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ŒÛWy™*Åi!*yXZ0z¨ZtÅWgZÆÚø~* 8©~î Eë+
ŒÛMy™*Åi!*yƒäÆ:L²!i!*yÔZkÅ@*gõÔZkÅ¢|AöEW¬ðXà:Zzg
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‰YdÔ�pŠÑŠ+�Ôp·Šz»äW~Å*"$Æ�ÛÉÃZ�xŠ}gì�ZyÆÃc*]ZzgZyÅ**x.ŠÔFF',$š{ï GOEzÁŠî]Æðeì}òÆ6,eg~Ã�áV�XZyÅÃz£Ñ]ÅD+z+â™Æ�áù™gì�XZÏ6»Zq-úc*V**xZ0z¨Zt»ìXZ0z¨ZtÿN**xgZ`Ã^yz*yÆZq-›yZä~ÀhezZÑqiŠCÙtì�ŒÛMy™*6,à:ŽãÓxZëÃz£Ñ]ÃZiuâ$åOzy™Æ�áù™g;ìX2Z4Z]4lç
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Æîsló~Zkä@*gõ²! What the Koran Really Says "XXZKZq-Â[i!*yZzg¹ŒÛMy6,îs�Å�XX»â°),øz¨Zttì�²[çÑ}~–qDbÅ:Cé XE]gZògìXÃðœ�ZŠ!i!*ygZòzŒZzw7¶ZzgƒÌ7$˶ZkÆ',@²[
åX”œ~{~~¢|AöEW**òÃðqbk,{²[~70*ðYC¶Oç Diglossia çÑ}~
Y‹�á²~»‚gZù·ð{]ìZzgZk»Ñ$+~zî³tå�ŒÛMy™*Åi!*yÃðœ�ZŠ!i!*y7¶XÉtÌŒ7YY�Myz{¾Åi!*y~åX2›âV»tŠúò�ŒÛMyÅšïEGLŒÛ÷~**iwƒZÔ!*Ç"ãCŠìX
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zZÍw~Šg`fsï]ik,cMNÐ:
13
Ô%ZgŠzŠZ],{çg½ZsðÔº[-Eg;ÔуgÔ0*ÎyX Zk6,zW&æk, *
åc*7ZzgHtÜs²[çÑ}»+B{úGE
å? Diglossia ²[çÑ}~ ZD”œ~{~~
¢|AöEW²!i!*yÅßg]qw [D
¸Z°¢|AöEWÅD+z+ `DY‹�á²~»0*tZ÷7Š ŠD
Z#�bÌU*ã~ŒÛMy™*~zZgŠZDbÅ:Cé XE]»Zq-Z)àE+™{ƒÇX
åc*7ZzgHz{Üsbk,{²[„»{vî O Diglossia (²[çÑ}~Ën» ])å?
Z0zZtÆ_.bk,{²[~Zq-§s¬!0îGOgZò¶ªZDbÆZLZLÅ:Cé XE]ªdigglosia ¸²Šzu~§sZq-ZdZŠ!&i!*yÆgZòƒä»ŠúòÌHY@*ìXZÐz{
ŒÛZgŠêìXZkÆ_.Z, "a break between the spoken and written language"
7ƒY)1(X linguistic norm çÑ}~Ãð»**x7ìXZkƽ~pŠz break
¢|AöEWZzg¬ðÆâÎË diglossia °Z"
”†i!*yÆ�)2(XZkÐ%ZŠZq-Z+ßg]qwìT~Zq-„i!*yŠzßgÂV~¹Y@*ì "literary or prestigious dialect" çÑ}~gZòzÙƒCìXZq-Ã
¢|AöEWª
XŠzâV "a common dialect spoken by most of the population"(3) Šzu~ìðªBCìXZq-f! "Low" ªZdi!*yZzg¬ð "High" ÆZEwÆñZµZ�X
¢|AöEW!*kx
[ZyÆZEwÆñZµ-VÒy™@*ì:"H [High] is used in such contexts as Sermons, lectures,
speeches, news broadcasts, and newspaper editorials and learned
in school. L [Low] is used in everyday conversations, radio soaps,
folk literature and other in formal contexts.(4)
@*gõZÅk0îE0¬ÝÅ!hÐ*î OÞŠÂVÅgzÝ~(,}zNtйYYì�tßg]qwŒÛãX
ZëZzgi0+{i!*âV~0*ðYCìXCÙi!*y~¢|AöEWªZdZŠ!i!*ỹCìZzg¬ðc*´‡ð
Å:Cé XE]Ôgzi%{Åi!*yX£g~ZŠ[å¢|AöEW„~ðƒZ™@*ì)5(XZ(„bk,{²[~̃ZÂ
Zk~˪]zZ<[Zzg)xzRïƆd$zZïg!ppŠZgŠ?
