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Readiness Knowledge and SkillsSocial Studies 8 --- STAAR Review

EstablishingColonies•ReligiousandPoliticalFreedom•EconomicOpportunity(mercantilismandlandownership)

SettlementoftheAmericanColonies•NewEngland(CT,NH,MA,RI):settledbyPilgrimsin1620andPuritansinthe1630’stoescapereligiouspersecutioninEngland.Poorrockysoil,coldclimate,andabundantforestledtoaneconomybasedonfishing,ship-building,lumber,whaling,andtrading(merchants)

•MiddleColonies(NY,NJ,PA,DE):importanttradingarea,WilliamPennfoundedPAasQuakersafehaven.Mildclimateandgoodsoilledtoaneconomybasedonfarming,calledthe“BreadBasket”andsmall-scalebusiness(cottageindustry)

•SouthernColonies(VA,MD,NC,SC,GA):MarylandfoundedbyLordBaltimoreforCatholicsfeelingreligiouspersecution,Georgiawascreatedfordebtors/indenturedservants.Hotclimateandperfectsoilledtoaneconomybasedoncashcrops(cotton,tobacco,rice,indigo,sugarcane)

Just– Jamestown,1607Made–MayflowerCompact,1620Drake– DeclarationofIndependence,1776Cry– Constitutionsigned,1787Likea– LouisianaPurchase,1803CapturedWhale– CivilWar,1861-1865

ExplorationReasonsforExploration:•Religion(God) •FastertraderoutetoAsia•Wealth(Gold)•FameandInternationalrecognition(Glory)

EarlyFormsofGovernmentMagnaCarta – limitedthepoweroftheKing,guaranteedtherightoftrialbyjuryMayflowerCompact– signedbymanyPilgrims,helpedestablishtheideaofself-governmentVirginiaHouseofBurgesses– 1st representativeassembly inNorthAmericaFundamentalOrdersofConnecticut– outlineofself-governmentinfluencedbyThomasHooker,oftencalledthe“FirstwrittenConstitution”

TheGreatAwakening•Periodofgreatrevivalthatspreadthroughthecoloniesinthe1730’sand1740’sthatpromotedquestioningthechurchandgovernment•AnneHutchinsonwasbanishedfromMassachusettscolonyforpreachingagainsttheestablishedchurchleaders

SlaveryEstablished/TriangularTradeRoutesTheneedforcheaplaborerstogrowcashcropsencouragedwhitesettlerstouseAfricanslaves.•Trans-AtlanticSlaveTrade– goods(includingslaves)wereexchangedbetweenAfrica,England/Europe,andtheWestIndies&ColoniesinNorthAmerica

FrenchandIndianWar•BritishcolonistswantedtotakeoverFrenchlandinNorthAmerica•BritishsoldiersfoughtagainstFrenchandNativeAmericansTreatyofParis(1763)– endedtheFrenchandIndianWar•Asaresultofthewar,theBritishbegantaxingthecoloniststopayoffthewardebt andtheProclamationLineof1763wasestablishedtokeepcolonistsfromsettlingwestoftheAppalachianMountains

IncreasingTensionwithBritain

BritishPolicy Definition AmericanReaction

SugarAct Taxonsugar,molasses, etc.

Taxationwithoutrepresentation

StampActTaxon alllegaldocuments,playingcards,etc.

Protests,SonsofLibertyform

TownshendActs

Taxonimportedgoods,suchaslead,glass & paint

BoycottBritish

TeaAct Taxontea BostonTeaParty

IntolerableActs

CloseddownPortofBoston,etc.;England’sreactiontoBostonTeaParty

FormedFirstContinentalCongress

© 12:7 Learning 2016

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RevolutionaryWarDeclarationofIndependence – DocumentwrittenbyThomasJeffersonclaimingindependencefromGreatBritain,listedgrievances,suchas“taxationwithoutrepresentation”

Lexington&Concord– FirstbattlesoftheRevolution•BritishplannedtoarrestAmericanleadersandseizeguns•PaulReveremadefamousridetowarnaboutBritishattack

Saratoga – turningpointofthewar•ImportantvictorybecauseitinfluencedforeignnationstosupportAmericainitswaragainstEngland•France useditsNavyintheAmericaneffortforvictory

Yorktown – lastmajorbattleofthewar•FrenchshipspreventedBritishsuppliestoreachYorktown•Britishsurrenderbecausetheyaresurroundedandlacksuppliestomaintainwareffort•GeneralCornwallisandtheBritishsurrenderedtoGeorgeWashington andbeginnegotiatingtheTreatyofParis1783

