Slide ReviewFall 2005

(Best-looking class ever!)

The course is almost over,

Classes will soon be done.

But now comes the hard part….

‘Cos the studying ain’t such fun!

We understand you’re nervous

We empathize with your ‘pain’

But don’t focus on that right now,

Just the grade you hope to claim!

Meet with TAs this week

(Be patient - there may be a crowd.)

Be prepared and on time to exams.

Don’t cheat, and make us proud!

So now I’ll get my act together,

And you can open your note book.

And let’s take a peek overall

At what deserves a second look!

Tho’ I talk fast in snooty British

There’s no need to panic yet

‘Cos the info is web-posted

In case there’s ‘stuff’ you forget!

Clues are scattered throughout my talk

So listen REALLY well.

Realize that I can’t go over EVERYthing

And the key I CANNOT sell……!

(Altho’ offers with 6-figures may be considered!)

Lecture Grade Breakdown 35% Overall

15% Midterm Lecture Exam20% Final Lecture Exam

Lecture review Tuesday, December 6, 2005

Final Lecture ExamThursday, December 14, 2005

12:30-2:30PM (FLH)

Lab Grade Breakdown

20% Weekly Quizzes5% TA Evaluation 5% Notebooks15% Midterm Practical Exam20% Final Practical Exam65% Overall

Final LabPractical Review

Monday, Dec. 5, 2005

• Do not be late for the session you signed up for. (If you are you will have to stand by for the next available slot…)

• Once checked in you can come and go as you please, but you cannot stay over your assigned time

slot.

• This is your opportunity to ask Q’s, see the specimens and dissections one more time….

Practical Exam

Next Wednesday

December 7, 2005

Take note of the exam time you signed up for & do not get your review & exam times mixed up!

Lecture Exam

Two weeks from today!December 14, 2005

12:30-2:30P.M. in FLH

Practical Logistics• 25 slots per session – Do not exceed 25

except by special permission (Coordinator must sign off for additional seats)

• If there is no room for you in a session – then you must make another choice or find a person willing to switch with you.

• Students who have special needs must have their eligibility papers on file and MUST sign up for the last review and exam sessions.

Point Breakdown25 Stations (3 Q’s per station))

1 point per Q - 75 Points total ~1/3 TAXONOMY, IDENTIFICATION

~1/3 STRUCTURE/FUNCTION

~1/3 COMPARISIONS BETWEEN PHYLA

Round 1 - 90 seconds per station

Round 2 - 45 seconds per station

73,74,75 1,2,3

DOORSIN

K &

AQ

UARIU

MS

WINDOWS61,62,63

Floor Plan of Lab CON 239 for Practicals

There are fewer photos for the second half of the semester

on the web page.

This is because the phyla studied in the second half are

more easily recognized.

… No more worms or worm-like creatures! (Excludes some chordates = blind dates)

Take Note!• The final practical exam is cumulative.• Questions will focus on the last phyla studied

but there will be questions on the material studied earlier in this course.

• So, study hard fromArthropoda – Protista (last half)and review fromMicroscopes – Annelida (first half)

Cheating on either final exam

• Any student caught cheating - or suspected to be, will be punished according to the rules of the Academic Honor Code (possibly thrown out of the course and even the university!)

• Take this warning seriously!

The Point/Grading Rules!

• Capitalize taxa- ½ point WILL be deducted for not doing so.

If you wish to use all capitals, make sure the first letter is most definitely TWICE as big as the rest.

For example:

Taxonomic terms Non-taxonomic terms

Arthropoda (perfect) asconoid (perfect)

arthropoda (-1/2pt) Asconoid (no deduction)

ARTHROPODA (-1/2pt) Mark the first letter as a capital by:

1 ARTHROPODA 2 ARTHRO… or 3 ARTHRO…

Be especially careful when the first letter of a taxa looks the same regardless of upper/lower casing.

Oligochaeta(perfect) simple (perfect)

oligochaeta (-1/2pt) Simple (no deduction)

•Spelling: 1 letter will be over looked

2 letters - lose ½ point3 letters - lose 1 point

These rules only apply if 1 or 2 letters do notcreate another word that could mean that thestudent does not know the answer to the Q.