23 ¢:01)†g~D�y7102Y(Ñg{:2 qã^lö]Ÿô‰¡Ý
åZkaŒÛWyÅi!*y‡uìXÉ diglossia tŠúò„Ðz¾d$ì�aèz;VÃt™Æbk,{²[~Zq-ZŠ!i!*yÆz�ŠÃÌt™g;ìZzg digglosia Z0z¨ZtÃÌX linguistic norm
)[(”œ~{~~bk,{²[~¯»²!i!*y¢|AöEWÅßg‹qw
linguistic Z0z¨ZtÆ_.”œ~{~~bk,Ò²[~Z+Ãð£g~ZŠ!i!*y)&¯»²!c*
¢|AöEW¹YnÔñ�Š7¶X2bk,}~¢è
EELÂ"$Å°xñ�ŠÏÆ!*) norm)
œ�i!*yÅú**e¶XZDbÆZLZLÅ:Cé XE]¸ZzgZyÆâÎZÚ·z]å�ÎZz‡]ZDbÆßvZq-Šzu}Å!*]Ã:™0*D¸)6(XTgik,,~Zsòzf!rŠgÅgzÝ~Z0z¨ZtÆZkŠú}»‹t7HYg;ì:
ÓxZÅk0îE0¬Ý~´VÔ§VÔZçÑC4]z){ů6,Å:Cé XE]Á0*ñYD�XZkÆU/UCÙoÔCÙ8Šõ
EO~Zq-œ�ZŠ!£g~i!*yƒZ™CìXtÄzZŠ[Åi!*yBCìZzgZk~ZŠ[ðƒZ™@*ìX}yz*y~Zi!0îE0Š*Ð$43ðGEOq´‡ði!*3Ùg„�p7g}oÅZŠ!i!*y»Šgz©]ÃqÝg;ì¸è<ØÅi!*yªzh+zVÅi!*yì)7(Zzg',6.3ð XEVÅÌ)8(X@*ÆÆÇÆì´45éGE]Å:Cé XE]ÁZzgZq-£g~ZŠ!i!*yÆz�ŠÅÞŠ]Šï�)9(XZϧbsi!*y(,}Å:Cé XECZzgQf~¤/zƒV~˶pZkÅ
¢|AöEW»Šgz1CÙ~**òŸÃ
qÝå)01(XZk§b-**ãZzgŠ*ŹÏi!*3X$›40î EGE¸çn²!i!*yÆ‚BåXbk,{²[~¹ÐÅ:Cé XE]¸pZq-
¢|AöEW̶�ÄzZŠ[Åi!*y¶X
Š*ÅCÙZë�d$Zq-ZÐZŠe$ÔZq-+B{úGE
Åqïg„ì}-**EVÅ�áyzØ•ZyÆ�Zzg®ì¤/~~èìÂKVÅg1ZzgŠv�70*gpY]~ÔZϧb²1VÅ�áy
Hitti (X6,zW 11 “{Å“¹é OkZyÅHZ0ZW,W�Û+ÔZ•ðzWzYf[Ô'z]Åqïi!*yì)ÆZÖp5±�Ûâ�:
If the glory of Indo-European Greeks in their buildings and
sculptures, Hebrew's in psalter, then splendour of Arabs shine in
their magestic language, their ode.(12)
33 Z0z¨ZtÅWgZÆÚø~ __ ŒÛWy™*Åi!*y
bk,{²[~bs#zšº)„ÃZKy»z%{m¤/ŠZ**Y@*åXi!*yŠZãŠg]z0+g]tû{™@*ì�ZÖp»ZÚiz\V»g~T§b Hittie Òy„ZdõÍ~ÑgƒC¶)31(X¯',,
²1VÆ;VZKã_.!*]zZˆ‚]~Zg¬laZ™CìÔz{°*ZÅ3/.ç EEGZzgNZNwì)41(X²[ZKi!*0+Zã6,ZkuJ-**iZV¸�ZL´z{ƒÃ
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43 ¢:01)†g~D�y7102Y(Ñg{:2 qã^lö]Ÿô‰¡Ý
¿Æîg6,Z¹Æ**xÅ!*i‚‹ðŠ}Xbk,{²[~i!*yzÒyÅZÌÆ0@*g]ØZ@ÆÚø~HZq-¬Ýz[»tŠúòëwƒÇ�z;VËœ�ZŠ!Åhé Ly»Ãðz�Š:å!
