy consumption, low emissionlevel, minimum intrusion into environ-mental sensitive areas, reduction innoise impact to sensitive land use (suchas hospital, residential and school).iivv)) IInnssttiittuuttiioonnaall OObbjjeeccttiivveeThis objective is to look into the matchbetween the networks and Spatial poli-cies of the federal and state govern-ments, e.g. to provide good facilities tolink the city centers with those outsideof the Klang valley; maximize connectiv-ity to existing public transport systems;maximize linkages to strategic

growth centers (as designated/pro-posed in structure and local plans); andminimize land acquisition.vv)) SSoocciiaall OObbjjeeccttiivveeThe network should increase socialmobility by way of easy access to exist-ing and future settlement.This is meas-ured by forecasting passenger/kmreduction for residential to employ-ment area, and residential to educa-tional institution.The local authorityshould have a good idea where imme-diate future settlements will be (includ-ing proposed employment and educa-tional institution). Efficiency of land useobjective should be achieved by maxi-mizing the access of residential areas toshopping, service and recreational cen-ters. Such system serve highly populat-ed areas; and particularly disadvantagedareas (low cost settlements); increaseaccess to tourism attraction areas; mini-mize disruption to neighborhood com-munities; and maximize linkages tomajor employment areas/centers.

CRITERIA AND INDICATORS

To further support the design and eval-uation of the rail-network, the objec-tives had to be further broken downinto criteria and their correspondingindicators.The indicators are furtherused to measure the performance ofeach alternative rail network on eachobjective. The whole criteria structureis presented in Figure 1.


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EEffffiicciieennccyy ooff llaanndd uussee oobbjjeeccttiivvee sshhoouulldd bbee aacchhiieevveedd bbyy mmaaxxiimmiizziinnggtthhee aacccceessss ooff rreessiiddeennttiiaall aarreeaass ttoo sshhooppppiinngg,, sseerrvviiccee aanndd rreeccrreeaattiioonnaall cceenntteerrss.. SSuucchh ssyysstteemm sseerrvvee hhiigghhllyy ppooppuullaatteedd aarreeaass;; aanndd ppaarrttiiccuullaarrllyy ddiissaaddvvaannttaaggeedd aarreeaass ((llooww ccoosstt sseettttlleemmeennttss));; iinnccrreeaassee aacccceessss ttoo ttoouurriissmmaattttrraaccttiioonn aarreeaass;; mmiinniimmiizzee ddiissrruuppttiioonn ttoo nneeiigghhbboouurrhhoooodd ccoommmmuunniittiieess;;aanndd mmaaxxiimmiizzee lliinnkkaaggeess ttoo mmaajjoorr eemmppllooyymmeenntt aarreeaass

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FFiigguurree 22 :: The existing rail network and 3 new options.

Existing Rail Networks

Radial - Option

Branch - Option

Loop - Option

Considering the set goal, objectives, related criteria and indi-cators, 3 alternative competitive rail networks with three dif-ferent design approaches were developed.The networkdesign was an iterative process, guided by the set criteriastructure. It took some iteration to come up with the threenetworks that are potentially good networks, although, eachhas its own pros and cons.The three networks as presentedin Figure 2 are:

ii)) BBrraanncchh nneettwwoorrkk ""BBrraanncchh--ooppttiioonnThis network pattern is designed to meet the overall devel-opment pattern proposed by various structure plans in theKlang valley.The rail corridors in Kuala Lumpur are radial andits key features is the use of the current KTM rail corridorfrom Klang to Kuala Lumpur as the main spine, with branch-es into Subang Jaya, Shah Alam and Klang. However this pre-liminary design has no branch for Petaling Jaya.

iiii))RRaaddiiaall nneettwwoorrkk ""RRaaddiiaall--ooppttiioonn""This option is designed to meet the overall developmentpattern in its current form.The rail corridors in KualaLumpur are radial and its key feature is the continuation ofthe radials in the western direction towards Klang. KualaLumpur continues to be the major commuting directionbypassing town centers of Shah Alam and Petaling Jaya.

iiiiii)) LLoooopp nneettwwoorrkk ""LLoooopp--ooppttiioonn""This option is a combination of all the different rail proposalsthat have been proposed in the past.This includes the KualaLumpur Structure Plan, the on-going Selangor Structure Planand local plans. Generally it has elements of a wider cover-age beyond the Klang Valley but not directed at connectingShah Alam and Petaling Jaya town centers.

DESIGN OF ALTERNATIVE RAIL NETWORK

Weights

Result

0.94 0.90 0.81

Economic Objectives

0.98 0.88 0.91

Engineering Objectives

0.91 0.91 0.90

Environmental Objectives

0.88 0.95 0.65

Institutional Objectives

0.96 0.88 0.79

Branch Option

Social Objectives

0.97 0.88 0.79

Economic ObjectivesEngineering ObjectivesEnvironmental ObjectivesInstitutional PoliciesSocial Objectives

Radial Option

Loop Option

FFiigguurree 33 :: The overall performance of each alternative on differentobjectives (equal weight for each objective).


The multiple criteria evaluation of thenetworks was carried out based on theperformances of each network on vari-ous defined indicators "objective data"and the relative importance of eachindicator, criterion and objectives inrelation to the other indicator, criterionand objectives "subjective data". Theobjective data was estimated using GIS,transportation modelling and wherenecessary through survey.The result ofthis process is given in the so called"effect table" which is presented inTable 1.This table contains the objec-tive data (the last columns) represent-ing the performances of each networkon each indicator (efficiency, effectivity)and impact indicators of the networksin 2020.The objective data is derivedthrough the following activities:- Translation of the conceptual

network designs into the actual GIS maps (Figure 2).

- Assessment of the land use and environmental impacts of each network using GIS and surveys.

- Transportation modelling to assess the effectivity, efficiency and impacts of the designed networks on year 2020 using Transcad software.

- Assessment of the land use and environmental impacts of each network using GIS analysis tecniques.

Analysis of the performances of differ-ent networks on different criterionshows that there is no option thatabsolutely dominates the other. In factthat was expected, as the designed net-works should be compatible and com-parable.Therefore each of the alterna-tives have got their own positives and

negatives, e.g. Loop-option is perform-ing better than the others on construc-tion costs, on linking center with outerKlang Valley, disturbance to the neigh-borhoods, noise disturbance to resi-dents, schools and hospitals and mini-mum passage through problematicareas. In the same way Radial-option isperforming best in intrusion to histori-cal, forest and conservation areas,access to disadvantaged areas, energyconsumption, and speed, and for all theother indicators the Branch-option per-forms best. It is also observed that ifonly the technical relative importanceof the criteria and indicators are con-sidered to have the same importance,then the Branch-option will still per-form the best (Figure 3).

EVALUATION OF THE NETWORKS (MCDM PROCESS)

Preference Assessment at the Petaling Jaya Municipal Council.

I S S U E 0 1 / V O L . 0 2 / J U N E . 2 0 0 4 47

PRIORITY ASSESSMENTThe subjective information howeverrelates to the view and perception ofvarious stakeholders on the relatedissues.This includes the relative impor-tance of various objectives criteria andindicators presented in the criteriastructure (Figure 1), and Table 1 asseen by different stakeholders.Toachieve these, two groups of stakehold-ers were identified as follows:- Those involved in planning, decision-making and political side of theprocess.These stakeholders were askedto make judgments on the relativeimportance of the main objectives(level 1), e.g., economic, engineering,environmental, institutional and socialobjectives.This included all the munici-pal councils in the Klang Valley andother members of Technical andSteering Committees.- Those involved in the technical sideof the process.They are mainly expertsin various fields, which are able tomake expert judgments on the relativeimportance of the technical indicators(level 2-4) e.g., the relative damages ofvarious emissions to the environment.This included the relative importanceof all indicators (lowest level of the cri-teria structure), and the relative impor-tance of the criteria (second level ofthe criteria structure).

The subjective information, whichrelates to the relative importance ofobjectives, criteria and indicators werethen elucidated in a series of meetingof consultant with each stakeholdergroup using the structured pairwisecomparison 7 method. In this process,

relevant stakeholders were asked tomake judgments on the relative impor-tance of the main objectives, e.g., eco-nomic, engineering, environmental, insti-tutional and social objectives.Stakeholders includes the Departmentof Town and Country Planning of theState of Selangor, Kuala Lumpur CityHall, Shah Alam City Council, and theMunicipal Councils of Selayang, PetalingJaya, Ampang Jaya, Subang Jaya, andKlang. In almost all cases, appointedcouncilors and government officials ofthe local authorities were involved inpreference assessment exercises. Forthis process the following procedurewas used:(i) In each meeting a briefing was givenrelating to the basic principles of thenetwork design, its objectives and thehierarchy of criteria and indicators,which were used to measure the effi-ciency and effectivity of the networks.Then each member of the stakehold-er's group were asked to rank theimportance of the main objectives ofthe networks as seen by each memberas presented in a table.(ii) The facilitator used the Borda-countmethod and summarized the results ofthe group ideas on the relative impor-tance of the objectives.Where this wasnot possible the chairperson wouldrank the main objectives through con-sensus.(iii) Finalization of the ranking.Thestakeholder's group was then asked tocomment on the order, whether it isagreeable to all, or there is a strongreason for modifications.(iv) Identification of the strength of theorder of importance between each of

the 2 consecutive priorities.The Groupwas then asked to identify the relativestrength (weak or strong importance)of the ranked objectives, over the nextin the rank order.Table 2, representsthe outcome of the meetings with vari-ous stakeholders groups.(v) Using the above information in astructured pairwise comparison tech-nique (eigen value of the highest eigen-vector, AHP method, Saaty, 2001, Sharifiand Herwijnen 2004), the relativeimportance of the objectives, criteriaand indicators for each stakeholderwere derived.Table 3 presents the rela-tive importance of the main objectivesas derived from Table 2.