TreatyofParis1783– endedtheAmericanRevolution•The13ColoniesbecameindependentfromEngland•TheboundariesofthenewnationweretheMississippiRiverinthewest,Canadatothenorth,andSpanishFloridatothesouth

LeadersoftheAmericanRevolution•GeorgeWashington– CommanderoftheContinentalArmy,PresidentoftheConstitutionalConvention,FirstPresidentoftheU.S.,setmanyprecedents•BenjaminFranklin– inventoranddiplomat•AlexanderHamilton– SecretaryoftheTreasury,FounderoftheFederalistParty,supportedaNationalBank•JohnAdams–MemberoftheContinentalCongress,SecondPresident,XYZAffair,AlienandSeditionActs•AbigailAdams– Memberof“DaughtersofLiberty,”knownforherstanceonwomen’srights,“remembertheladies”•JamesMadison– FatheroftheConstitution(1787),FourthPresidentduringtheWarof1812•ThomasJefferson– AuthoroftheDeclarationofIndependence,founderoftheDemocratic-RepublicanParty,ThirdPresident(EmbargoAct),purchasedLouisianaTerritoryin1803•MercyOtisWarren– Patriotwriterthatsupportedindependence•Crispus Attucks– AmericanheroandfirstpersonshotatBostonMassacre•Haym Salomon– Polish-JewwhospiedforAmericansandwasheldasatranslatorfortheGermansbytheBritish•JohnPaulJones– FounderoftheU.S.Navy,famousforyelling“Ihavenotyetbeguntofight”•PatrickHenry– “Givemelibertyorgivemedeath”

ColoniesgovernmentduringtheRevolutionArticlesofConfederation – thefirstattemptatanationalgovernmentbytheAmericancolonies.

Weaknesses•Statesnotworkingtogether•Noexecutivebranch(noPresident)•Norespectfromforeignnations•Nopowertotax•Weakcentralgovernment•Nohighcourtsystem

Strengths•Coulddeclarewar•Couldmaketreaties(peace)•Couldcoinmoney•Creationofpostalsystem•Shay’sRebellionfinallyconvincesAmericanstorevisittheeffectivenessoftheArticlesofConfederation

PhiladelphiaConvention(1787)AlsocalledtheConstitutionalConvention– DelegatesmetinPhiladelphia,PAtorevisetheArticlesofConfederation;instead,theywroteanentirelynewconstitutionandformedanewgovernment. Hadtoresolveseveralissuesincludingrepresentation,slavery,andtrade.•GreatCompromise– settlementreachedbetweenthosesupportingtheVirginiaPlan(largestates-population)andtheNewJerseyPlan(smallstates-equalrepresentation),formeda2-chamberlegislativebranchconsistingoftheHouseofRepresentativesandtheSenate•3/5Compromise– settlementreachedbetweentheNorth(taxation)andtheSouth(representation)thatsaid3/5ofaslavewouldbecountedtowardboth taxationandrepresentation•Federalist –supportratificationoftheConstitution•Anti-Federalist–opposeratificationoftheConstitution•ConstitutionSigned(1787)– becomesblueprintforAmericanGovernment,approvedonlyafterFederalistsagreetoaddBillofRights(1788)->demandedbyAnti-Federalists;Constitutionactuallytakeseffectin1789•AmendingtheConstitution– requires2/3 ofbothHousesofCongresstopropose,then3/4 ofStatestoapprove

BillofRights1st Amendment– freedomofSpeech,Press,Religion,Petition,andAssembly(RAPPS)2nd Amendment– righttobearArms3rd Amendment– protectionfromquarteringtroops4th Amendment– protectionfromunreasonablesearchandseizure5th Amendment– grandjury,protectionfromself-incrimination6th Amendment– righttojuryforcriminaltrial,speedytrial7th Amendment– righttojuryinciviltrial8th Amendment– nocruelandunusualpunishment,excessivebail9th Amendment– protectionofrightsnotstatedintheConstitution10Amendment– powersnotlistedgotothestates/people


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CreatingaNewGovernment– Constitution

7PrinciplesoftheConstitution

Federalism– divisionofpowerbetweenthestatesandnationalgovernment

LimitedGovernment– governmentpowerisrestrictedinordertoprotectthepeople

IndividualRights– thefirst10amendmentsoftheConstitution;protectindividualrightsagainstthepowerofthegovernment