ZÎZtZ²[~²[Æßv¦ƒZ™D¸Xi!*yzÒyÆ!™?ç NQEE%äFgZzguŠÕ¸X®ZtZ%Ñ&åENO~å�z;Vzq5+k,ƒäzZàXZŠ!u¤/xVËZ+i!*y~ƒC‰�Zq-§sÂ
ZyƒÃÔ!*z�ŠÅ:Cé XEC·z]ÆÔ™~WC¶ZzgŠzu~§stZZzg£g~´ài!*y¶T~ÄHŠH�{Š-Zg~6,¤ƒ@*X/{ÆaWäzZáiZ],+ÔX»Óx²[ÆCÙÍÚЃ@*åÔZÐ7,_ZzgŠZŠzdŠï¸X¯',,bk,{²[~Å:Cé XE]ÁÆ‚B‚BZq-£g~ZŠ!
¹ìÔ»z�ŠZ×ðZÛìXZÏÃf!!{3¨4è EEGEz> linguistic norm i!*yÔ&Z0z¨Ztä
‚wIÐÔbk,{~Zϵ~^~ 150c*100 ä¯o²!¹ì�Ô–wZyÆÔ¼gZsxÐñ�Šz%Í`¶)03(XZzgti!*y²1VÆZKi!*yÐ΃ÆË~ÚZg»Æ%ZiЦ/gg„¶XZkZ%ÅÞŠ]¡zgXZsòÐ7QÉf!>Åî]äÌZk6,$¤&œ
)13(qì�iâ:âIZsx„~²1Vä)©àîg6,Z•ð G.L. Della Vida ÅìX}zWZzgYf[z!*W,z]i!*yúŠ}à¶X�æ"$z�á²~Z?zœÔzÄÅi!*y¶)23(X
²1VÆ»g;ñúc*V»E+™{™Dƒñqì: Bernard Lewis ZϧbBut the basic and significant was their perfection of a literary
koine, classical Arabic, the elaboration of a complex meterical
system and the composition of a highly artistic poetry, unique in the
history of the semities, significant as this artistic outburst is the
history of comparative and semitic literature.(33)
(lingustic Oç@*g]›ëÅgzÝ~U*"$ƒZ�bk,{²[~Zq-£g~ZŠ!i!*yñ�Š¶X norm)
Z0z¨ZtäZkZŠ!i!*yÆz�ŠÅÔÆaŠ?7Åì�²[çÑ}~â“zƒ„7 lingustic norm pZ0+ÆgzZ`zgDyÆyƒäÆ:LZkçÑ}~Ãð
Y)43(XtŠ“ðW~ÌFF',˜[z!*ëì�bk,{²[~â“zpZ0+»!*ÇgDy7åc*²[Zk®Ð8Z�yz**£¸XŠg|xî]Æ_.²1VÆ;V¼gZsxÐÁZiÁ&Î',kI®’k,0*c*Y@*å)53(X–w**ÜZ−+Z‡²1V~Zi!0îE0Š*ÐFzZgÃ%A$™ä
53 Z0z¨ZtÅWgZÆÚø~ __ ŒÛWy™*Åi!*y
»gzZ``W@*ìX~\ÅlVÔ‡&ÿELõ»g**ñVÔ�á²~ZzgÕ0*gzV»f™ƒ@*åXÕWökßVÔYìZZwZzgZVw6,ŒÃ»f™TÒ]ÐMìZkÃÃZ0+Zi7HYY)63(X0*v,”œ~{~~t®ZL²z`6,媹Ðßvâ“zpZ0+Å&¢AÆqï¸XZkƼŠŠÑb7KYMh�}:
WU*gc*]ÅŠ*zxî]ÐU*"$ƒ@*ì�Ñà²1VÆ;V¢èEELÂ"$ñ�Šå)73(Xz{