After completing the objective andsubjective information (Tables 1 & 3)the three networks were evaluatedusing an additive utility function. As itcan be seen in Table 1, the indicatorsused to measure the performance ofeach alternative have different units ofmeasurement with varying magnitudes.Before any further processing theyneed to be put on the same scale (astandardization procedure), reflectingthe partial attractiveness of each alter-native networks. At the next step thestandardized criteria scores "utilities" ofthe alternatives were aggregated into acomposite index representing the over-all attractiveness of each alternativenetwork.The 'Weighted Sum' decisionrule was used to aggregate the partialattractiveness into the overall attrac-tiveness of each alternative network.These overall performance scores areused to rank the different networkoptions.

7. This was especially developed and applied in the course of this study.

Preference Assessment at the Selayang Municipal Council.

CC//BB UUNNIITT BBRRAANNCCHH OOPPTTIIOONN RRAADDIIAALL OOPPTTIIOONN LLOOOOPP OOPPTTIIOONNEEccoonnoommiicc OObbjjeeccttiivveess

Maximize feasible economic return

Benefit/Cost ratio B Ratio 3.4 3.2 3.3

Economic internal rate of return B % 15.2 13.6 14

Net present value C RM (x billion) 0.6 0.3 0.3

First Year Rate of Return B % 17.9 19.7 19.2

Total cost

Construction cost C RM (x billion) 19.293 19.128 17.902

Operation and maintenance cost C RM (x million) / annum 274.72 265.06 283.44

EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg OObbjjeeccttiivveess

Maximize efficiency

Develop faster network (Less Passenger hours) C Passenger hours (x million) 3.897 3.697 3.904

Minimize number of transfer stations C Number of transfer stations 11 13 17

Less distance traveled (Less passenger kilometers) C Passenger km (x million) 25.815 23.524 24.016

Minimize distance passing through problematic area

Distance through high-density built-up area C Km 154.3 156.9 127.9

Distance through commercial area C Km 11.3 11.8 7.6

Distance through institutional area C Km 15.5 13.7 8.9

Distance through industrial area C Km 25 25.5 20.2

EEnnvviirroonnmmeennttaall OObbjjeeccttiivveess

Minimize intrusion into environmentally sensitive areas

Minimize intrusion into conservation areas

Extent of linear exposure in conservation areas C Km 40 37.1 79.2

Minimize intrusion into forest reserve areas

Extent of linear exposure in forest conservation areas C Km 15.3 11.1 46.6

Minimize intrusion into water catchment areas

Extent of linear exposure in water catchment areas C Km 0 0 3.6

Minimize intrusion into historic areas

Extent of linear exposure in historic areas C Km 3 0 2

Minimize energy consumption in the network

Power Consumption per vehicle C Kwh 845 815 871

Minimize emission levels of pollutants

Emission of CO C Tons/day 211.5 222.6 236.5

Emission of NO2 C Tons/day 70.6 74.3 78.9

Emission of particulates C Tons/day 0.3 0.31 0.33

Minimize noise impacts

Minimize noise for hospitals

Number of hospitals within 0-50 meter buffer C Number of hospitals 10 10 3



Minimize noise for residential areas

Residential areas within 0-50 meter buffer C Km2 1018.5 1054.4 905.6



Minimize noise for schools

Number of schools within 0-50 meter buffer C Number of schools 20 23 18



IInnssttiittuuttiioonnaall OObbjjeeccttiivveess ((ccoonnffoorrmmaattiioonn ttoo ggoovveerrnnmmeenntt ppoolliicciieess))

Maximize linkage to strategic growth centers (structure & local)

Number of strategic centers linked to the network within 400m B Number of centers 13 11 8

Maximize connectivity to existing public transport systems

Number of connections to existing transport system B Number of connections 20 19 18

Minimize land acquisition

Length of network through private land C Km 234.4 226.3 227.1

Facilitate linkages to centers in outer Klang valley

Number of centers in outer Klang valley within 400m B Number of centers 2 2 4

SSoocciiaall OObbjjeeccttiivveess

Increase mobility

Serve high density area population

Population served within 400m buffer area B Number of people 746943 734549 613836

Provide access to disadvantaged areas

Low cost housing areas within 400m buffer area B km2 59.222 61.402 51.904

Maximize access to shopping centers

Number of shopping complexes within 400m buffer area B Number of complexes 14 9 9

Maximize access to educational institutions

Educational areas within 400m buffer B km2 5.458 4.244 1.544

Increase access to tourism attractions

Number of attractions within 400m buffer area B Number of attractions 4 1 1

Maximize linkages to major employment centers in 0.5km radius

Amount of gross floor area (GFA) in 1/2km radius area B km2 22.188 20.611 19.34

Minimize disruption to neighborhood communities

Extent of residential area split by rail corridor C Km 107.1 110.6 91.1


TTaabbllee 11 :: Effects table showing performance of each network option.

I S S U E 0 1 / V O L . 0 2 / J U N E . 2 0 0 4 49

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WWeeiigghhtt WWeeiigghhtt WWeeiigghhtt WWeeiigghhtt

DDTTCCPP SSeellaannggoorr LLeevveell 11 SSeellaayyaanngg LLeevveell 11 AAmmppaanngg JJaayyaa LLeevveell 11 KKllaanngg LLeevveell 11

Institution 0.428 Social 0.510 Social 0.490 Social 0.490

Social 0.275 Institution 0.255 Engineering 0.226 Economic 0.226

Environment 0.176 Environment 0.119 Environmental 0.141 Institutional 0.141

Engineering 0.081 Engineering 0.077 Institutional 0.087 Environment 0.087

Economic 0.041 Economic 0.039 Economic 0.056 Engineering 0.056

WWeeiigghhtt WWeeiigghhtt WWeeiigghhtt WWeeiigghhtt

SShhaahh AAllaamm LLeevveell 11 PPeettaalliinngg JJaayyaa LLeevveell 11 SSuubbaanngg JJaayyaa LLeevveell 11 KKllaanngg22 LLeevveell 11

Institution 0.445 Social 0.428 Economic 0.427 Social 0.514

Environment 0.294 Institutional 0.275 Social 0.273 Economic 0.260

Economy 0.133 Environment 0.176 Environmental 0.173 Institutional 0.126

Social 0.086 Engineering 0.081 Engineering 0.076 Environment 0.059

Engineering 0.042 Economy 0.041 Institution 0.051 Engineering 0.040

WWeeaakkllyy SSttrroonnggllyy WWeeaakkllyy SSttrroonnggllyy WWeeaakkllyy SSttrroonnggllyy WWeeaakkllyy SSttrroonnggllyy

DDTTCCPP MMoorree MMoorree MMoorree MMoorree MMoorree MMoorree MMoorree MMoorree

SSeellaannggoorr IImmppoorrttaanntt IImmppoorrttaanntt SSeellaayyaanngg IImmppoorrttaanntt IImmppoorrttaanntt AAmmppaanngg JJaayyaa IImmppoorrttaanntt IImmppoorrttaanntt KKllaanngg IImmppoorrttaanntt IImmppoorrttaanntt

Institutional X Social X Social X Social X

Social X Institutional X Engineering X Economic X

Environment X Environment X Environment X Institutional X

Engineering X Engineering X Institutional X Environment X

Economic Economic Economic Engineering

WWeeaakkllyy SSttrroonnggllyy WWeeaakkllyy SSttrroonnggllyy WWeeaakkllyy SSttrroonnggllyy WWeeaakkllyy SSttrroonnggllyy

MMoorree MMoorree MMoorree MMoorree MMoorree MMoorree MMoorree MMoorree

SShhaahh AAllaamm IImmppoorrttaanntt IImmppoorrttaanntt PPeettaalliinngg JJaayyaa IImmppoorrttaanntt IImmppoorrttaanntt SSuubbaanngg JJaayyaa IImmppoorrttaanntt IImmppoorrttaanntt KKllaanngg 22 IImmppoorrttaanntt IImmppoorrttaanntt

Institutional X Social X Economic X Social X

Environment X Institutional X Social X Economic X

Economic X Environment X Environment X Institutional X

Social X Engineering X Engineering X Environment X

Engineering Economic Institutional Engineering

TTaabbllee 22 :: Structured Pair-wise Comparison Method (focusing on the relative importance as perceived by each stakeholders of the various objectives).

TTaabbllee 33 :: Weights Translations as perceived by each stakeholders.

Note :Translation is made through the usage of DEFINITE software, using the AHP pair-wise tool.The same results can be obtained using Expert Choice Software.

RANKING OF ALTERNATIVES ACCORD-ING TO DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES

For each stakeholder, the objective andsubjective information related to allthree options were aggregated using aweighed linear utility function in theprocess of a multicriteria evaluation. Inthis process the utility performance ofeach option on each indicator is com-bined with its relative priority andaggregated to derive the overall utilityof each option.The 3 options werethen evaluated from the perspectivesof each of the stakeholders.The resultof evaluation is graphically presented inFigure 4. Since priorities on mainobjectives were different for the vari-ous stakeholders (Table 3), the scoresin Figure 4 differ between the stake-holders.

From Figure 4 it can be concluded thatthe preferred option is the Branch-option. As this option in the opinion ofall stakeholder in all objectives except

environmental objective dominates theothers. In the same way the Radial-option is dominating the other two inthe environmental objective. TheRadial-option performs close to theBranch-option, and in the opinion of allstakeholders it ranks second withrather high overall utility, and the Loop-option although performs quite well oneconomic and engineering objectives itranks last. It can be seen that eachstakeholder could choose the branchoption as his first option based on hisown reasons.

