0 h1 sdlc and methodologies

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SDLC and RelatedSDLC and Related

MethodologiesMethodologies


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Contemplative QuestionsContemplative Questions

What are the various approaches toWhat are the various approaches todeveloping Information Systems?developing Information Systems?

Is there one best way?Is there one best way?

What is the difference betweenWhat is the difference betweentechniques, methodologies and tools?techniques, methodologies and tools?

What does the popular term SDLCWhat does the popular term SDLCactually mean?actually mean?


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SDLCSDLC

SDLC stands forSDLC stands for

SystemsSystems

DevelopmentDevelopment

LifeLife

CycleCycle

What does it mean?What does it mean?


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SDLCSDLC

SDLC stands forSDLC stands for Systems DevelopmentSystems Development Life CycleLife Cycle

First, SDLC is aFirst, SDLC is a Life CycleLife Cycle..

AllAll systemssystems have a life cycle or a series of stages theyhave a life cycle or a series of stages theynaturally undergo.naturally undergo. The number and name of the stages varies, but the primaryThe number and name of the stages varies, but the primary

stages are conception,stages are conception, developmentdevelopment, maturity and decline., maturity and decline.

TheThe systems development life cycle (SDLC)systems development life cycle (SDLC) therefore,therefore,refers to therefers to the developmentdevelopment stage of thestage of the systemsystemss life cyclelife cycle..

Why are we so interested in theWhy are we so interested in the developmentdevelopment stage?stage?What about conception, maturity and decline?What about conception, maturity and decline?


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MethodologiesMethodologies

Is there a difference between the term SDLC andIs there a difference between the term SDLC andthe term methodology?the term methodology?

Whereas the SDLC refers to a stage all systemsWhereas the SDLC refers to a stage all systems

naturallynaturally undergo, a methodology refers to anundergo, a methodology refers to anapproachapproach invented by humansinvented by humans to manage theto manage theevents naturally occurring in the SDLC.events naturally occurring in the SDLC.

AA methodologymethodology is, in simple terms, a set of steps,is, in simple terms, a set of steps,guidelines, activities and/or principles to follow in aguidelines, activities and/or principles to follow in a

particular situation.particular situation. Most methodologies are comprehensive, multiMost methodologies are comprehensive, multi--stepstepapproaches to systems developmentapproaches to systems development

There are many methodologies out there. SeeThere are many methodologies out there. Seewww.methodology.orgwww.methodology.org ..


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SDLC vs. MethodologySDLC vs. Methodology

It is confusing, but unfortunately, the termIt is confusing, but unfortunately, the termSDLC is frequently used synonymously withSDLC is frequently used synonymously with

thethe waterfallwaterfall oror traditional approachtraditional approach forfordeveloping information systems.developing information systems.

The SDLC approachThe SDLC approach This approach essentially refers to a linear sequence ofThis approach essentially refers to a linear sequence of

stages to develop a system from planning to analysisstages to develop a system from planning to analysisto design to implementation.to design to implementation.

Stages are followed from beginning to end.Stages are followed from beginning to end.

Revisiting prior stages is not permitted.Revisiting prior stages is not permitted.


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Approaches to SystemsApproaches to Systems

DevelopmentDevelopment DataData--Oriented ApproachOriented Approach

DepictsDepicts ideal organization of dataideal organization of data,,independent of where and how data areindependent of where and how data areusedused

Data model describes kinds of data andData model describes kinds of data and

business relationships among the databusiness relationships among the data Business rules depict how organizationBusiness rules depict how organization

captures and processes the datacaptures and processes the data


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Approaches to Systems DevelopmentApproaches to Systems Development

Process Approach:Lets look at all of our

processes. Processes takeprecedence over data. Get theprocesses correct first. Thenwell address what data isimportant.

Data Approach:Forget the processes, letslook at the data. Data comesfirst. Get the data correct, thensee how the processes actuallyuse the data.

Which is better, the Process Approach or the Data Approach?