Rat CatMesohyl Mesophyll Cnidarian Plants

Words students frequently spell incorrectly

Animalia scyphistoma

rhynchocoel symmetrical

typhlosole mesenchyme

Arthropoda proboscis

spongocoel opisthosoma

Scaphopoda seminal

Scyphozoa cilia

Exam LogisticsSign your sheet as soon as you get it.

- giving us permission to post your grade (optional)

- promising to adhere to the Academic Honors Code (mandatory)

- give the last 4 digits of your ss# (With extra symbols for 1 of you!)

Fill out the top part to prevent confusion - your name, TA's name and your section number

Fold your answer sheet in half lengthwise - keep the blank side facing you to act as a cover sheet.

- open it only when you need to write on it.

Exam Logistics Contd.Circle the 3 numbers of the questions where you begin.

- Add the first one to the box on the blank side.

Scrap Paper- Your answer sheet can be used as to make notes

Read each question- Be careful and give exact answers.

e.g. Do not give CLASS if the question asks for PHYLUM.

Write legibly or you risk losing points

Do not give several answers- only the first one will be graded.

Exam Logistics Contd.Multiple choice questions

-When there is more than 1 correct answer give all of them to get full credit.

Hats Take off or wear them backwards please.

Don’t touch!Microscopes - adjust only ocular or focal distanceSpecimens in jars - gently pick up jars to take a closer look, no shaking!

DissectionsDon’t move any of the pins or pointers.

Oops! If you do think that you accidentally moved a pointer or

a pin, raise your hand and tell a proctor/TA immediately.

Exam Logistics contd.

StaringUp or down - just not at your neighbor’s paper! = Cheating!

No talkingQuestions?- Raise your hand so the TA can come to you - don't wait until there are only 5 seconds left at the station.

No sign languageThis is still cheating – just in silent mode!

End of the Exam…Hand in your response sheet to one of the TA/proctors.

Initial against your name on the sign up sheet.

Exit quietly DO NOT talk about the questions after you leave.

If you are caught sharing information about the exam, this will be considered cheating, (accessory) and will be treated accordingly.

Assuming that you are giving correct answers or clues….All you are doing is raising the average grade and ruining the exam for those scoring below the elevated average.

(This could include YOU!)

Grades should be posted (bulletin board) by Monday, Dec. 12 at noon.

KINGDOM ANIMALIAPhylum PoriferaPhylum CnidariaPhylum PlatyhelminthesPhylum NemertinaPhylum NematodaPhylum RotiferaPhylum AnnelidaPhylum ArthropodaPhylum MolluscaPhylum BryozoaPhylum EchinodermataPhylum Chordata

KINGDOM PROTISTA

1st half ….

Worms,

worms &

more worms!

2nd half….

Thankfully a little

more familiar!

Phylum

Arthropoda

4 SUBPHYLA:

SubphylTrilobitmorpha TSubphylCrustacea BOCCMSubphylChelicerata PAMSubphylUniramia CID

Once upon a time there lived a fossil ……..!?

Phylum

Arthropoda

Subphylum Crustacea(‘BOCCM or send your e-mails ‘CC MOB’)

Class Branchiopoda Class OstracodaClass Copepoda Class CirripediaClass Malacostraca

(Head of the mob!)

Subphylum

Crustacea

Largest class3 ORDERS

Do not need to know!

Isopoda Pill bugs***

DecapodaCrabs, Lobsters etc..

AmphipodaBeach Hoppers & Sand Fleas

Class Cirripedia

Class Branchiopoda Acorn & Stalked

Barnacles“Lung feet”

Fairy Shrimp

Class Malacostraca

Class Ostracoda

Class CopepodaTiny red-eyed aliens!

Subphylum CrustaceaClass Malacostraca

Order Decapoda

Crayfish - 1st pleopod in males = specialized intromissive organ. Absent or reduced in females.