Although different municipalitiesweighted the objectives of the trans-portation system quite differently, e.g.,economic objective weighed between4-43%, institution weighed between 5-43%, the environmental objectivesweighed between 6-29%, the Socialobjectives weighed between 9-51%,and the engineering objective weighedbetween 4-23% (Table 3), the Branch-

option appeared to be most attractiveby all the municipalities.

The loop option performs somewhatbetter than the other options on mostof the economic criteria, but economiccriteria were not considered of majorimportance in the evaluation by stake-holders. Suprisingly, RM1.4 billion (closeto 8%) in investment money, and theRM18 million difference in the annualoperational costs (close to 7% ofrequirement) is not considered impor-tant by a number of decision makers(Table 1). Also, except for the noise cri-terion the loop option under-performscompared to the other options onenvironmental objectives. On the socialobjectives, which are consideredimportant by most stakeholders, theloop option under-performs comparedto the other objectives.This is one ofthe main reasons for the loop optionto be outperformed by the other twooptions.

TTaabbllee 44 :: The overall weight sets for each of the stakeholders.[Criteria contributing more than 4% to the total weight, i.e. the most important criteria, are marked as brown boxes]

DDTTCCPP SShhaahh AAllaamm SSeellaayyaanngg PPeettaalliinngg AAmmppaammgg SSuubbaanngg KKllaanngg KKllaanngg 22SSeellaannggoorr JJaayyaa JJaayyaa JJaayyaa

EEccoonnoommiicc OObbjjeeccttiivveess

Maximize feasible economic return

Benefit/Cost ratio 0.014 0.047 0.014 0.014 0.020 0.150 0.079 0.091

Economic internal rate of return 0.008 0.028 0.008 0.008 0.012 0.089 0.047 0.054

Net present value 0.005 0.016 0.005 0.005 0.007 0.051 0.027 0.031

First Year Rate of Return 0.003 0.010 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.031 0.016 0.019

Total cost

Construction cost 0.008 0.025 0.007 0.008 0.010 0.080 0.042 0.049

Operation and maintenance cost 0.003 0.008 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.027 0.014 0.016

EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg OObbjjeeccttiivveess

Maximize efficiency

Develop faster network (Less Passenger hours) 0.033 0.017 0.031 0.033 0.092 0.031 0.023 0.016

Minimize number of transfer stations 0.018 0.009 0.017 0.018 0.050 0.017 0.012 0.009

Less distance traveled (Less passenger kilometers) 0.010 0.005 0.009 0.010 0.028 0.009 0.007 0.005

Minimize distance passing through problematic area

Distance through high-density built-up area 0.011 0.006 0.011 0.011 0.032 0.011 0.008 0.006

Distance through commercial area 0.005 0.003 0.005 0.005 0.015 0.005 0.004 0.003

Distance through institutional area 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.006 0.002 0.002 0.001

Distance through industrial area 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.004 0.001 0.001 0.001

EEnnvviirroonnmmeennttaall OObbjjeeccttiivveess

Minimize intrusion into environmentally sensitive areas

Minimize intrusion into conservation areas

Extent of linear exposure in conservation areas 0.038 0.064 0.026 0.038 0.031 0.038 0.019 0.013

Minimize intrusion into forest reserve areas

Extent of linear exposure in forest conservation areas 0.023 0.038 0.015 0.023 0.018 0.022 0.011 0.008

Minimize intrusion into water catchment areas

Extent of linear exposure in water catchment areas 0.013 0.022 0.009 0.013 0.011 0.013 0.006 0.004

Minimize intrusion into historic areas

Extent of linear exposure in historic areas 0.008 0.013 0.005 0.008 0.006 0.008 0.004 0.003

Minimize energy consumption in the network

Power Consumption per vehicle 0.049 0.081 0.033 0.049 0.039 0.048 0.024 0.016

Minimize emission levels of pollutants

Emission of CO 0.015 0.025 0.010 0.015 0.012 0.015 0.007 0.005

Emission of NO2 0.008 0.014 0.006 0.008 0.007 0.008 0.004 0.003

Emission of particulates 0.005 0.008 0.003 0.005 0.004 0.005 0.002 0.002

Minimize noise impacts

Minimize noise for hospitals


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TTaabbllee 55 :: Probability of different options obtaining different ranks due to score uncertainty.

DDTTCCPP RRaannkk 11 RRaannkk 22 RRaannkk 33 TToottaall AAmmppaanngg RRaannkk 11 RRaannkk 22 RRaannkk 33 TToottaall

SSeellaannggoorr JJaayyaa

Branch 0.75 0.23 0.01 2.72 Branch 0.77 0.22 0.01 2.76

Radial 0.25 0.75 0 2.25 Radial 0.23 0.77 0 2.23

Loop 0 0.01 0.99 1.01 Loop 0 0.01 0.99 1.01

SShhaahh AAllaamm RRaannkk 11 RRaannkk 22 RRaannkk 33 TToottaall SSuubbaanngg JJaayyaa RRaannkk 11 RRaannkk 22 RRaannkk 33 TToottaall

Branch 0.67 0.32 0.01 2.66 Branch 0.83 0.16 0.02 2.83

Radial 0.33 0.67 0 2.33 Radial 0.17 0.83 0 2.17

Loop 0 0.01 0.99 1.01 Loop 0 0.02 0.98 1.02

SSeellaayyaanngg RRaannkk 11 RRaannkk 22 RRaannkk 33 TToottaall KKllaanngg RRaannkk 11 RRaannkk 22 RRaannkk 33 TToottaall

Branch 0.8 0.19 0.01 2.79 Branch 0.83 0.15 0.02 2.81

Radial 0.2 0.8 0 2.2 Radial 0.17 0.83 0 2.17

Loop 0 0.01 0.99 1.01 Loop 0 0.02 0.98 1.02

PPeettaalliinngg JJaayyaa RRaannkk 11 RRaannkk 22 RRaannkk 33 TToottaall KKllaanngg 22 RRaannkk 11 RRaannkk 22 RRaannkk 33 TToottaall

Branch 0.78 0.2 0.02 2.76 Branch 0.85 0.12 0.03 2.82

Radial 0.22 0.78 0 2.22 Radial 0.15 0.85 0 2.15

Loop 0 0.02 0.98 1.02 Loop 0 0.03 0.97 1.03

I S S U E 0 1 / V O L . 0 2 / J U N E . 2 0 0 4 51

UNCERTAINTY AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: PROBABILITY OF MAKING THE‘WRONG’ DECISIONIn order to study, the stability androbustness of the ranking, uncertaintyand sensitivity analysis were conducted.This analysis were carried out to seethe effect of the potential error whichmay exist in the estimation of the net-works performances (objective infor-mation as presented in the effecttable), and the subjective informationrepresenting the relative importance ofthe criteria and indicators as derivedfrom experts and the relative impor-tance of the objectives as derived fromdifferent stakeholders (decision makers;members of the Technical Committee).This included the following analysis:- Uncertainty analysis, which assumes

certain percentages of random error in estimation of the objective and subjective data, and then study the

robustness of the ranking. In another words, assuming so much errors in the objective and subjective data do we still get the same ranking or not?

- Sensitivity analysis, which tries to study the stability of the ranking with respect to the most important ele-ments in the objective and subjective data. In another words, how much some elements in the subjective and objective information should change in order to change the ranking of the networks.

For uncertainty analysis of the "objec-tive information" consultants haveassessed an error margin, between 15-30% for different indicators.The errormargins were used to perform MonteCarlo analysis for each stakeholder,whereby data scores were randomlyvaried within the error margins.Theresults of uncertainty analysis are pre-

sented in Table 5, Figure 4 and Figure 5,as probability of each option scoringdifferent rank, e.g., DTCP Selangor, in75% of the 2000 calculations thebranch option ranks first position, in23% second (allowing for round offerror), and in 2% in third position(Table 4). Figure 5 provides a visuallyattractive overview of the content inTable 4.The size of the circles indicatesprobability of the option taking up thefirst, second or third rank. The proba-bility of making the 'wrong' choice dueto possible data errors, i.e. choosingthe branch option whereas the datawarrants a choice for the radial oreven loop option, ranges from 15%(Klang2) to 33% (Shah Alam), with anaverage over the different stakeholdersof some 22%.These probabilities werederived from 2000 calculations, whichwere carried out for each stakeholder,therefore expected to be rather close

FFiigguurree 44 :: Comparisons of the overall performance of all alternative from different perspectives

(In the graph MCA 1: Evaluation based on equal weight for the main objectives; MCA 2 Evaluation based on the perspective of DTCP Selangor; MCA 3 Evaluationbased on the perspective of Shah Alam; MCA 4 Evaluation based on the perspective of Selayang; MCA 5 Evaluation based on the perspective of Petaling Jaya ;MCA 6, Evaluation based on the perspective of Ampang Jaya; MCA 7 Evaluation based on the perspective of Subang Jaya; MCA 8 Evaluation based on the perspec-tive of Klang A; MCA 9, Evaluation based on the perspective of Klang B, Evaluation based on the perspective of Kuala Lumpur City Hall )


Note : Size of the circles indicates probability of the option (y-axis: dark green = Branch, light green = Radial, brown =Loop) taking up the first, second or third rank (x-axis).

FFiigguurree 55 :: Overview of data uncertainty analysis.