PopularSovereignty– thegovernmentiscreatedbyandsubjecttothewillofthepeople

Republicanism– governmentinwhichthedesiresofthepeoplearerepresentedingovernmentbyelectedofficials

ChecksandBalances– eachbranchmakessuretheothersareworkingthewaytheyaresupposedto

SeparationofPowers– splittingthepowerofthegovernmentinto3branches(executive,legislative,andjudicial)

DevelopmentofPoliticalParties•Thefirsttwopoliticalpartieswerecreatedinsupportoroppositiontoissuesconcerninghowstrongthecentral(federal)governmentshouldbe

SupremeCourtCasesJohnMarshall– OneofthemostinfluentialSupremeCourtJustices,helpedestablishideaofJudicialReview•Marburyv.Madison(1803)– establishedtheideaofJudicialReview•McCullochv.Maryland(1819)– statescouldnottaxanationalbank,increasedpowerofnationalgovernment•Gibbonsv.Ogden(1824)– federalgovernmentcouldregulateinterstate trade•Worcesterv.Georgia(1832)- JohnMarshalldeclaresitillegaltoremoveIndians fromtheirland•DredScottv.Sanford(1857)– slaves areNOTcitizens,insteadareconsideredproperty;MissouriCompromisedeclaredunconstitutional

Federalists Democratic-Republicans

ImportantLeaders

JohnAdamsAlexanderHamilton

ThomasJeffersonJames Madison

Issues

Government StrongNationalGovernment

StrongStateGovernments

Constitution Looseinterpretation

Strictinterpretation

Economy Basedonindustry Basedonagriculture

Democracy Fearofmobrule Fearofrulebyoneorafew

ForeignAffairs SupportsEngland SupportsFrance

Warof1812Significance – Americadefendeditsfirst"invasion,"provingitwasapowerfulforce.Noterritorywasgainedorlostandtherewasnoclearwinner.Causes/Issues•ImpressmentofU.S.sailors•Shippinginterference•BritishsupportedAmericanIndianresistanceagainstAmericans•WarHawks– persuadedCongresstosupportadeclarationofwaragainstBritainEvents•AttackonWashington,D.C.– in1814,theBritishoccupiedDCandsetfiretomanypublicbuildings(WhiteHouse)•FortMcHenry– FrancisScottKeywrotethepoem“Defence ofFortMcHenry,"fromwhichthe“Star-SpangledBanner”waswritten•BattleofNewOrleans–GeneralAndrewJacksondefeatedtheBritish,whowereintentonseizingNewOrleansandthelandAmericahadacquiredwiththeLouisianaPurchase.ThevictorymadeJacksonanationalhero.•TreatyofGhent– peacetreatythatendedtheWarof1812andrestoredrelationsbetweentheU.S.andBritaintopre-warstatus.

GeorgeWashington’sFarewellAddress•Urgednationtobeneutral andsteerclearofpermanentallianceswithanyportionoftheforeignworld•Recognizedthedangersofpoliticalparties andwarnedthatattacksbypoliticalpartiescouldweakenthenation•HisadviceguidesU.S.foreignpolicyeventotoday

PresidentialForeignPoliciesJohnAdams•XYZAffair– theFrenchwereseizingAmericanshipstopreventAmericansfromtradingwiththeBritish.ThomasJefferson•EmbargoAct(1807)– prohibitedAmericansfromtradingwithforeignnations.ItfailedandhurttheAmericaneconomy


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ComponentsofFreeEnterprisePrivateEnterprise– peoplerisktheirownmoneyCompetition– lowerprices/betterproductsforconsumersPrivateProperty– ownershipofpropertybyindividualsProfitMotive– gainafterexpensesaretakenfromrevenueConsumerSovereignty– powerthatbuyershaveovercompanies(determinetypes,quality,andquantity)