"3ŠöEEâ~˜¸�WgZòâÅ!5åEOw¶Zzg”œ~{~ÆZzZy~â²!ZKZÝ^~»ˆz�Š5+k,ƒ[åZzgÙz'çOz`å)83(XZI^Š*iâäЮÂ"$ÐWÙ¸Zzg–w»gw',zÜyZyÆŠ´z‡âãáyÝlÁZiÁZq-DÙZgtxÐZyÆ;VZk®Æz�Š6,ŠÑª™D�)93(XZϧb¦zä)~ÌZ,WU*gX�X823Y»ZÊ-)é Eg{âMgZò~¯/ìÔ¸„ˆgC’k,zV~¸âÙƒÇX¸„ª{ƾZãÄZYZÏâ~ZLĘƒVÐZ0]Å�á²~ÐZÏŤ&ƒCì)04(X¼§ZsxÆz‰ÜZzgâIÆjZáЂây’k,»E+™{Mì}lZÔÀZÔÇ~ÔA~ÔßÔzgtzŒÛ¤kZzgÂ[ÆWÑ]}¯ÔŠzZ]ÔæZŠz){)14(XY‹�á²~~Â[
Zzg’k,»f™¬xMìX˜VJ-Zkñçq»mì�t’k,,¾nʼnÂZy~èI±Ì¸Oçzg‘0â…ƇZãi!*y~™ÅgzZe$Qì)24(XZϧbÎh+0™#Ö»—gåÐC%y»f™%z~ì)34(X'×h+',WVÇ**óÔÕ**óÔxÐtÔgCŠ*zm,Z]ÔfZCèoƒ’k,„ÅZ9‰XZϧbGzVÆ45é GE]ZzgZùÖVÆîÌ’k,,„‰)44(X
¼Šà:»Šúòì�ÇYq~²[Æ·Šz»gòÆ0*kZyÅèIÃc*ZyƼZbZÔ’k,~ßg]~ñ�Š¸ZzgZI²[ZyÃÐnƒZ™D¸)54(XÎZwtì�
Z¤/z{ŒÛZY]ÐWÙÂÂ"$Ð8**£ùƒMh?¢ðE0ZŠ©”Æ_.Ç@*gõZ²[zZK[ÆjZáÐiâ:Š*~Ã%A$ƒð‰XÇYq~ZK[Å™«»{mZÈxHY@*åXZ\k�z{ôp7g{ÃXZ[ëÜsrŠg~7,_��#V#V¬ÝäÇYqÅ
Ã7,³Ôc*ZyÆ0*kz{Éz){X}zKÚ0$40î EE)x001|c*611Y(XÐ@*gõ~Æ0qÝň¥â]�Zig¹ä@*gõl~f™XXZϧb¼ÃÆ**xôp�}
TÃic*Š0Zðx35|ä%"ìGOEH)64(X Òj^h]ÖÛ%^Ög Zzg ]ìf^…]ÖnÛàæ]�Ã^…â^æ]ÞŠ^eã^
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4,zwŒÛWyÆz‰ÜÜsŒÛ÷~71ÐiZZ+Z�ÛZŠÂ"$Æ®ÐWÙ¸XZ-~ih+ñ0U*"$¸�{]zkÅÂ"$Æ:L»A$zkBñXZ-~ІZv0ZÑg¶¸q)ˆ~(W7[åÅY+$ÐZsvz!*Š�áƒVÆ**xèo™Åf)ŠZg~Î{ˆ)74(XŠkÍt~~
Z#W7[åZzg›y™Z!¤~g¸A$ñgläZ·tgZñд;ÖZzg´ÈÆÜsZq-Š*zm,’k,™ZðZk6,&$,œ™ÆZÐ~ÆZ0+g\dŠc*)84(XÇt~å~»�zkÔW\Æ�ÛZ}IguÙzZáZzg»�¯!*]gÎwåñ�Š¸)94(XW\åƬ6,ZëŠ*zm,Z]Ãr3û EEL’k,~ÑäzZáñ�Š¸XW\åäpŠÌZkgDyªÂ"$Æfg)DÃôp™äÅF,(z
)15(ZÏÅgz× ]ÖÃ×Üe^ÖÓj^h Înù‚æ] )05(Zzg ]Òjfç]Ÿeo�^å j,Z‚ÛZð�ÛâðXW\å»�ÛâÈIguVB�ZzgZÏÅVwZ§ZÈçz{$+gÆaZkÆbÅ”ì��Ãðâ“zpZ0+ÐWÙìz{Šk›”VÃr7,−2Š}XZϧb‰pZ&Æ¢è