Position1 2 3 Total

Branch option

Radial option

Loop option

Position1 2 3 Total

Branch option

Radial option

Loop option

Position1 2 3 Total

Branch option

Radial option

Loop option

Position1 2 3 Total

Branch option

Radial option

Loop option

Position1 2 3 Total

Branch option

Radial option

Loop option

Position1 2 3 Total

Branch option

Radial option

Loop option

Position1 2 3 Total

Branch option

Radial option

Loop option

Position1 2 3 Total

Branch option

Radial option

Loop option

DTCP Selangor Ampang Jaya

Shah Alam Subang Jaya

Selayang Klang

Petaling Jaya Klang 2

to the actual probabilities. For achievinghigher certainty (if it was deemed nec-essary) more accurate data arerequired. However one could econo-mize data improvement by improvingquality of only those items that carryconsiderable weights (priority) andtherefore contribute more to the over-all error. In the case of this project thisrelate to the following (Table 4):IInnssttiittuuttiioonnaall ccrriitteerriiaa::- Number of strategic centers linked

to the network within 400 m.- Number of connections to existing

transport system.

SSoocciiaall ccrriitteerriiaa::- Population served within 400 m

buffer area.- Low cost housing areas within

400 m buffer area.- Amount of gross floor area (GFA)

in 1/2 km radius area.EEccoonnoommiicc ccrriitteerriiaa ((ttoo aa lleesssseerr eexxtteenntt))::- Benefit/Cost ratio.- Economic internal rate of return.- Construction cost.

For sensitivity analysis the relativeimportance of the objectives as seenby each stakeholder were analyzed. In

this process for each stakeholdergroup, the most important objectiveswere selected and sensitivity of theranking with respect to change in thatpriority "weight" was studied.The resultshowed robust ranking and no rankreversal in almost all the cases.Thisconfirmed the superiority of theBranch-option to the other twooptions.The results of the sensitivityanalysis are presented in Figure 6.

I S S U E 0 1 / V O L . 0 2 / J U N E . 2 0 0 4 53

DTCP Selangor : Institutional Objectives

Shah Alam : Institutional ObjectivesSubang Jaya : Economic Objectives

Klang A : Social Objectives

FFiigguurree 66 :: Sensitivity Analysis for Rank Reversals.

Sensitivity of rank reversals between the branch (red line), radial (green line) and loop (blue line) options, due to changes in priority (weight) ofthe most important main objective for each stakeholder.

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DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

The value-focused approach MCDA,applied in this study, helped design,evaluate, and improve the three alter-native networks that meet the overalldevelopment trends and pattern ofpeople in the Klang Valley region up to2020. It also served as a forum for dis-cussion, negotiation, exchange ofknowledge and final selection of a rail-network option, that is closest to theeconomic, engineering, environmental,institutional and social objectives asseen by the relevant municipalities, thetown planning authorities and the relat-ed experts (major stakeholders).

Decomposition of the goal to objec-tives, criteria and finally into variousmeasurable indicators, enabled design-ers and decision makers to see howdifferent option performs against suchcriteria considering priority and trade-offs (financial and political) warrantedto operationalize the future rail net-work for the Klang Valley.

As a result of this process the Branch-option appeared to be the most effec-tive and efficient option, even with con-sidering large error margins in theassessment of the impact/performancesand priority of various objective, crite-ria and indicators.The uncertainty andsensitivity analysis showed thatalthough different groups of stakehold-ers, and planning authorities, had theirdifferences in the importance of vari-ous objectives, they were all agreedupon the dominance of the Branch-option over the others.This was alucky situation that made further analy-sis and negotiation not necessary. As itappeared, this option is closest to thefuture needs and requirements of peo-ple in the region with least negativeimpacts on the environment.Therefore,it was recommended for furtherdetailed analysis and adjustment.Theadjustment will be based on the feed-backs from the Local Councils, and theother stakeholders to further refine theBranch-option in such a way that itconsiders the local and regional con-cerns and maximize the related objec-tives.

Some limitation of this value-focused approach is worth discussing. Firstly, theefficient operation of feeder bus servic-es was not included as a criteria. It isdebateble whether all the threeoptions would perform equally well forthese criteria; would topography, trafficconditions, socio-economic and atti-tudes towards public transport usageinfluence each of the options for thesecriteria? Further, such sequentialapproach i.e., first, deciding on desiredrail network, then attempting to opti-mize feeder bus services at a laterphase, could have improved if the cri-teria had been used at an earlier stageof the MCDA. In particular the valuefunction curve of feeder bus services(which is an important considerationby almost all local authorities) and thedegree the decision makers are willingto trade-off between re-routing certainlines and related operation cost (forbuses and train) would have to be fac-tored in the decision process.

Secondly, having only 3 rail networks asoptions, and considering only one sce-nario (projection of current trends onevery aspect), obviously lends itself togross simplification in term of physicaldesign/pattern possibilities, needs,impacts and performances.They cer-tainly will not provide opportunity toexplore more possibilities (options)and further understanding of theirbehavior in the future (their perform-ances under different scenarios) com-pared to when there were moreoptions (say 5 to 7 options, perhapsvariants of the original 3 options andother creative rail routing pattern)assessed under different scenarios, e.g.,different population growth rate andrail technologies. Such larger number ofoptions performing under differentpossible scenarios would allow betterunderstanding of choice betweenoptions from the different perspective,thereby understanding better theoptions that were dominated and char-acteristics of the non-dominatedoptions within the 'efficient frontier'analysis (Goodwin and Wright, 2004).

Thirdly, the present evaluation processhas largely used linear standardizationmethod (row-max in the absence of

value function curve) where for exam-ple, the trade-off for a number ofstrategic centers not served, but areregionally and administratively impor-tant for some stakeholders, are notanalyzed. A value function curve indi-cating the level of appreciation of theState and Federal Government con-cerns towards such strategic centersvis-à-vis various administrative and eco-nomic functions could have clarified thelevel of trade-off required when bal-ancing with other criteria.The latterissue is particularly important to ShahAlam and Petaling Jaya, as both are cap-ital and regional centers respectively,with no direct rail connection linkingeach other.

Fourthly, although the structured pair-wise comparison technique is relativelysimpler and easier to apply comparedto the original AHP weighting proce-dure, it nonetheless encounter certainreal participatory problem; in particular,the limited time allotted to the partici-patory session (about 20 minutes percouncil in most cases); as such sessionwere slotted within existing councilmeetings with other standing agenda.This has not permitted fuller elabora-tion of the main objectives (main crite-ria); and where we did obtained thepreference and strength of the mainobjectives it was largely due to anextended time and the ability of thechairperson to allow for such discus-sion.

Fifthly, in applying the structured pair-wise comparison method, the transla-tion of the qualitative strength of theranked objectives requires careful sum-mation of the strong and weak numeri-cal scores.When using this informationtogether with new judgment of partici-pants (stakeholders) to determine therelative importance of each consecu-tive criteria and indicators, some prob-lem may occur.This problem relates tothe linear assumption in converting theranked indicators into Saaty scale, e.g.,the difference between weak andstrong preference is always "one" andwill accumulate across comparisons ofall criteria.


Lastly, as all stakeholders ranked themain objectives from their own perspec-tive (whether statewide (Shah Alam),local (all local authorities) or holistically(especially State Town Planners)), anddespite all stakeholders agreeing uponthe dominance of the Branch-optionover the others, this does not necessarilybenefit equally all local authorities.Thispoint would require further detail inves-tigation to seek possible changes to theBranch-option. Such adjustment and re-routing of alignment should be under-taken at the local level with relevantstakeholders participation (comprisinglocal populations and concerned parties)and further iteration and modelingundertaken. Doing so would enhancebetter location of rail stations vis-à-vis itsimmediate (transit-oriented) surround-ing, a more realistic appreciation of localconstraints and a more coordinateddesign of access to such stations by vari-ous modes (buses, car, walking, cyclingetc), and related traffic demand manage-ment (TDM) to support it.

The above limitations is understandableas the approach undertaken, within abounded rationality framework, onlyaddresses a limited area of interest with-in a complex rail-based and land useenvironment; in particular criteria relat-ing to the feeder bus services, andincreasing the number of rail optionsbeyond three, would certainly improvethe MCDA ouput.

Despite these weaknesses, it has givendue attention to key social, environ-mental and institutional considerations(besides economic and engineering con-sideration) and within a multiple stake-holder perspectives, which otherwisewould not be possible within conven-tional transportation studies. It has raisedconsciousness about the issues involved,enhanced communication and under-standing between different stakeholders.It has what Phillips (1989) emphasized:"…a framework for thinking that enablesdifferent perspectives on a problem tobe brought together with the result thatnew intuitions and higher-level perspec-tives are generated".

MMOOHHAAMMMMEEDD AALLII sshhaarriiffiiDr. Mohammed Ali Sharifi was born in Teheran, Iran, on 30 December 1944. In 1967 heobtained an MSc degree in agricultural engineering from the University of Teheran. After that, hemoved to the Netherlands, where in 1973 he obtained an MSc in photogrammetric engineeringat the International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC). In 1992he obtained a PhD. degree in agricultural and environmental sciences from the AgriculturalUniversity of Wageningen in the Netherlands. Since then he has worked at ITC. His currentposition is Associate Professor in Decision Support Systems and Land Use Planning,Department of Urban Regional Planning and Geo-Information Management.