Carapace

Phylum

Arthropoda

Subphylum Chelicerata(‘AMP’, ‘PAM’ or ‘MAP’)

Class ArachnidaClass MerostomataClass Pycnogonida

SUBPHYLUMChelicerata

Merostomata Arachnida

Arachnida

Males clasps females with 1st

pedipalp (boxing gloves)

Prosoma & Opisthosoma Pro = #1, first, head end anterior

Cephalothorax & Abdomen

Chelicerata Crustacea

TAGMOSIS

Phylum

Arthropoda

Subphylum Uniramia‘DIC’ or ‘CID’

Class ChilopodaClass DiplopodaClass Insecta

Which one has most legs per segment?

Subphylum Uniramia

Class Diplopoda2 pairs of legs/segment

Class Chilopoda1pair of legs/segment

Antennae & vicious jaws of a carnivorous predator

Rounded head with no obvious jaws as it is a deposit feeder

Telson

Suphylum Uniramia Class Insecta

Box of “bugs!”Ah! The smell of mothballs!

Metamorphosisis the name of the process

= the change from a to anLARVAL form ADULT form

…which MOLTS

..but does NOT REPRODUCE

..which does NOT MOLT

..but does REPRODUCE

Holometabolism 4 ORDERS

- Wings on the INSIDE therefore must undergo a

complete metamorphosis to bring them out.

vs.Hemimetabolism 5 ORDERS

- Wings on the OUTSIDEincomplete/partial/half a metamorphosis.

Holometabolism

Holometabola = Endopterygota4 ORDERS

Egg -> larvae -> pupa -> adult

Aquatic nymph

Butterflies, moths

ColeopteraBeetles.Look for “T” formed by ELYTRA

DipteraTrue fliesLook for HALTERES

Order HymenopteraBees, ants, wasps

Order Lepidoptera

Order

Order

Division Endopterygota:Holometabolous Life Cycle 4 ORDERS:

HemimetabolismIncomplete metamorphosis Wings on the outside

Hemimetabola = Exopterygota5 ORDERS

egg-> nymph(mini adult)-> adult(Naiad if aquatic)

Division Exopterygota:Hemimetabolous Life Cycle 5 ORDERS:

Order IsopteraTermites

HemipteraBug allies (assassin bugs, bedbugs)Look for “X” on back formed by wingscrossing over each other

HomopteraTrue bugs (cicadas, aphids)Look for “home” formed by

wings over back of insect

Order OdonataDragonflies, damselflies

OrthopteraCrickets, grasshoppers, roaches

Order

Order

Order

Head-on

Subphylum Uniramia Class Insecta

Subphylum Uniramia Class Insecta

LepidopteraHymenoptera

Coleoptera

Orthoptera

Hemiptera

Inside a Grasshopper… Remember the baseball and glove?

Don’t forget that the fore- and hind gut portions are from ectodermally derived tissues!

Gastric Caecum- chemical digestion

Proventriculus – grinding= mechanical digestion

Malpighian Tubules - excretion

Female has ovarioles (looks like rice grains!)

Crop - storage

Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Uniramia, Class Insecta, Order

Orthoptera

Respiratory system = Tracheal system (has spiracles etc.)

Phylum

Mollusca(5 Classes) Paul chases girls in scant bikinis!

ScaphopodaCephalopoda – Head foot

Bivalvia (Pelecypoda) – Hatchet foot

Polyplacophora – Many plates on a foot

Gastropoda – Stomach foot

Class Scaphopoda - “tusk shells”

Currency for Wampum Indians. Head in sand. Respire through mantle (no gills.) Captacula for feeding on foramniferans,

Class Cephalopoda - Octopuses, Squid, Nautilus,Cuttlefish…beak, pen, ink sac, chromatophores,jet propulsion……….dissection.

I see Spot very well

I swim faster than Spot

I make make spots all over me in order to hide!

My tentacles (2) & arms are derived from the Gastropod foot

Class Bivalvia or Pelecypoda - clams, scallops etc.filter feeders, bivalved shells…… dissection

D

VAP

Name of oldest part?

Class Bivalvia or Pelecypoda - clams, scallops etc.filter feeders, bivalved shells…… dissection

D

VAP

Umbo

Path of water (O2)

Mouth

VentricleBulbus arteriosus

Heart

Foot

Gills

Mantle

Excurrent

& Incurrent siphons

Schematic Diagram of a Clam Dissection

Gills orctenidium –

Each = 2 demibranchs

Anterior

Posterior

Dorsal

Ventral

Auricle

Visceral Mass

Adductor musclesArea of gastric

& /digestive glands

Chitons radula, 8 plates

Class Polyplacophora

MantleAnus Gills in

mantle cavity

Radula in mouth

Head

Class Gastropoda - snails, conchs torsion/coiling, radula, operculum.