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Databases andDatabases and

Application IndependenceApplication Independence DatabaseDatabase

Shared collection of logically related dataShared collection of logically related data

Organized to facilitate capture, storage andOrganized to facilitate capture, storage andretrieval by multiple usersretrieval by multiple users

Centrally managedCentrally managed

Designed around subjects such as CustomersDesigned around subjects such as Customersor Suppliersor Suppliers

Application IndependenceApplication Independence Separation of data from the applications, e.g.Separation of data from the applications, e.g.

Payroll data is part of the enterprisePayroll data is part of the enterprise--wide datawide datamodel and can be used by many systems, not justmodel and can be used by many systems, not justthe Payroll Systemthe Payroll System


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Systems DevelopmentSystems Development

Life CycleLife Cycle Every textbook has different names forEvery textbook has different names for

the stages of the SDLCthe stages of the SDLC

Usually they stages areUsually they stages are

Planning (just after Conception)Planning (just after Conception)

AnalysisAnalysis

DesignDesign ImplementationImplementation

Maintenance (starting Maturity)Maintenance (starting Maturity)

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Life CycleLife Cycle This text highlights 6 distinct phases:This text highlights 6 distinct phases:

Project Identification and SelectionProject Identification and Selection

Project Initiation and PlanningProject Initiation and Planning

AnalysisAnalysis

DesignDesign

ImplementationImplementation

MaintenanceMaintenance


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Stages of the SDLCStages of the SDLC


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Phases of the SystemsPhases of the Systems

Development Life CycleDevelopment Life Cycle1.1. Project Identification and SelectionProject Identification and Selection

Two Main ActivitiesTwo Main Activities

Identification of needIdentification of need Prioritization and translation of need into aPrioritization and translation of need into a

development scheduledevelopment schedule

Helps organization to determine whether orHelps organization to determine whether ornot resources should be dedicated to a project.not resources should be dedicated to a project.

2.2. Project Initiation and PlanningProject Initiation and Planning Two ActivitiesTwo Activities

Formal preliminary investigation of the problem atFormal preliminary investigation of the problem athandhand

Presentation of reasons why system should or shouldPresentation of reasons why system should or should

not be developed by the organizationnot be developed by the organization


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Life CycleLife Cycle AnalysisAnalysis

Study of current procedures andStudy of current procedures and

information systemsinformation systems Determine requirementsDetermine requirements

Study current systemStudy current system

Structure requirements and eliminate redundanciesStructure requirements and eliminate redundancies

Generate alternative designsGenerate alternative designs

Compare alternativesCompare alternatives

Recommend best alternativeRecommend best alternative


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Life CycleLife Cycle DesignDesign

Logical DesignLogical Design

Concentrates on business aspects of the systemConcentrates on business aspects of the system Physical DesignPhysical Design

Technical specificationsTechnical specifications

ImplementationImplementation ImplementationImplementation

Hardware and software installationHardware and software installation

ProgrammingProgramming

User TrainingUser Training

DocumentationDocumentation


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Life CycleLife Cycle MaintenanceMaintenance

System changed to reflect changingSystem changed to reflect changing

conditionsconditions System obsolescenceSystem obsolescence

A good way to learn the stages of theA good way to learn the stages of theSDLC is to createSDLC is to create deliverablesdeliverables (output)(output)of each stage in the process.of each stage in the process.


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Alternative ApproachesAlternative Approaches

PrototypingPrototyping

Building a scaledBuilding a scaled--down working version of thedown working version of the

systemsystem Advantages:Advantages:

Users are involved in designUsers are involved in design

Captures requirements in concrete formCaptures requirements in concrete form

Rapid Application Development (RAD)Rapid Application Development (RAD) Utilizes prototyping to delay producing systemUtilizes prototyping to delay producing system

design until after user requirements are cleardesign until after user requirements are clear


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PrototypingPrototypingFig. 1-6


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Joint Application Design (JAD)Joint Application Design (JAD)

Users, Managers and Analysts workUsers, Managers and Analysts work

together for several daystogether for several days

System requirements are reviewedSystem requirements are reviewed

Structured meetingsStructured meetings

We will see a video on this when weWe will see a video on this when wecover Chapter 7cover Chapter 7


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Evolutionary or spiral methodologyEvolutionary or spiral methodologyThe *** never gets done! Different versions, always inThe *** never gets done! Different versions, always in

different stages.different stages.

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