LLUUCC bbooeerrbboooommDr. Boerboom has an MSc. degree in Tropical Land and Water Management from WageningenUniversity and Research Center in the Netherlands with specialization in soil and water conser-vation. He was a research assistant with the International Service for International AgriculturalResearch. He holds a doctoral degree in agronomy from theUniversity of Georgia (USA). Hedeveloped a collaborative decision support tool for watershed optimization of farm profitabiltyand soil erosion. For the last five years he has been an assistant professor on Spatial Planningand Decision Support Systems at the International Institute for Geo-information Science andEarth Observation. His research interest is especially on spatial risk and uncertainty manage-ment, mathematical programming, and institutionalization of spatial planning and decision support systems, with applications in urban and regional planning.

KKAAMMAALLRRUUDDDDIINN sshhaammssuuddiinnKl'din current interest includes assessing urban planning efforts, planning theories and applica-tions, planning history, application of decision science and spatial analysis, collaborative and par-ticipatory planning.To-date he has produced more than 50 articles on planning related issues forlocal and international conferences, book chapters, journals and newsletters.These are boundedinto a book entitled, “In The Service of Town and Country Planning 1978-2003: A Collection ofWritings and Remembrance (2003)”. On his own time, he conducts research for two bookpublications (about contemporary planning and the contribution of Charles Reade). Heobtained his degree in planning from ITM, Shah Alam, MPhil. from University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and Postgrad. Urban Renewal from IHS, Holland. He is currently Director ofResearch and Development, JPBD.

I S S U E 0 1 / V O L . 0 2 / J U N E . 2 0 0 4 55

REFERENCE:

1. Expert Choice, Inc. (2000), Advance Decision Support Software. Pittsburgh. USA.2. Goodwin P., and Wright G., (2004), Decision Analysis for Management Judgement (ThirdEdition). Wiley.3. Janssen, R., Herwijnen, M., V., Beinet, E., (2000) “DEFINITE Software”. Vrije UniversiteifAmsterdam / IVM.4. Jean-Claude Thill (Ed.) (1998), “Spatial Multicriteria Decision Making and Analysis : AGeographical Information Sciences Approach”. Ashgate.5. Keeney, R. L., (1992), “Value Focused Thinking”. Harvard University Press. London.6. Marjan van Herwijnen (1999), “Spatial Decision Support for Environmental Management”. VrijeUniversiteit. Geboren te Amsterdam.7. Phillips, L. D., (1984), “A Theory of Requisite Decision Models, Acta Psychologica, 56, 29-48,quoted in Goodwin P., and Wright G. (2004) Decision Analysis for Management Judgement (ThirdEdition)”. Wiley.8.Phillips, L. D., (1989) Decision Analysis in the 1990's, in A. Shahini and R. Stainton (eds) TutorialPapers in Operation research (1989), Operational Research Society, Birmingham.9. Saaty, T.L., (1980), “The Analytical Hierarchy Process”. McGraw Hill. New York.10. Sharifi, A., Herwijnen, M., V., (2003), “Spatial Decision Support Systems. International Institutefor Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC)”.11. Simon, H. A.,(1960), “The New Science of Management Decision”. Harper and Row, New York.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors wish to thank the Klang Valley Planning Secretariat (Ministry ofFederal Territory) for usage of study materials. The data used has been adjust-ed to allow for general readership and may not reflect actual performanceobtained.The preference assessment was conducted by KamalruddinShamsudin and application of the DEFINITE software by Dr. Ali Sharifi and Dr.Luc Boerboom of ITC, Netherlands.The modeling of transport related dataand GIS analysis were undertaken by local consultants to the study.

Plann

ing

Too

ls

GISGGoooobblleeddiiggooookkCompiled by:SANISAH shafie, email: [email protected] Physical Plan Division, Federal Department ofTown and Country Planning Peninsular Malaysia.


Palaver

*To be frank, GIS is not really my cup of tea, but with some help of relevant websites, books and friends, here's the gist ofGIS (definition, history, selected terminologies and illustrations) that we - the planning fraternity, might find useful.

DEFINITIONGIS is, in the strictest sense, a computer system capable of assembling, storing, manipulating and displaying geographically referenced information.

I S S U E 0 1 / V O L . 0 2 / J U N E . 2 0 0 4 57

Palaver

In the context of the world, the history of GIS has its beginning in the 1960s, whereby in 1962, RogerTomlinson of the Canada LandInventory developed the Canada geographic Information System(CGIS), the first system to be called a ‘geographic information system’. Itwas designed for more than just one specific application, of which its majorapplication was to store digitized mapdata and land-based attributes in aneasily accessible format for all ofCanada.The Canadian GeographicInformation System was implementedin 1964, one year after the first con-ference on Urban PlanningInformation Systems and Programs.This conference led to the establish-ment of the Urban and RegionalInformation System Association(URISA). Later, the New York LandUse and Natural ResourcesInformation System was implementedin 1967 and the Minnesota LandManagement Information System wasimplemented in 1969. In addition tothe beginning of commercial GISdevelopment, the 1970s saw significantdevelopments in remote sensing andimage processing systems.

Through various international andbilateral funding, this new digital map-ping process was eventually intro-duced by the World Bank and otherUnited Nations (UN) agencies such asUnited Nations EnvironmentalProgram (UNEP), in the developingcountries throughout Asia and thePacific, particularly for the purpose ofenvironmental and natural resourceinformation management. In the con-text of South East Asia, the use ofGIS only gained momentum in themid-1980s. But by the late 1980s, anumber of large scale GIS projectswere either in the planning stage orwere already developed, particularly inthe more industrialised countries likeSingapore.The Singapore Land DataHub was conceived in mid-1989 as amulti-ministry effort to establish acentral repository of accurate andcomprehensive land data. Generally,GIS applications in this region can beclassified under one of three headingsresource management, urban andregional planning and cadastral.All inall, while GIS usage in this region isgrowing rapidly, applications are stillrelatively new - most of the existingGIS are still mapping-based in nature.

Lastly, in the context of Malaysia,the foundation for the developmentof GIS in the country was put intoplace by the move to create a DigitalCadastral Database (DCDB) and theNational Topographic Database by theDepartment of Survey and Mapping inthe mid-1980s. Since then variousnational and state initiatives wereundertaken in a concerted effort toharness the power of GIS for the better management of the environ-ment, natural resources and formacro-economic planning.Among theinitiatives are the Penang GIS in 1992.This is the first across-the-boardstatewide GIS project in Malaysia.Theimplementation is known as PEGIS(Penang Geographic InformationSystem). which came under the pre-view of Penang State EconomicPlanning Unit. Other early initiativesare the Computerized PlanningInformation System by Melaka CityCouncil in 1994 and upgraded in 1996and the Darul Ehsan GIS (DEGIS)(997) and AGISWLK (1997).

In Malaysia, efforts have been made since 1992 to establish a national infra-structure for a land information system, which culminated in success onJanuary 1997, when the Chief Secretary to the Government issued a circularthat offered guidelines on the establishment of the National Infrastructure forLand Information System (NaLIS). NaLIS would provide the technology, poli-cies and standards necessary to acquire, distribute and improve the utilizationof land information.The main objective of NaLIS is to provide timely access toland information, eliminate/reduce duplication of data capture and promoteeffective data sharing among related agencies.With the establishment of aNaLIS Clearinghouse, land data users would be able to browse through thedata directory and dictionary, which provides - in the form of metadata - adescription of available land data.Among the early users of GIS other thanDepartment of Survey and Mapping (JUPEM) are Department of Agriculture in1992, Malaysia Centrefor Remote Sensing (MACRES), Forestry Department,Geological Survey Department,Valuation and Property Services Department,Public Work Department, Economic Planning Unit and the FederalDepartment of Town and Country Planning in 1993. In the East Malaysia, avail-able records tells that the Sabah Agriculture Department ventured into GIS inlate 1993, while the Forest Department of Sarawak is in the process ofprocuring a GIS which was approved by the government in early 1995.

(Source: http:/www.malaysiagis.com/what_is_gis/)

NNooww,, oonn ttoo sseemmaannttiiccss.. TThheesseelleeccttiioonn oonn tthhee nneexxtt ppaaggee ccaapp--ttuurreess ssoommee ooff tthhee aaccttiivvee vvooccaabb--uullaarryy tthhaatt aarree uusseedd iinn mmoosstt GGIISSmmeeeettiinnggss//ddiissccuussssiioonnss,, aanndd tthheeyyaarree ssuucchh eelleemmeennttaarryy GGIISS tthhaatt iiffoonnee ddooeess nnoott uunnddeerrssttaanndd aannyy oofftthheemm tthheenn nnoo aammoouunntt ooff ''kkuuiihhllaappiiss'' ccaann hheellpp hhiimm.. AAfftteerr aallll,,bbaassiiccss aarree ““ggoooodd”” iinn tthhee wwoorrddssooff tthhee MMaasstteerr SSlleeuutthh,,""EElleemmeennttaarryy,, mmyy ddeeaarr WWaattssoonn!!""..

HISTORY

3

Palaver


CCoooorrddiinnaattee aanndd ttooppoollooggyyccaall ffiilleess DDaattaabbaassee

Linkgage between spatial and attribute data

Attribute tables

NOMENCLATUREA system or set of terms or symbolsespecially in a particular science,discipline, or art.

(Source: Merriam-Webster Online)

BOOLEAN EXPRESSIONA type of expression that reduces to atrue or false (logical) condition. Aboolean expression contains logicalexpressions (e.g., DEPTH> 100) andBoolean operators. A Boolean opera-tor is a keyword that specifies how tocombine simple logical expressionsinto complex expressions. Booleanoperators negate a predicate (NOT),specify a combination of predicates(AND), or specify a list of alternativepredicates (OR).For example,DEPTH > 100 AND DIAMETER>20.

* Simply, a type of expression or analysis that just involves a 'yes' or 'no’decision.