EELÂ"$ÐWÇ{ƒäÅgzZc*]ÌQ�}Ë›M†ZvZ³zt)25(ÔÇYq~rJ_‰ZzgZxZÅ.ð0Ý|]8©~î EñäÌZ-Ðr5å)35(Xqgz!*ÑczŸ]ÐU*"$ƒ@*ì�W\åÆÇIgu~®Â"$²[~ñ�ŠåZzgÓxZëŠ*zm,Z]Â’k,ÑäÅgzZe$ÌXZ%7ZCuJ-¸~qzÆqï²[¥â]&DÃôp™äÆa’k,ÆOñc*ŠŠZ“ZzgqzÆZEwÃF,ߊï¸X
Z[ÎZwtì��x�á²~ÅZ•ðŠ−ZŠ{¶Zk~ZKZkðIÚª�á²~Ù»gzZ`!*ÇyƒYì?@*gõÆ,]Zk»�Z[Ô~Šï�Zzg…�á²~Æôpz¯[ƒäÅÍZ„&ÞŠ]ÌŠï�®Z:ÜsZsòÉf!rŠgÅgzÝ~Z0zZt»tZ‹Zn�
M.C.A. ƒ„7YÔ!*ëU*"$ƒ@*ìXZkK~ linguistic norm aèÂ"$ñ�Š:¶Zka~bk,{²[ "Ancient North Arabian" ÆŠg`fsZÖp�ZkäZL£á Macdonalds
ÆjZáБÔ(,}',ûƒVÐ:Literacy seems to have been extraordinarily wide spread, not only
among the settled populations but also among the nomads. Indeed
the sources of thousand of graffiti on the rocks of the syro-Arabian
desert suggest that it must have been almost universal among the
latter. By the roman period, it is probable that a higher proportion of
the population in this region was functionally literate than in any other
73 Z0z¨ZtÅWgZÆÚø~ __ ŒÛWy™*Åi!*y
area of the ancient world."(54)
Íc*â“zpZ0+в[p[WÇ{zWÙ¸Xbs#zšº)ZyÅFb~¶XZKi!*yÅ™«zZg»»p[ZÈx™D¸XÄIú7Zy»8[F,+rÉÄ~æázñ]4©3ï GGGGZy»‡çO{ZqÐi¶XZ[ZyÆ;VZq-£g~´ài!*yÆúzF,zóÆ&?çO»]Â"ÑgŠ3ðŠï�âúÃðÌÃ7W@*XZÐf!>Ìt™D��²1VÆ;V¼gZsxÐIZq-Zd
£g~i!*yñ�Š¶XZÏ~ŒÛWy™*Æ4,zwäZÐbs#»Zq-£gzöZyŒÛZgŠc*)55(X‚W`Óx²!Í´~!*z%$›å EN¯âyzkyÆZq-œ�ZŠ!i!*yñ�ŠìXZÏjZáÐ
qìZq-²Z¹Ë%ZÉÅWÃ�áh+7™0*ñÇpZkÅ’k,âzg™áÇ)65(X Hittie
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ÖÛv^lÊo ÔTZ°Z,ÔkyXxyÔ`:1Ôm:34Ô�g`¾d$: ]Öß%†]ÖËßoÊo]Öφá fÅIgu: )61(Ô ]ÖÛßã^tÊo]ŸBh]ÖÆeo ÔŠZgZÅ3¨é IG£îEGÛz]ÔZÅ‹3œî EZ{k8791YÔm:93D04;’,ç N�Ûzc: ]Ÿ(h]ÖÆeo