AndrewJackson’sPresidencyJacksonian Impact•AndrewJackson'selectionsignaledashiftofpowertothe“commonman” (eliminatedpropertyownershipforvoting,riseofthecommonmanduetoexpandedsuffragerights)•HisviewsleftalegacytothemodernDemocraticParty•Democracyinsocial,economicandpoliticallife•GovernmentbythepeopleNativeAmericans•Whitesettlerswantedlandtoraisecotton•IndianRemovalActof1830ispassedallowingthepresidenttonegotiateremovaltreaties•GeorgiatriestousetheIndianRemovalActtoforciblyremoveCherokeeIndians•CherokeeIndianstakethestateofGeorgiatotheSupremeCourtinWorcesterv.GeorgiawhereJohnMarshalldeclaresitillegaltoremoveIndiansfromtheirland•AndrewJacksonignoresthisrulinganddoesnotstopGeorgiafromremoving15,000CherokeeIndiansandforcingthemtomigratetopresentdayOklahoma•4,000Indiansdiefromcold,hunger,andexhaustiononwhatbecomesknownasthe“TrailofTears”NullificationCrisis•ProtectivetariffsarepassedtoprotectU.S.manufacturing•ThesehightariffsmadesouthernstatesangryincludingSouthCarolina(JohnC.Calhoun),whichpassedtheNullificationOrdinancemeanttonullifythefederaltariff•SouthCarolinathreatenstosecedefromtheU.S.unlessthetariffislowered•AndrewJacksonsendsinfederaltroopstoSouthCarolina•HenryClaywritesTheCompromiseTariffof1833,whichlowersthetariffandresolvesthesituation•SouthCarolina’sactionsprovethatasinglestatecanimposeitswilloncongress

JamesMonroe•InhisStateoftheUnionaddressMonroedeclaredthattheAmericancontinentswereforeverfreeandindependentfromEuropeanPowers.•MonroeDoctrine– proclaimedthatEuropeanpowersshouldnolongercolonizeorinterferewiththeaffairsofthenationsoftheAmericas.U.S.sawitselfasaworldpower.

U.S.EconomicsCapitalism– aneconomicsysteminwhichresourcesandmeansofproductionareprivatelyownedandprices,production,andthedistributionofgoodsaredeterminedmainlybycompetitioninafreemarketFreeEnterpriseSystem- freedomofprivatebusinesstoorganizeandoperateforprofitinacompetitivesystemwithoutinterferencebygovernmentbeyondregulationnecessarytoprotectpublicinterest

ReasonsforIndustrializationPlentifulNaturalResources•Warof1812- largeamountsofsoutherncottonaresenttothenorthtobemanufactured,insteadofGreatBritain•LeadstothecreationofthetextileindustryintheNorth•ManyfactoriesintheNorthwerelocatedalongfastflowingrivers,sothattheycouldusewater-poweredmachinesImprovedTransportation•Railroad

•Suppliedcitiesandtownswithfood,fuel,buildingmaterials,andaccesstomarkets(+)•IncreasedcommunicationbetweentheEastandWest(+)•Ledtoincreasedairpollution(-)•Destroyedthenaturalenvironment(-)

•Canals•Artificialwaterwaythatimprovedtrade•ErieCanal,connectedNewYorkCitytoGreatLakes

GrowingPopulations•ImmigrantsfromEuropeNewInventions•Factorysystem/Interchangeableparts– introducedmassproductiontechniques;increasedefficiency(EliWhitney)•Steamboat –madeshippinggoodsandtransportingpeoplefaster&cheaper;couldnowtravelagainsttherivercurrent;citiesbegangrowingalongrivertraderoutes(RobertFulton)•CottonGin– increasedneedforslavelabor(EliWhitney)•MechanicalReaper/Steel-tippedplow– cropproductionwasincreased(McCormick/Deere)InvestmentCapital•Foreigninvestorssawopportunityforprofit

Positive Negative

Morejobs(factories) Pollution

Bettertransportation Overcrowding/Sanitation

Morehousing Illness/Disease

IndustrialRevolution&UrbanizationRural– countryliving;agricultureUrban– cityliving;factoryjobsUrbanization•themigrationofpeoplefromruraltourbanareas•Needforcheaplaborresultedinfactoryjobsandcausedmanyimmigrantstomigratetocities


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WestwardExpansion

•ManifestDestiny– beliefthatU.S.isDivinelygiventerritoryfromtheAtlantictoPacificOcean

NeverLookForThatBrokeOldMan’sGold

Economicreasons - newlandforfarmers,newtraderoutesandmarketsformanufacturedgoodsSocialreasons- refugefromreligiouspersecution(Mormons);removalofNativeAmericansPoliticalreasons- extendingnation’sboundaries,claimingterritory,andexpansionofslavery