(Source:http://www.esri.com/library/

glossary/glossary. html)

FEATURE CLASS1) The type of feature represented

in a coverage. Coverage feature classes include arcs, nodes,label points, polygons, tics, annotation,links, boundaries, routes, and sections.

2) The conceptual representation of a geographic feature.When referring to geographic features,feature classes include point, line,area, and surface.

(Source:

1. http://volusia.org/gis/glossary.htm

2..http://www.esri.com/library/glos

sary/glossary.html)

1 2

4i. DATABASEA logical collection of interrelatedinformation, managed and stored as aunit, usually on some form of mass-storage system. A GIS databaseincludes data about the spatial locationand shape of geographic featuresrecorded as points, lines, areas, pixels,grid cells, or tins, as well as their attrib-utes.

* In other words it contains a) spatial data (in coverages or grids),

and;b) attribute data (in tables). Such

hybrid data model can be illustrated as follows (left).

α β χ δ ε φ

γ η ι ϕ κ λ µ

ν ο π θ ρ σ τ

District

Existing Dam

State

ii. DATABASE DESIGNThe formal process of analyzing factsabout the real world into a structureddatabase model. Database design isoften characterized by the followingthree phases: requirement analysis/conceptual data modelling, logical data-base design and physical design.1) Conceptual data modelling -

identify data content and describe data at an abstract or conceptual level.This step is intended to describe what the GIS must do and does not deal with how the GIS will be implemented.The how is the subject of logical and physical design.

2) Logical design - translate the conceptual database model into the data model of a specific software system.

3) Physical design - representation of the logical data model in the schema of the software, e.g. a state represented by a polygon, a river by a line, and a heritage site by a point.

iii. DATA MODEL1) The result of the conceptual design

process. A generalized, user-defined view of the data related to applications.

2) A formal method of describing the

behaviour of the real-world entities.A fully developed data model specifies entity classes, relationships between entities, integrity rules and operations on the entities.

iv. ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM (E-RR DIAGRAM)

A graphical representation of the enti-ties and the relationships betweenthem. ER diagrams are a useful mediumto achieve a common understanding ofdata among users and applicationdevelopers.

I S S U E 0 1 / V O L . 0 2 / J U N E . 2 0 0 4 59

MMaaiinn DDaamm

State

Proposed Dam

An entity

An entity or relation attribute

A relation between entities

An inheritance relation

Entity Attribute Spatial Representation

Water Catchment Name, Area Polygon

Dam Name, Capacity Point

WWaatteerr CCaattcchhmmeenntt

DDaamm

Example: E-R Diagram for Water Catchment

Example: Entity Relationship

(Source: http://www.esri.com/library/

glossary/glossary.html)

i. SPATIAL ANALYSISThe process of modeling, examining,and interpreting model results. Spatialanalysis is the process of extracting orcreating new information about a setof geographic features. Spatial analysisis useful for evaluating suitability andcapability, for estimating and predicting,and for interpreting and understand-ing. In GIS there are four traditionaltypes of spatial analysis: spatial overlayand contiguity analysis, surface analysis,linear analysis, and raster analysis.

ii. SPATIAL MODELINGAnalytical procedures applied withGIS.There are three categories of spatial modeling functions that can beapplied to geographic data within aGIS: geometric models, such as calcu-lating the distance between features,generating buffers, calculating areasand perimeters, and so on; coinci-dence modeling, such as polygon overlay; and adjacency modeling suchas redistricting and allocation.

(Source: http://volusia.org/gis/glossary.htm)

The illustration on the left shows the differencebetween raster (above) and vector (bottom).


Palaver

* GIS operations can be categorisedunder:a) Overlay operations (intersect,union, clip etc.) or b) manipulationoperations (buffer, dissolve, proximity,reselect, etc.), and these can also becategorised under, c) Vector opera-tions or d) Grid operations. Diagramon the left illustrates 'Spatial OverlayOperations’.

5i. RASTER1) Cellular data structure composed

of rows and columns for storing images. Groups of cells with the same value represent features.

2) Data displayed as discrete picture elements (pixels).

ii. VECTOR1) A coordinate-based data structure

commonly used to represent linear geographic features. Each linear feature is represented as an ordered list of vertices.Traditional vector data structures include double-digitized polygons and arc-node models.

2) A geometric element, stored as a point with x,y coordinates within a computer database.

(Source:1. http://www.esri.com/library/gIossary

/glossary.html, and 2. http://volusia.org/gis/glossary.htm)

6

* Clipping / Intersect operation

Road network (Input) State boundary Result layer

I S S U E 0 1 / V O L . 0 2 / J U N E . 2 0 0 4 61

Palaver

* Union operation

* Spatial Join operation* Buffering operation

i) proximate area to the dots ii) dots serving the district iii) level of proximity from dots

Proximity operation-diagrams below illustrate proximity mapping in three different applications

Slope (Input) Soil type (Overlay) Erosion Potential

Attribute 1 Attribute 2 Joined

Layer 1 Layer 2

Bufferring a point

e.g.All area within 10kmto a city

Bufferring a point

e.g.All areas within 1kmto a road

Bufferring a point

e.g.All areas within 500mof a building

Illustrations of other selected GIS analysis operations are as shown below:


Palaver

* Basically map projections are neededbecause we have a round earth, andflat maps; whereby projections areuseful to compensate for distortions inlarge-scale imagery that cover a largeearth surface, where distortions areproduced from earth curvature.Although there are still distortions inrelation to properties such as confor-mality, distance, direction, scale andarea in all projections, some areremoved or compensated for depend-ing on the projection used.Three tra-ditional rules for choosing a map pro-jection are as follows(http://exchange.manifold.net/manifold/manuals/5_userman/mfd50guide_to_selecting_map_projections):

- For low-latitude areas: cylindrical- For middle-latitude areas: conic- For Polar Regions: azimuthal

Malaysia, being in the low-latitudeareas, are currently using cylindricalmap projections, namely Cassini (orCassini-Soldner), RSO (Rectified SkewOrthomorphic), and UTM (UniversalTransverse Mercator) projections.Note that cylindrical equal-area pro-jections can have further variations byspecifying latitude and longitude originto center the projection.When thescale is true along the equator, thecylinder and resulting projection is nor-mal; when the cylinder upon which thesphere is projected is at right angles tothe poles (or the scale is true alongthe central meridian), the cylinder andresulting projection are transverse; andwhen the cylinder is at some other,non-orthogonal, angle with respect tothe poles, the cylinder and resultingprojection is oblique.

(http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/mapproj/mapproj.html)

Life Support Syatem ESA

State Boundary

Union

OverlayBiodiversity ESA SSttaattee EESSAA -- CCoommppoossiittee

ESA - Composite

Hazard Risk ESA

Example of National Physical Plan’s (NPP) Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA) (Composite ) Analysis

MAP PROJECTIONA Systematic conversion of locationson the Earth’s surface from sphericalto planar coordinates. Several of themore popular projections are: StatePlane Coordinates (SPO) which usesfeet for units of measure; UniversalTranserve Mercator (UTM) whichuses meters for units of measure; andlatitude and longitude which usesdegrees, minutes, and seconds of arcfor units of measure.

(Source: http://volusia.org/gis/glossary.htm)

7

Normal cylindrical equal-area projections

Transverse cylindrical equal-area projections

Oblique cylindrical equal-area projections

I S S U E 0 1 / V O L . 0 2 / J U N E . 2 0 0 4 63

Is there any problem when dealing with these two projections? Maybe not- because of the number of projection converter software (or extensions)around. A case in point being the Malaysia RSO-Casslni ProjectionConverter, which is an ArcView extension written using Avenue develop-ment language.This extension enable the conversion between RectifiedSkew Orthomorphic (RSO) and Cassini-Soldner which are currently usedin Malaysia.They are as follows:1. Malaysia RSO to State Cassini 2. State Cassini to Malaysia RSO

(http://www.malaysiagis.com/tech_center/map_projection/)

Cassini

The Rectified Skew Orthomorphic projec-tion also known as Hotine ObliqueMercator, is used for the national topo-graphic mapping coordinate system ofMalaysia, while the Cassini projection is used for the state levelOrdnance/Cadastral Survey. In preparingthe State Structure Plan using GIS, theissue of different projections from theNational Physical Plan data (using RSO forits base map) and cadastral data from theindividual states, has raised considerableconcern for standardisation.

Cassini projection is a Transverse Mercatorprojection that is neither conformal norequal-area.This projection was formerlyused by the Ordnance Survey throughoutthe United Kingdom and is still being usedin a few countries for instance Cyprus,Denmark, Germany,Trinidad and Tobago.This projection was developed by C.FCassini in the 18th century and J.G vonSoldner in the 19th century. RSO projec-tion is an Oblique Mercator projectionthat is conformal but not equal area.Thisprojection is being used as the nationalcoordinate system of a few countries forinstance Singapore and Borneo.This pro-jection was developed in 1900-1950 byRosenmund, Laborde, Hotine and others.llustrations of the two projections are asshown below:

(http://exchange.manifold.net/manifold/manuals/5_userman/)

A lot more information on GIS can be found in the internet.

Just type ‘GIS’ on any search engine, and select your

subject of interest. Happy Learning!

RSO


Review

Books: Editor’s Choice

This book is a report of research activities between 1995-2000. It is meant to bean introduction to participatory, geographic information science as much as it is areport on the authors' research agenda for the past few years.The foundation ofthis book is built from a concerted effort to balance three research domains -theory, methodology and substance.