Ô ]ÖÆhÊo]Ör^â×nèæ‘‚…]Ÿ‰¡Ý Ûz]4691YÔm41Ôm:3;†Z£ÔZÚiZÅWãÔZ¥/|;6391YÔÔm:93D04 ]ÖÛçqˆÊo]ŸBh ÄB0î EEGZÅ©è
EEOÔm:503D903;ÔŠZgfz~ZÅ?ÔTZzwÔ2241|Ôm:621ÔYih+Zy: ]Ör^ÚÄÊoi^…mî]Ÿ(h]ÖÆeo 85éEOZÖpg~: )81(
Ô!‹3œî EZÅ£ÕäwÔ4091YÔ`:1Ôm:53;عœ:Z:zèZSÔŠZgZšgsÔk i^…mî]Ö×Çè]ÖÆenè
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Z>b°ZÑŠ[Z²!Ô`:1Ôm:43D93 )12((22) M.A. Filthtinsky, Arabic Literature, n.d., p:10-11;
»gß**l:@*gõZÑŠ[Z²"0î EGGÔõ¢Z]ÔŠZgZšgsÔ4591YÔm:36(23) Arnold Hottinger, The Arabs, London, n.d., p:19; †Z£:ZÚiZÅWyÔm:2D5(24) Peter Mansfield, The Arabs, p:17; Zˆy„k:ŠgZ‚]°ZÑŠ[Z²!ÔkyÔm:831
²[ÆZ‚Zzg!*iZg}ŠzãZÄB5å EEw»~óÔqyÔ|]ñ]Ô°yZzgr¨éGgÆ‚Ô?pÔ )52(fzZÄB0î EEz){,ÆaŠ&ÀŸ/õ GG:GZÑjã:ZÎZtZ²[Ô+CÏîEEZzg¤`ÆŠgxylÐ&2wÅŠzg~6,zZµZq-ǃV˜V²[»Zq-(,Z%œ/~!*iZg4 )62(
94 Z0z¨ZtÅWgZÆÚø~ __ ŒÛWy™*Åi!*y
åXl()ÆŒÛd$„zZµZq-Â&B0î EE~•zZÑ!*iZgX )72(yZy²Ã]мÃA6,zZµÂ~fzZÎi~•zZÑ!*iZg )82(
"Arab ÔŠZgZäÉÐ)Õä&4èGGEÛz]ÔkyÔm:31D41; ]ÖÛßã^tÊo]Ÿ(h]ÖÆeoæi^…míä /�ÛÍcÔ )92(;Z¤/p‰fäŸZ+Êg„t7™DZzgZkŠú}Å Civilization" in Encyclopedia
@*GzÂ}~tŠ?7™D��ZknÅgzZe$ÜsZ0g]4þ IGä7ÅXpxrŠg~…äZZ¯ÆØZ@X�}£…œî0ŒÛ÷ÅŠ*zm,»\dc*Y**;2tgzZe$ÌQì�Îg>
Ú^â„]]ÖÏçÙ]ÖfJ† ZÈW,Ã�Z™Š-Zg~6,Wzm,ZVHŠH&7,|™z604{Ôczs²[�á²ä»û{HXZk6,eZŠ²[~�á²~Zzg�{�}ÅZÌÆ7ÃZyczsŸZ+ÅäZZÅgzZe$êZiZky7ìX
(30) "Arab Civilization" in Encyclopedia Americana, Grolier incorparated, U.S.A.,
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·Š~Z¤ß~àtX Giorgio Levi Della Vida (1886-1967) -31