Subclass Prosobranchia –pointed shells!

Aquatic GILLS

Subclass Pulmonata – rounded shells!

Land snails and slugs LUNG

Dextral

Detorsion

If it looks strange, chances are itssomething from Class Gastropoda

Subclass PulmonataSlug

Egg Sac

Nudibranch

Class Gastropoda

‘POP’

Subclass Prosobranchia- aquatic & terrestrial snails

Subclass Opisthobranchia-Marine

-Nudibranchs / Sea slugs / Sea hares

-mantle cavity & shell reduced or absent

Subclass Pulmonata-Terrestrial Slugs and snails

Phylum Bryozoa

Encrusting vs. Plant like forms

Freshwater vs. Marine

What’s this?

Bird’s nest?

Coral?

Fur ball?

Plant Forms Encrusting Forms

BryozoaFreshwaterHave statoblasts for surviving through the winter.

Gelatinous zooecium

Monomorphic zooids = all the same

MarinePlant like, Colonial Polymorphic zooids

Freshwater Form Note: lophophore (A)(u-shaped feeding structure) on a zooid

A

Phylum Bryozoa

Marine Form Excellent example of polymorphismThey have autozooids for basic feeding and modifiedzooids for other functions.

A

Phylum Bryozoa

Avicularia – for defense & perhaps food capture.

Vibracula - keep colony free of debris and settling organisms.

VA

Basic Bryozoan Body PlanRing of tentacles = Lophophore= circular ring in marine, = U-shaped in freshwater

Mouth

Intestine

Stomach

Zoecium = chamber in which the individual ZOOID lives

Anus

Retractor muscle to pull organism back into zooecium

What do you callthe structures that enable freshwater bryozoans to over winter?

Basic Bryozoan Body PlanRing of tentacles = Lophophore= circular ring in marine, = U-shaped in freshwater

Mouth

Intestine

Stomach

Zoecium = chamber in which the individual ZOOID lives

Anus

Retractor muscle to pull organism back into zooecium Statoblasts

PhylumEchinodermata(5 Classes)

HolothuroideaAsteroidea EchinoideaCrinoideaOphiuroidea

Echinodermata Basics

•Water vascular system for gas exchange & excretion

•Exclusively marine

•MOST are dioecious

•Phylum typically has pentaradial symmetry

Class Holothuroidea- Sea Cucumbers

Respiratory Structure?Term for releasing insides?Symmetry as adult?

Class Holothuroidea- Sea Cucumbers

Respiratory TreeEviscerationSecondarily bilateral as adults

Class Asteroidea- Sea Stars

Path of Water Flow:Madreporite ->stone canal ->ring canal->radial canals->ambulacral groove->lateral /transverse canals-> tube feet/ampullae

Pedicellariae are for cleaning the surfacePapulae are dermal branchiae for respiration

Pyloric Caecum

Gonad

Radial Canal and tube feet

Ambulacral Ridge

Ambulacral Groove

Cross Sections through Ray of a Sea Star

A

B

A

B

Perivisceral Coelom

Pyloric Stomach

Cardiac Stomach - can be everted in some seastars!

Mouth – oral surface

Anus - Aboral surface

Ampulla

Tube Foot

F

O

O

D

Hepatic or pyloric caecum

Class Echinoidea- Sea Urchins, Sand Dollars

What is the test is used for ?Aristotle’s Lantern is used for?

Class Echinoidea- Sea Urchins, Sand Dollars

Test - SupportAristotle’s Lantern - Feeding

Class Crinoidea- Sea Lilies and Feather Stars

Mouth on upper surface of bodyMadreporite is oral instead of aboralTube feet used mainly for feeding

Mouth

Feather Star

Stalked crinoid = Sea Lily

Cirri

Cirri

Sounds (and are) much prettier than our specimens would have you believe!