ReformMovementsSecondGreatAwakening– religiousrevivalsintheearly1800’s;consideredthe“root”ofmanysocialreformcausesTemperance– calledforanendtotheconsumptionandsellofalcohol;ledbyLymanBeecherEducation– allowedforthewidespreadacceptanceofpublicschools,betterteacherpay/training,andcollegesforwomenandAfrican-Americans;ledbyHoraceMannPrison/Mentally-Ill– pushedforseparatejailsforadultsandchildren;rehabilitationabovepunishment;desirednewandseparatefacilitiesforthementally-ill;ledbyDorotheaDixLabor– setouttoimprovetheworkingconditionsinfactories,aswellasprovidechild-laborlawsAbolition– soughttoendslavery;Quakers firsttoholdsuchbeliefs;ledbyFrederickDouglass(NorthStar),WilliamLloydGarrison(TheLiberator), SojournerTruth,andHarrietTubmanWomen’sRights – soughtbetterworkingconditionsforwomen,aswellassuffragerights;SenecaFallsConvention,meetingofwomen’srightsactivistsinNewYork“DeclarationofSentiments”;ledbyElizabethCadyStantonandSusanB.AnthonyTranscendentalism– emphasizednatureandtheconscience(inner-voice);soughttocreateauniqueAmericancreativeartculture;includedtheworksofEmilyDickinson(poet),WaltWhitman,RalphWaldoEmerson,JamesAudubon(birdpaintings),HudsonRiverSchool(naturelandscapepaintings),andHenryDavidThoreau(civildisobedience)

Mexican-AmericanWarCauses•Annexation ofTexas•PresidentPolk’spushforwestwardexpansion(ManifestDestiny)•BorderdisputeinvolvingthesouthernboundaryofTexas(RioGrandeandNuecesRivers)Effects/Impact•U.S.winsthewareasily•TreatyofGuadalupe-HidalgoendsthewarandsecurestheMexicanCession,whichincludesthecurrentsouthwesternUnitedStates•conflictofexpansionofslaverygrowsinCongress

ImmigrantsandManifestDestinyCaliforniaGoldRush- floodofsettlerstoCaliforniain1848;populationquicklyrisesandstatehoodisacceptedin1850;ChineseimmigrantsarepulledtoareaafterrumorsofgoldTrans-ContinentalRailroad– Chinese,Irish,andGermanimmigrantsallcontributegreatlytothecompletionofthisproject,connectingEastandWest;encouragedwestwardmigrationofimmigrants,aswellasnewbusinessopportunitiesfortrade;metatPromontoryPoint,UtahNativeAmericans– setupthetreatysystemandreservationsystemsecuredplacesforthemtolive

Territory Year FromWho? How?

N.W.Ordinance 1787 England Treatyof

Paris,1783

LouisianaPurchase 1803 France Purchased

for$15M

Florida 1819 Spain Negotiation

Texas 1845 RepublicofTexas Annexation

BritishCessions

1818&1842 England Negotiation

OregonCountry 1846 England Negotiation

MexicanCession 1848 Mexico

TreatyofGuadalupe-Hidalgo

GadsdenPurchase 1853 Mexico Purchased

for$10M


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EventsLeadingDirectlytoCivilWarDredScottv.Sanford– SupremeCourtcasewhereChiefJusticeRogerTaneyandtheotherJusticesruledthatDredScott(andallotherslaves)werenotconsideredcitizens,butinsteadwereconsideredpropertyElectionof1860– Presidentialelectionthatshowedthesharpdivisioninthenation,withAbrahamLincoln(Republican)beatingJohnBreckenridge(SouthernDemocrat)withoutthesupportofasingleSouthernstate;signaledtotheSouththatitwastimetosecede,whichSouthCarolinadidjustamonthlaterinDecember1860

SectionalismCauses/Issues•Tariffs

•North:hightariffsprotectedindustrialNorthbyraisingpricesofforeignimports;Northernerslikedprotective-tariffsbecausetheyencouragedpeopletobuyAmerican-madeproducts•South:havingfewfactories,theSouthimportedmostnon-agriculturalproducts;hightariffsmeantthattheirexportshadtobesoldforlesstotheirEuropeantradepartners,aswellashavingtopayhigherpricesformanufacturedgoods;NullificationCrisisinSouthCarolinawas1st instancewhereasouthernstatechallengedafederaltariffsuccessfully•West:manygovernmentspendingprojects,suchasroads,canals,etc.werefinancedbytariffs