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(34) Ibn Warraq, What the Koran really Says, p:37
Ôm:73 Ú’^(…]ÖDÆ]Ör^a×o **ÜZ−+Z‡Ô )53(ZsÔm56D07 )63(
(37) "Arabic Script" in Encyclopedia Brittanica, 1974; "Arabic Language and
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ÔxyÔkyÔ1491Ôm:7 ]Öí¼]ÖÆeo †Z£‚,: )83(Ô]:Š‰†Z£ZÊ-Cé EEOgÔ`:1Ôm:36 i^…mî]Ÿ(h]ÖÆeo »gw',zÜyÔ )93(
Ôm:83 ]ÖJÆ]Ör^a×o … Ú’^B **ÜZ−+Z‡Ô )04(Ô·ZD]Ô7991YÔm:61 ]Ö’^ufoÊoÊÏä]Ö×Çè }Š&ÀŸ/õ GG:Z£0Ãgk0i™c*Ô )14(
ZѸãÔŠZgZ^ZÅ›Ð.0îGÔkyÔ`:3Ôm:521 )24(
05 ¢:01)†g~D�y7102Y(Ñg{:2 qã^lö]Ÿô‰¡Ý
Ôm:95 Ú’^(…]ÖDÆ]Ör^a×o fZ!**ÜZ−+Z‡Ô )34(}Š&ÀŸ/õ GG:iâ:âIwz[&CEOg~¢y0Z£k,_»!*Š�á{�áxв[DbÅY+$ZKF»â )44(
Ô¬ÝZ^Ûz]ÔTZzw5891YÔm: ]ÖÛßÛÐÊo]ìf^…ΆmP Š~·0ÔÔ Z Å3›å EE �Z**ÔZ1QZÔm:56D07; Ú’^B…]ÖJÆ]Ör^a×o 451;**ÜZ−+Z‡Ô
(45) Charles Cultur Torrey: The Jewish Foundation of Islam
Ô]úŠ.si~ÔŠZgZÅ3¨é IG£îEGzZÉ4lçEIÔ:ŠtÔkyÔ`:1Ôm:72D82 i^…mî]Öj†]']ÖÆeo ¢ð
E0ZŠ©”: )64(
Ôm:7 ]Öí¼]ÖÆeo †Z£Z—,: )74(ÔŠZg™ŠgÛz]Ô`:1m:871 ]Ö_fÏ^l]ÖÓf†pF Z0Ä·0$43ü
EGÔ )84(ÔŠZgZH£îEGÛz]Ô Êjx]Öf^…pM†|‘vnx]Öfí^…p }Š&ÀŸ/õ GGZ0vZ£0Z0vZÅi¨Õä GãÔ )94(
7931|Ô`:9Ôm:22Ôb:211 q^ÚÄ]Ö’vnx(Òj^h]ÖÃ×Ü gg~Ô )05(
ÔŠZgZ^ZÅ›Ð.0îGÛz]Ô9991YÔug$:953 ]ÖÛŠj‚…ÕÂ×o]Ö’vvnà qÁZ1†Zv·: )15(ôÔgÎw�ÇYq~Â"$Æ®ÐMÙ‰ )25(
Ôm:16 Ú’^(…]ÖDÆ]Ör^a×o **ÜZ−+Z‡Ô )35((54) "Ancient North Arabian" in the Cambridge Encyclopedia of Ancient Languages,
Cambridge University Press, 1978.
(55) Hittie, "Arabic Language" in Encyclopedia Americana
(56) Ibid.