Class Ophiuroidea- Brittle Stars, Basket Stars

No Anus, all organs in central disk

What is the advantage of having an anus?

In what group of animals did we see the introduction of the anus?

Phylum

Chordata

3 Subphyla

Subphylum UrochordataSubphylum CephalochordataSubphylum Vertebrata

Subphylum

Urochordata

AdultHas only 1 Chordate characteristic:

Pharyngeal gill bars have become a filter feeding basket

LarvaHas all 4 Chordate characteristics

Subphylum

UrochordataTunicate tadpole larvae

Note 4 chordate characteristics:

1. Dorsal hollow nerve cord

2. Notochord3. Pharyngeal gill

slits or bars4. Post-anal tail

(A)

A

Post anal tail

Metapleural FoldsPharyngeal gill bars & slits

Notochord

AnusAtriopore

Cirri

Nerve cord

Subphylum

Cephalochordata

Dorsal region Note: fin ray (A), myomeres (B), dorsal hollow nerve cord (nerve tube) (C), notochord (D)

D

A

B

CB

Phylum

ChordataSubphylum

Cephalochordata

Anterior region Note: (D) pharynx, (E) endostyle –(produces mucus to help catch food in between the gill bars - Yummy!) (MF) - Meta pleural folds (A) atrium

O

OB

B

B

B

B

C

C

C

CD

E MFMF

A

Ovary P. gill bar

P gill slit

Endostyle

Phylum

ChordataSubphylum

Cephalochordata

Phylum

ChordataSubphylum Vertebrata

7 Classes -Agnatha Hagfish & LampreysChondricthyes SharksOsteichthyes Bony fishAmphibia Frogs & SalamandersReptilia Turtles & CrocsAves BirdsMammalia Your lab partner!

Phylum ChordataSubphylum Vertebrata

TYPES of SKELETON

Cartilaginous Skeleton (2 classes)AgnathaChondricthyes

Bony Skeleton (5 classes) Osteichthyes ‘RAAMO’AmphibiaReptilia AvesMammalia

Phylum ChordataSubphylum Vertebrata

NUMBER OF HEART CHAMBERS

AgnathaChondricthyesOsteichthyes

AmphibiaReptilia (except crocs)

CrocsAvesMammalia

2

3

4

Phylum ChordataSubphylum Vertebrata

WHO HAS AN AMNIOTIC EGG?

Amniotes – ‘RAM’ReptiliaAvesMammalia

Always take the shortest route……If you can’t remember all the classes that are ectothermic… just remember those that aren’t!

Endothermic Aves Mammalia

Endothermy – ability to maintain body temperature by internal metabolic processes

Phylum ChordataSubphylum Vertebrata

Don’t forget the dissections…….and all those special little structures

KINDGOMProtistaNames reflect modes of locomotion

Phylum Ciliophora - cilia

Phylum Sarcomastigophora

Subphylum Sarcodina – pseudopodia

Subphylum Mastigophora - flagella

Phylum Sporozoa – non motile as adults

•Protists are usually unicellular, but can be colonial

•Can colonize just about any moist environment

•Autotrophs (PHS), heterotrophs (phagocytosis), parasitic (malaria) even symbionts (termite & zooflagellates = mutualistic relationship)

•Reproduce asexually by binary fission or by budding

•Reproduce sexually by conjugation or by syngamy (gametes)

Protista Facto!

Paramecium conjugating (sexual reproduction controlled by the micronucleus (can’t see!), macronucleus (A)

A

Phylum Ciliophora

CHAMBERED, (shells & bubbles) CaCO3 tests (skeletons), extend pseudopodia through pores.

Phylum SarcomastigophoraSubphylum SarcodinaForamnifera

Generally benthic – they live here!

SPHERICAL bodies, silica tests (skeletons), extend pseudopodia through the tiny holes in the shell

Phylum SarcomastigophoraSubphylum SarcodinaRadiolaria (round)

Generally pelagic – they live here!

Plasmodium vivax - blood parasite that causes Malaria. Adults are non-motile.

Phylum Sporozoa

Comparison ?’sA. How many of the following organisms are

Deuterostomes?