•Slavery•North:adamantlyagainstslavery,madeillegalsincetheRevolution;organizedabolitionistssocieties,newspapers,etc.•South:basisofSoutherneconomy;viewedprimarilyasastates’right•West:primarygoalwastobalancenumberofslaveandfreestates;argumentwaswhetherornottoextendslaveryintothesenewterritories

•States’Rights•North:allowedthefederalgovernmenttoplayamoredominantroleingovernment,sostates’rightswerenotviewedasessential•South:hadalonghistoryofthisbeliefbacktotheConstitutionalConvention(Anti-Federalists);believedthatthestatesshouldbeabletomakedecisionsthatservedtheirindividualinterests,10th Amendment

CompromisesMissouriCompromiseof1820 - 1)Missourientersasaslavestate,2)Maineentersasafreestate,and3)lineisdrawnat36°30’(northofthisline,free/southofthisline,slave)Compromiseof1850- 1)Californiaentersasafreestate,2)slavetradeinD.C.ended,3)FugitiveSlaveAct,4)NewMexicoandUtahterritoriesestablished,and5)Texas/NewMexicoborderdisputesettledKansas-NebraskaActof1854 - 1)NebraskaTerritoryisdividedintoKansasandNebraska,2)bothterritoriesareallowedtoorganizethroughpopularsovereignty,decidingwhetherornottoallowslavery,and3)pro-slaveryandanti-slaverysidesclashinKansasinaseriesofviolentactscalled“BleedingKansas”

America’sdesiretocompromisewouldeventuallybeprovenfutile,withthedecisionofDredScottv.SanfordandtheSouth’srelentlesspushforseparation.

ImportantPeopleoftheCivilWarAbrahamLincoln- PresidentoftheUnitedStatesJeffersonDavis- PresidentoftheConfederacyUlyssesS.Grant- CommanderofUnionForces(1864)RobertE.Lee- CommanderoftheArmyofNorthernVirginiaWilliamT.Sherman - UnionGeneral,“MarchtotheSea”Thomas“Stonewall”Jackson - ConfederateGeneralWilliamCarney- 54th MassachusettsColoredRegiment,MedalofHonorrecipientPhilipBazaar - borninChile,SouthAmerica,MedalofHonorrecipient

ImportantBattles/EventsoftheCivilWarFortSumter- RebelforcesfireuponthisfederalfortinCharleston,S.C.,eventuallyforcingasurrenderandstarttheCivilWar(April,1861)BattleofAntietam- bloodiestsingledayinAmericanmilitaryhistorywith23kcasualties (September,1862);promptsLincolntoissueEmancipationProclamationBattleofGettysburg- turningpointoftheCivilWar(July1-3,1863)SiegeofVicksburg- UniongainedcontrolofthisfortinMississippi,thusestablishingcontroloftheMississippiRiveranddividingtheSouthintwo(surrenderedJuly4,1863)AppomattoxCourthouse - LeesurrenderstoGrant,endingtheCivilWar(April,1865)AssassinationofLincoln – shotinthebackoftheheadbySouthernsupporter,JohnWilkesBooth,insideFordTheater,Washington,D.C.(April,1865)

Lincoln’sSpeeches/WritingsFirstInauguralAddress - goalwastopreservetheUnionandclearlystateLincoln’santi-secessionbeliefsEmancipationProclamation- freedtheslavesintheRebelStates(Confederacy),butnottheBorderStates(Union)GettysburgAddress - meanttohonorthedeadandremindthecountrywhytheywerefighting(“halftimespeech”),only2minuteslonganddeliveredontheBattlefieldatGettysburgSecondInauguralAddress – hopedthatthenationcouldhealitswoundsandmoveonpeacefullyfromthisterribleconflict


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Takeyourtime!Showstrategies!Haveconfidence!Giveityourbest!

15thVote

ReconstructionAmendments•13th Amendment

•abolishedslavery•14th Amendment

•grantedcitizenshiptofreedmen(equalprotectionclauseanddueprocessclause)