In chapter one, the authors discuss how these three domains, can be combinedto set the research orientation of study. Much of this book is about the conceptual underpinnings of participatory decision making, which are elaboratedin chapter two.While chapter three highlights the methods and tools that underpin Participation Geographic Information Systems (PGIS) as an extendedset of capabilities to standard GIS capabilities. Chapter four is a comprehensiveoverview of how research strategies can be designed to investigate PGIS use in participatory decision making.

Chapters five, six and seven present three studies that address substantive deci-sion making concerns about public health, transportation and habitat restoration.The authors also use different research strategies to develop empirical findings.Lastly, chapter eight tries to reflect on how emphasis of the three domains wasused and what prospects there are for future research.

Jankowski, Piotr and Nyerges,Timothy (2001) GGEEOOGGRRAAPPHHIICC IINNFFOORRMMAATTIIOONN SSYYSSTTEEMM FFOORR GGRROOUUPP DDEECCIISSIIOONN MMAAKKIINNGG:: TTOOWWAARRDDSS AA PPAARRTTIICCIIPPAATTOORRYY,,GGEEOOGGRRAAPPHHIICC IINNFFOORRMMAATTIIOONN SSCCIIEENNCCEE, Taylor & Francis Inc.

This is a book about geographic information systems, the practice of science ingeneral, the principles of geographic information science (GISscience), and howinformation and communications technologies are helping the world of learning, aswell as business, government and science.

The authors have organized the book in four major but interlocking sections. Itstarts off with the definition, brief history of GIS and the impact on society.This follows up with principles like geo-referencing, geographic data, generalization,abstraction and metadata as well as techniques like data modeling, visualization,geographic query and analysis.The last part is on GIS practice and concludes withan epilogue.

At the end of each chapter, the author includes references to other, easily accessi-ble, books on special topics.This will help the readers to access greater depth, andmore detail on many core topics and also to review other peripheral topics thathave not been covered in this book.

Paul A. L, Michael F. G, David J. M, and David W. R (2001) GGEEOOGGRRAAPPHHIICC IINNFFOORRMMAATTIIOONN SSYYSSTTEEMMSS AANNDD SSCCIIEENNCCEE,, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, England.

YYOONNGG cchheeee kkoonngg email: [email protected] Department of Town and Country Planning, Peninsular Malaysia

Geertman, S and Stillwell, J (2003)PPLLAANNNNIINNGG SSUUPPPPOORRTT SSYYSSTTEEMMSS IINN PPRRAACCTTIICCEESpringer

The editors have done a magnificent job in presentingsome of the best applications of Planning SupportSystems (PSS) in theory and practice not only the stateof the art but also in a more prospective way.

It is divided into five parts, namely Systems andTechnologies for Enhancing Participation in PlanningProcess,Tools for Supporting the Planning Process,Support Systems for Strategic Planning, Support Systemsfor Land Use and Infrastructure Planning, and SupportSystems for Environmental Planning.This book has succeeded in containing the keys from the past and forthe future. Readers can look forward to a wealth of newapplications of PSS built around the experiences reported.

From Malaysia, an article of the Klang Valley RegionalPlanning Support Systems (KVRPSS) was also included,jointly written by Dr. Ruslan (USM), Kamalruddin (JPBD),Nazery (UM) and Abd. Hadi (UKM).

This book is intended for the GIS and decision analysiscommunity and suitable for those studying and workingwith spatial decision systems.The intention of this book isto introduce the readers to the principles and use ofspatial multicriteria decision analysis as well as the use of multicriteria techniques in GIS environments.

Basically this book is divided into three parts, which arePreliminaries, Spatial Multicriteria Decision Analysis andMulticriteria-Spatial Decision Supports System.The firstpart is introduction and overview of the major functionsof GIS and a discussion of its relevance to the spatialdecision making.The second part deals with the conceptof evaluation criteria, as well as an overview of techniquefor generating a set of alternatives to be considered in aspatial decision as well as approaches for assessing criteria weights.The third part discusses how the GISand MCDM methodologies can be integrated into multicriteria-spatial decision support systems (MC-SDSSs) and its real world applications to spatialdecision problem.

Malczewski, Jacek (1999)GGIISS AANNDD MMUULLTTIICCRRIITTEERRIIAA DDEECCIISSIIOONN AANNAALLYYSSIISSJohn Wiley and Sons.

I S S U E 0 1 / V O L . 0 2 / J U N E . 2 0 0 4 65

Updates Planning Updates

JANUARY 2004

In conjunction with JPBD's 83rd anniversary on 18th January, a talk was delivered by En. Kamalruddin bin Shamsuddin, Director of Research and Development Division entitled ""TThheeBBiirrtthh ooff TToowwnn PPllaannnniinngg iinn MMaallaayyaa aanndd tthhee CCoonnttrriibbuuttiioonnss ooff CChhaarrlleess RReeaaddee ((11992211--11992299)) :: TThhee FFiirrssttGGoovveerrnnmmeenntt TToowwnn PPllaannnneerr,, FFMMSS”” at Tanjung Meeting Room, JPBD Head Quarters on 19th January2004. Audiance include planning staff and members of the Malaysian Town Planning Board.

The Draft Report of the Survey of the Johor Structure Plan was made available for public inspection for one (1) monthfrom 26th January - 25th February 2004.

FEBRUARY 2004

The EExxppeerrttiissee NNeettwwoorrkk ffoorr SSppaattiiaall PPllaannnniinngg AAnnaallyyssiiss DDeecciissiioonn SSuuppppoorrtt ((EEnnssppaaddss)) project meeting was held from 1st February2004 - 8th February 2004 at ITC, Enschede, Netherlands. JPBD was represented by En. Kamalruddin bin Shamsudin,Director of Research and Development Division and En. Nor Sallehi Kassim of the National Physical Plan Division.

The DDrraafftt LLooccaall PPllaann OOff BBeerraa DDiissttrriicctt 22000055 -- 22001155 is now exhibited for public objection for a month from 3rd February 2004to 4th March 2004.

The SSeevveenntthh MMeeeettiinngg ooff tthhee CCoonnffeerreennccee ooff tthhee PPaarrttiieess ((CCOOPP--77)), was held at Putra World Trade Centre (PWTC), Kuala Lumpurfrom 9th to 20th February 2004.The COP is the highest decision-making body of the Convention on Biological Diversity.Todate the COP has held 6 ordinary meetings, and one extraordinary meeting to adopt Biosafety Protocol. Priority issuesinclude the biological diversity of mountain ecosystems, the role of protected areas in the preservation of biological diversity, transfer of technology and technology cooperation, as well as implementation of the target set,to achieve a significant reduction in the rate of loss of biodiversity by 2010.

The SSttaattee SSttrruuccttuurree PPllaann ((MMaallaayyssiiaa)) MMeeeettiinngg was held on the 9th - 10th February 2004, at Tanjung Meeting Room, JPBD (HQ)Kuala Lumpur, to process matters pertaining to issues and method to improve the preparation and implementation of theState Structure Plan (SSP).Two SSP i.e of Selangor and Johor were presented to kick off the meeting. 11 areas of concernwere discussed by 4 groups of participants in the workshop. Some recommendations were presented on the second day ofthe workshop which was chaired by the JPBD Deputy Director General I.This meeting was organised by the DevelopmentPlan Division (Eastern Zone).

The SSPPSSSS WWoorrkksshhoopp OOnn BBaassiicc IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn ttoo NNoonn--PPaarraammeettrriicc SSttaattiissttiicc has been organized by the Research Centre,International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) at the University Campus at Gombak, Selangor Darul Ehsan on the 12th February 2004.

The IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall CCoouunncciill ooff MMoonnuummeennttss aanndd SSiitteess in collaboration with Melaka State Government and Melaka MuseumCorporation had organized a forum entitled ""SShhaarreedd BBuuiilltt HHeerriittaaggee"" on 14th - 18th February 2004 at Century Mahkota Hotel,Melaka.This forum provides an opportunity for local experts and practitioners to learn how similar developments on sharedheritage are addressed in other cities in the region and all around the world. Among the main activities are round table dis-cussions, dialogues and site visit in Melaka Town.

Three days training workshop on UUppddaatteess AAnndd TTeecchhnniiqquuee FFrroomm WWoorrllddss LLeeaaddiinngg EExxppeerrttss OOnn SSoocciiaall IImmppaacctt AAsssseessssmmeennttss ((SSIIAA))was held on 24th - 26th February 2004 in Renaissance Hotel, Kuala Lumpur. International Experts namely Dr. Nick Taylor andJames Baines have been invited to share their expertise on critical appraisal of SIA, basic principles of SIA as an integrated approach, and also institutional issues of implementing SIA, methods and techniques and a few others.

NNeewwss aanndd EEvveennttss FFoorr JJaannuuaarryy 22000044 - MMaayy 22000044Compiled by: RRHHAANN SSEEEE cchhuuaa , [email protected] & NNOORR ZZAALLIIZZAA mmoohhdd ppuuzzii, [email protected]


MARCH 2004

Two talks entitled ""AAsssseessssiinngg tthhee BBeenneeffiittss ooff UUrrbbaann RRiisskk MMiittiiggaattiioonn MMeeaassuurreess"" and ""PPrroossppeecctt TThheeoorryy aanndd IIttss AApppplliiccaattiioonn iinn UUrrbbaannPPllaannnniinngg"" were organized by the Research and Development Division, on the 1st March and 3rd March 2004 at TanjungMeeting Room, JPBD Head Quarters.These talks were given by Dr. Ali Asgari from The Universiti of Brandon, Canada.

MMaallaayyssiiaann GGeeootteecchhnniiccaall CCoonnffeerreennccee 22000044 with the theme ""AAcchhiieevveemmeennttss IInn GGeeootteecchhnniiccaall EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg ooff MMaallaayyssiiaa"" was organizedby the Institute of Engineers Malaysia at Sheraton Subang, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia on the 16th - 18th March 2004. For moreinformation, please logon to: http//:www.iem.org.my.