(57) Ibn Warraq, What the Koran really say, New York, 1998, p:32
Ôm:85 ]ÖËàæÚ„]âfäÊoÞ%†]ÖÆeo عœ: )85(Ôm:39 ]Öf×ÇäÊo]‘çÙ]Ö×Çè ¦Yœ&Œ{yÔ )95(
(60) Ahmed Ali Imam, Variant readings of the Qur'an, p:109-110
ÔŠZgZÅ)»40î GEGZœ>Ô5691YÔm:1D06;Z0ºzy·0†Z°Ý:l%îGÂ[ ÚçÖ‚]Ö×Çè Z£gŸZ°B: )16(ZÅf.çEzŠ-ZyZ*ZYzZÄ>.ç
EE°Zc*xZ²[zZ_',zð¬˜åîðfz~ZÅhÒŒéyZѺԊZgZ§ZnZ_Z²!Ô
kyÔ`:1Ôm:536Z1ZmkºZ£0¼:WÖºÔŠZgZšgs‡CÙ{ÔkyÔ`:1Ôm:81 )26(
(63) Ahmad Ali Imam, Varient Readings of the Qur'an, USA, 1998, p:121
(64) Ibn Warraq, What the Koran Really Says, p:33
(65) Muhammad Akram Chauhdary: "Orientalism on Variant readings of Fatiha: The
15 Z0z¨ZtÅWgZÆÚø~ __ ŒÛWy™*Åi!*y
Case of Arthur Jeffery" in American Journal of Social Sciences, 1995 No. v:
, p:176
(66) Ibn Warraq, What the Koran Really Says, p:36
Ô®ZäM{ q^ÚÄ]Öfn^áÂàiªæmØp]Öφá d~Z1Q·0k,Ô )76(|]Z0„kÐ**«0ZÑigt»ÎZw™**ZzgZy»Z]4g£é GIŠZiIJ[X )86(
óóŠgZgŠzŠZ],{çgsZsðÔŠZøÇÓº[Ôуg Â×Ü]Ö×Çè LL )96((70) Ibn Warraq, What the Koran Really Says, p: 36
ZL¸CÅ@*Gz¤&Æaz¨ZtäâgÍaZzg©@ÆY‹�á²~6,Z‹ZŸ]»Z¬Š{HìZzgZ-»–gZfeƒñ‚g}Y‹ÇÆzgPÃ%ŠzŠ™Šc*ìX
Ôm:42 qÛã†éœMÃ^…]ÖÆh Z1ih+ZÅÙÔ )17(Ôm:89Ô131 Ú’^(…]ÖDÆ]Ör^a×o **ÜZ−+Z‡Ô )27(
Ôm:531 Ú’^B… **ÜZ−+Ô )37(ZsÔ141 )47(ZsÔm551 )57(ZsÔm:651D751 )67(ZsÔm851 )77(ZsÔm161 )87(ZsÔm:081 )97(ZsÔm:571 )08(
Ô`:1Ôm:082 †eo]BhÎfØ]‡]‰¡Ý pgægç~Ô )18((82) "Badw" in Encyclopedia of Islam, Lieden, E.J. Brill.
(83) Ibid.
(84) "Arabic Language" in Encyclopedia of Islam
Ô`:1Ôm:082 †eo]BhÎfØ]‡]‰¡Ý pgægç~Ô )58(ZsÔm:882 )68(
(87) Ibn Warraq, What the Koran really says, p:38
ÔïúŠ·†{ÔŠZgZ^ZÅ›Ð.0îGÔÛz]ÔZÅ‹3œî EZÑz\Ô iËŠn†Âf‚]Ö†‡]Ñ ZÅ{3›é Eã†Z°iZt0—)é OxÔ )88(9991YÔ`:2Ôm:543
25 ¢:01)†g~D�y7102Y(Ñg{:2 qã^lö]Ÿô‰¡Ý
ZsÔ`:1m:421 )98(ÔŠZgZ^ZÅ›Ð.0îGÔÛzyÔZÅ‹3œî EZ{kÔ q^ÚÄ]Öfn^áÂài^æmØp]Öφá d~Z1Q·0k,Ô )09(
9991YÔ`:1Ôm:171(91) Ibn Warraq, What the Koran really says, P:37
ÔkyÔl) Ê–^ñØ]Öφá Z1D{Ô )29(Ô`:9Ôm:903 Êjx]Öf^…p ?ãÔ )39(
Ô!ñηZ+g$ZÕpZ^ZwÔŠZgZ?xgc*n: ]Ör^ÚÄ]Ö’vnx gg~Z1†Zv·0Z\.š5ÿ WG: )49(
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