B. Give the Letter(s) of all organism(s) with incomplete digestive systems.

C. How many phyla/classes are represented here? Read Q’s carefully

Compare traits and group

Phyla when studying!!!

• Diploblastic - 2 Cell Layers

• Triploblastic - 3 Cell Layers

Quick Review

• Diploblastic - 2 Cell LayersPhylum Cnidaria

• Triploblastic - 3 Cell LayersPhylum Platyhelminthes

onward…

Quick Review

Level of Organization

Cell Tissue Organ

What level of organization do

we see in Kingdom Protista?

Level of Organization

Cell - Phylum Porifera

Tissue - Phylum Cnidaria

Organ - Phylum Platyhelminthesonward…

Kingdom Protista – acellular or unicelullar

Symmetry

Radial Where do we first see this?

Bilateral And this?

Pentaradial And this?

Symmetry

Radial Phylum Cnidaria

Bilateral Phylum Platyhelminthes onward…

Pentaradial Phylum Echinodermataexcept ………Holothuroidea which are secondarily bilaterally symmetrical

Digestive SystemsIncomplete (No anus)

Can you name 2 phyla?

Complete (Have an anus)

Can you name 2 phyla?

Digestive SystemsIncomplete (No anus)

Phylum Cnidaria

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Complete (Have an anus)

Phylum Nemertina onward…

(no anus in C. Ophiuroidea!)

Acoelomates 2 phylaPhylum PlatyhelminthesPhylum Nemertina

Pseudocoelomates 2 phylaPhylum NematodaPhylum Rotifera

(Eu)Coelomates 6 phlyaPhylum AnnelidaPhylum ArthropodaPhylum MolluscaPhylum BryozoaPhylum EchinodermataPhylum Chordata

Body Cavity

SchizocoelousPhylum AnnelidaPhylum ArthropodaPhylum MolluscaPhylum Bryozoa

EnterocoelousPhylum EchinodermataPhylum Chordata

Coelom Development

Endoderm, Ectoderm,Mesoderm, Coelom

Protostomes (4 phyla)Protostomes, and Spiral cleavage, Schizocoelous, Determinate

“PaSSeD it!” (BAAM)

Phylum AnnelidaPhylum ArthropodaPhylum MolluscaPhylum Bryozoa

Deuterostomes (2 Phyla)

Radial cleavage, EnterocoelousDeuterostomes, Indeterminate

“REDI” for anything!

Phylum EchinodermataPhylum Chordata

Study Ideas

Make lists of structures for common purposese.g. Book lungs, book gills, trachea and

spiracles and know the organisms that have them.

e.g. Malpighian tubules, Renette glands, protonephridia, Flames cells etc….

e.g. Statoblasts, gemmules, cryptobiotic eggs

Be able to definethese terms and identify organisms that illustrate them

• Cephalization Metamerizism• Tagmetization Homology• Serial Homology Polymorphism• Torsion Detorsion• Ecdysis

This list is not exhaustive….add to it yourself!

Memory tip!

• Learn the exceptions to the rules, the oddities (I love to test on those!)

Make sure you understand why they are tricky though Fire coral is NOT a coral….it has a medusaTurbellaria is the only free-living class in

Platyhelminthes; other two are parasiticOphiuroidea - no anusBrittle stars - no tube feetHolothuroidea - secondarily bilaterally symmetrical

And finally…

• Make a list of all of the unusual terms and structures you have come across and make sure you know where they fit in the “big picture.”Epitoky, respiratory tree, mastax, trophi, trochus, septa, annulus, typhlosole, avicularia, crop, gizzard, parapodia, acicula, trochophore, …..

Sounds like a song from Nemo!

Good Luck!from

Dr. Gavin NaylorTim Swain - Honcho

Allison BauerBrendan Biggs

Brian HollisNate JueSarah Tso

& Jean Hancock - Lab Coordinator

SUSSAI/SIRS EVALUATION FORM

COURSE: BSC2011L REF# See next slide

INSTRUCTOR: Naylor

DATE: December 1, 2005

You are evaluating the course, the instructor and what goes on

in this lecture room only- (not the lab, nor your lab TA)

SPOT form Information

Course ID: BSC2011L 01(All in same section for the lecture)

Course Ref. Code:00320