The NNAATTIIOONNAALL PPRROOPPEERRTTYY DDEEVVEELLOOPPMMEENNTT CCOONNFFEERREENNCCEE ((NNPPDDCC 22000044)) was held from 9th - 11th March 2004 at Holiday Villa, Subang Jaya

MAY 2004

The KKuulllliiyyyyaahh ooff AArrcchhiitteeccttuurree aanndd EEnnvviirroonnmmeennttaall DDeessiiggnn ((KKAAEEDD)) International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), will be hostingthe NNaattiioonnaall SSeemmiinnaarr oonn BBuuiilltt EEnnvviirroonnmmeenntt IIII at Park Royal Hotel, Kuala Lumpur on the 6th - 7th May 2004. This Seminar aimsto bring together the public and private sector towards achieving smart-partnership in built environment professions. For further information, please logon to: http://www.iiu.edu.my

The 77tthh SSeemmiinnaarr oonn GGIISS CCaappaacciittyy BBuuiillddiinngg aanndd IInnffrraassttrruuccttuurree ((GGIISSDDeeccoo)) had taken place at University Technology Malaysia(UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru on the 10th - 12th May 2004.The Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of BuiltEnvironment, UTM will organize the Seminar. For further information, please logon to: http://www.utm.my/gisdeco

JPBD biannual national sports event (SUKNA) will be held at the Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Kubang Kerian Campus,Kota Bharu, Kelantan from the 23rd to 27th May 2004. Participants in this event include all planning department staffs from12 states (excluding Sarawak) and also representative from the Malaysian Institute of Planners.

A NNaattiioonnaall SSyymmppoossiiuumm OOnn TThhee DDyynnaammiiccss OOff UUrrbbaann SSoocciieettyy:: TToowwaarrddss AAcchhiieevviinngg SSuussttaaiinnaabbllee QQuuaalliittyy OOff LLiiffee will be organized bythe Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences in, University of Malaya in collaboration with Urban Studies and Planning Programmeat PJ Hilton, Selangor from 18th to 19th May 2004.

The EElleevveenntthh LLeeaaddeerrsshhiipp SSeemmiinnaarr ooff tthhee SSoouutthh EEaasstt AAssiiaa CCeennttrree ooff EEnnvviirroonnmmeennttaall aanndd UUrrbbaann MMaannaaggeemmeenntt ((SSEEAACCEEUUMM)), wasorganized by Institute Sultan Iskandar at Istana Hotel, Kuala Lumpur from 19th & 20th May 2004 with the theme Quality ofLife-Challenges of Urban Living And Community Development.

a SSeemmiinnaarr oonn KKuunnddaassaanngg LLaannddsslliiddee CCoommpplleexx ((HHaazzaarrdd AAsssseessssmmeenntt CCoonnttrrooll)) was organized by the Institut Alam Sekitar danPembangunan (LESTARI) of UKM and Jabatan Mineral dan Geosains Malaysia in Kota Kinabalu Sabah on 25th of May 2004at Promenade Hotel Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. One of the objectives is to introduce methodologies and techniques forgeohazard assessment and control in Kundasang area.

JUNE 2004

The Institution of Engineers Malaysia is organising an international conference on RReemmeeddiiaattiioonn aanndd MMaannaaggeemmeenntt ooffCCoonnttaammiinnaatteedd LLaanndd:: FFooccuuss oonn AAssiiaa on 8th & 10th June 2004 at Istana Hotel Kuala Lumpur.

The quest to evaluate TThhee MMoosstt SSuussttaaiinnaabbllee CCiittyy iinn tthhee CCoouunnttrryy was organized by the Department of Environment.The nomi-nated cities being evaluated by a panel of judges are Shah Alam, Johor Bahru, Kuching Selatan, Kuantan, Georgetown andMelaka Tengah. Result of the inaugural award will be known by July 2004.

I S S U E 0 1 / V O L . 0 2 / J U N E . 2 0 0 4 67

Up

date

s


JULY 2004

The Commonwealth Association of Planners (CAP) Conference 2004 with the theme ""PPllaaccee MMaakkiinngg aanndd SSuussttaaiinnaabblleeCCoommmmuunniittiieess IInn UUrrbbaann DDeevveellooppmmeenntt"" will be held in Renaissance Hotel Kuala Lumpur from 5th to 7th July 2004.This confer-ence will be officiated by the Prime Minister at Putrajaya Convention Centre on 5th July 2004. In conjunction with the con-ference, an exhibition will also be held at Renaissance Hotel Kuala Lumpur on 6 & 7 July 2004.

Conference On GGrreeaatt PPaarrkkss,, GGrreeaatt CCiittiieess will be held on 10 to 13 July 2004 in a variety of venues throughout London City.Among the major issues that will be touched on are livability and green space and also the importance of parks and openspace on the social and economic health of the towns and cities.The Great Parks, Great Cities conference seek to introduceand explore these issues using UK based and international case studies. For further information, please log on to :www.greatparksgreatcities.com or www.pps.org .

AUGUST 2004

International Federation for Housing and Planning (IFHP) Urban Planning founded by Ebenezer Howard in 1913, will beorganizing conferences, wwoorrkksshhooppss aanndd sseemmiinnaarrss oonn hhoouussiinngg aanndd ppllaannnniinngg iissssuueess wwiitthhiinn tthhee IIFFHHPP nneettwwoorrkk all over the world onAugust. For more information, please log on to : www.ifhp.org .

SEPTEMBER 2004

The IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall NNeettwwoorrkk ffoorr UUrrbbaann DDeevveellooppmmeenntt ,, IINNTTAA2288 CCoonnggrreessss, organised in cooperation with the Kuala Lumpur CityHall, will be held from 5 to 9 September 2004 in Kuala Lumpur.The Congress program is built around the issues of metro-politan development and development authorities and their impacts on urban and metropolitan development.With thetheme ""MMeettrrooppoolliissaattiioonn :: IInntteeggrraattiioonn oorr DDiissiinntteeggrraattiioonn ??"", this congress provides a platform for debates among world local lead-ers and practitioners on the critical issues of:· Social and Economic Integration of Metropolitan areas ;· Management of Metropolitan Growth and Sprawl ;· Mobility for Sustainable Development in Metropolitan Areas; and · Metropolitan Governance and Financing.For further information please log on to : http://www.inta-aivn.org/Inta28.htm

The 1199tthh EEaarroopphh WWoorrlldd PPllaannnniinngg aanndd HHoouussiinngg CCoonnggrreessss aanndd NNaattiioonnaall HHoouussiinngg CCoonnffeerreennccee 22000044 will be held in Melbourne,Australia from 19 to 22 September 2004.This year's theme is "Reform and Change In Housing And Planning - TowardsSustainability In Asia Pacific". Please log on to www.rmit.edu.au/earoph2004 for further information.

IIUM will organise an International Conference on Spatial Planning Decision Support System (SPDSS) from 7-8th September2004 at the IIUM campus, Gombak. For detail contact [email protected]

Blast From The

Blast from the PPaasstt

AANNSSWWEERRSS TTOO TTHHEE QQUUEESSTTIIOONNSS FFRROOMM TTHHEE PPRREEVVIIOOUUSS IISSSSUUEE::1.Who is wearing the platform shoes -

Tuan Haji Hassan Basery b. Hamzah2. Our chief editor is standing in the back row,

ninth from the right (see insert above)

SENIOR OFFICERS DEPARTMENT OF TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING, MALAYA ( 1960s)Sitting from Left to Right. - Mr. Soo Kim Choon, Inche Mohd. Rosli Buyong, Mr. Fong Chek Sam, Mr. W. Fairbank, Mr. F. Watkinson, Mr. Tan Soo Hai and Mr. Chung Weng Foo.Standing from Left to Right. - Mr. R. K. Paul, Mr. T. Mahesan, Mr. Chi Swee Guan, Mr. D. C. Eva, Mr. M. K. Sen, Inche Ishak bin Ariffin, Y. M. Raja Mohd Ali and Inche Ishak bin Ariff.

I S S U E 0 1 / V O L . 0 2 / J U N E . 2 0 0 4 69

Guide to Contributors

Malaysian TownPlan welcome articles that wouldfurther the cause and development of the town and countryplanning service in this country. All planning agencies (public and private), local authorities and from the academia(local and overseas) are invited.

Articles should be submitted to the following address:

Chief Editor,Malaysian TownPlan Journal, Bahagian Penyelidikan dan Pembangunan,Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa, Semenanjung Malaysia, Jalan Cenderasari,50646 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Submission should be in the form of a hard copy and a digital version. The editorial board reserves the right toselect and edit articles submitted. Articles selected for publi-cation will be made known to contributors and follow-upcommunication on fine tuning of article may follow.

Feature articles should conform to conventional format i.e.abstract, main body of article, references (author, year,name of book etc, publisher). A short profile of contributor isrequired.

Other submissions, example book review, planning updates,news, reader's column may be submitted. Follow-up com-munications are expected in some cases, so e-mail address-es and telephone numbers will be required.

Successful contributors will receive two copies of MalaysianTownPlan.

Potential contributors may contact any of the editorial boardmembers (JPBD main line tel: 603 26989211) for further information, or e-mail to:

[email protected]

Next Next IssueIssueNext issue will give special focus on

“Sustaining“SustainingSustainaSustainability”bility”“Ecological Footprint”

“Safecity (Murninet)”

“Strategic EnvironmentAssesment”

..and many more exciting read.