•15th Amendment•gavealladultmalecitizenstherighttovote

ApproachestoReconstruction•Presidential- PresidentAndrewJohnsonislenientonhowhechoosestoletSouthernStatesbackintotheUnion,eventuallyallowingSouthernDemocratstotakecontroloftheirrespectivegovernmentsandestablishlawscalled“BlackCodes”thatseverelylimitedthenewfreedomsoffreedmen;Johnson’spopularitygrowsweakandheeventuallyonlyservesoneterm•Congressional- RadicalRepublicans,ledbyThaddeusStevensandCharlesSumner,makemanychangesduringReconstruction,includingtheintroductionoftheFreedmen’sBureauandthedividingupof10southernStatesintomilitarydistricts(ReconstructionActof1867)toensurethattheyadheretonewlawsguaranteeingnewfreedomsforformerslaves(freedmen)Freedmen’sBureau - assistedinthedistributionoffood,medicine,clothes,andothernecessitiestoallfreedmenaftertheCivilWar;itsmainpurposewastoguaranteethatallreliefandeducationprogramswereproperlyrecognizedbyformerConfederateStates;theBureaualsocontrolledallconfiscatedlandsinformerConfederateStates,borderstates,D.C.,andIndianTerritoryJimCrowLaws - statelawsintheSouththatweremeanttobypasslawscreatedbyRadicalRepublicansandanyotherfederallawtheydisagreedwith;“SeparateButEqual”KuKluxKlan – secretsocietywhoseinitialgoalwastodisruptRepublicaninfluenceintheSouth,althoughthegroup’stacticsandmessagequicklybecameviolentagainstallthosewhosupportedAfrican-Americans

14thCitizens

13thFreed


ReconstructionActsHomesteadAct(1862)- gaveadultheadsofhouseholds160acresofpubliclandinexchangeforstayingthere5yearsandimprovingthepropertybybuildingadwellingandcultivatingit;onlyasmallregistrationfeewasrequiredtobepaidattheendofthe5years;greatlyincreasedthesettlementoftheGreatPlains (westernterritory)MorrillAct(1862)- establishedcollegesinwesternstateswithfederallandgrants;theseschoolswerespecificallybuilttohouseagricultural,mechanical,andmilitaryprograms;sixteenoftheseuniversitieswerebuiltespeciallyfortheeducationofAfrican-Americans;forthefirsttime,highereducationwasbroughtclosertomillionsofstudentsandwouldeventuallyenhancethesocialandeconomicfabricofAmericaDawesAct(1887)– allowedthegovernmenttotakereservationlandanddivideitintosmallerplotsfordistributiontoindividualmembersofaNativeAmericantribe;wasmeanttoprotectIndianpropertyrights,butresultswereoftendifferentwitheitherIndiansnotassimilatingwellintofarmingcultureorthelandwassimplynotsuitedforfarming

ImportantPeopleandGroupsHiramRhodesRevels - electedfirstAfrican-AmericanSenator;chosenbytheMississippistatelegislaturetofilltheSenateseatwhichhadbeenvacantsincethebeginningoftheCivilWar;onlyservedabriefterm,butsetasignificantprecedentpavingthewayfor22African-AmericanmentobeelectedtotheU.S.Congressbytheturnofthe20th CenturyCarpetbaggers - peoplewhotraveledfromtheNorthintotheSouthinordertoinfluencethenewstatepoliticsandalsomakeafinancialgainoffofmanySoutherner’ssituationsScalawags - SouthernerswhoactuallysupportedtheUnionduringtheCivilWarandwhoalsoworkedwithNorthernRepublicansduringReconstruction;wereseenastraitorsbythoseintheSouth

TestingStrategiesConfidenceCoding - asyoumakeyourwaythroughthetest,placea (+)nexttoquestionsyouare100%sureyouhavecorrect,a (?)nexttoquestionsyouarenotcompletelysureabout,anda (-)nexttoquestionsyouhavenoideaaboutCoverUptheAnswers - insteadofgoingdirectlytotheanswersandtryingtosortthroughwhattheyprovidetoyou,simplyuseascratchsheetofpaperandcoveruptheanswersandproperlyunderstandthequestionKeyWordAssociation - thisstrategydirectlyrelatestothe“CoverUpYourAnswers”foundabove;whetherit’saquote,graph,chart,picture,politicalcartoon,oraregularquestion,writedowneverywordthatcomestomindasyoumakeyourwaythroughthequestionandstimulus(visual,quote,graph,etc.)“LazyReader” - notthatIwouldrecommendthisasafirststrategy,butifyoufindyourselfdiscouragedbyalongquoteorexcerpt,gotothebottom/endofthequoteandreadwhowroteit,whattheexcerptisfrom,andwhenitwaswritten;usethisinformationtowritedownasmanykeywordassociationsasyoucanandthenseeifthatsparksamemoryofwhatthequoteshouldbeabout


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