19.1 Factors that influence territorial expansion and contraction

The purpose of this outcome is to enable students to understand some of the factors that influence the expansion and contraction of a society’s territorial boundary.

In outcome 18 an investigation was conducted into the geographic factors which influenced settlement patterns / development of societies throughout Mesopotamia. Locations that offered easiest access to the most important resources needed for survival were preferred. As the population of villages grew to form cities the demand for resources intensified and land became a possession to be owned and controlled. One way to address resource scarcity was to extend control over a larger area. However, resource acquisition was not the only factor that motivated territorial expansion.

For each item in the tables below, brainstorm possible reasons for territorial expansion or contraction

19.1: Factors Influencing Territorial Expansion

Economic

Political

Cultural / Religious

19.1:Factors Influencing Territorial Contraction

Economic

Political

Cultural /Religious

KEY

Discuss with students having them make notes of important points to add to their brainstorming ideas

19.1: Factors Influencing Territorial Expansion

Economic • need for resources, industrial growth, quest for markets, labour supply (e.g., slavery)

Political• desire for power and prestige, nationalism, militarism

Social/Cultural/Religious • enlighten new cultures, cultural superiority; spread religious ideas and beliefs

19.1:Factors Influencing Territorial Contraction KEY

Economic • resource depletion, unemployment, natural disasters, trade disruption

Political • change in government, weak leadership, nationalism / self-determination leading to territorial fragmentation; also weak military / technological inferiority resulting in invasion, ethnic conflict, civil war

Social/Cultural/Religious • disease, starvation, breakdown of social order

19.2 The Scramble for Africa

Read pages 774-778 about the European colonization of Africa and complete the following activities

The Forces of Imperialism

1. Note three motives behind the European race for colonies

2. Note two technological advantages Europeans had over the Africans

3. Note two factors within Africa that made it vulnerable to European conquest

The Division of Africa

4. Note two outcomes

of the Berlin Conference in 1884 & 1885 (p. 775)

5. Note three groups that clashed over territory and resources in South Africa (p. 776)

6. Note one outcome of the Boer War (p. 778)

The Scramble for Africa MatchingFind the name or term in the second column that best matches the description in the first column. Then write the letter of your answer in the blank.

A. malaria

B. Shaka

C. missionaries

D. gold

E. Berlin Conference

F. Britain

G. imperialism

H. diamonds

I. Boers

J. Leopold II of Belgium

K. racism

L. invention of the steam engine

M. Social Darwinism

N. Boer War

______ 1. The takeover of a country or territory by astronger nation with the intent of dominating thepolitical, economic, and social life of the people

______ 2. The belief that one race is superior to others

______ 3. Theory of “survival of the fittest”

______ 4. Meeting of 14 European nations in 1884–85 todetermine rules for dividing Africa

______ 5. A Zulu chief who used highly disciplined war-riors and good military organization to create acentralized state in South Africa

______ 6. Dutch settlers who took over Africans’ land andestablished farms in South Africa

______ 7. Group of people who traveled into Africa topromote Christianity

______ 8. Monarch who commissioned reporter HenryStanley to obtain land in the Congo in his name

______ 9. Factor that made it easier for Europeans tocolonize Africa

______ 10. Colonial power who won control of the Union ofSouth Africa in 1902

______ 11. Disease that hampered European efforts tocolonize Africa

______ 12. Armed struggle over South Africa

19.2 Imperialism Case Study: NigeriaComplete the following activities using pages 779 - 783

Define the following

Imperialism

Colony

Sphere of Influence

Protectorate

Paternalism

Assimilation

European nations used various forms of colonial control

How did the British control Nigeria & other British colonies?

What method of management did the French use with their colonies?

African societies tried to resist European attempts at colonization

How did Algeria’s resistance to French rule differ from the East Africans’ resistance to German rule?

Why was Ethiopia able to successfully resist European rule?

KEY

Define the following

Imperialism One country’s domination of the political, economic, and social life of another country

Colony A country or territory governed internally by a foreign power

Sphere of Influence An area in which an outside power claims exclusive

investment or trading privileges

Protectorate A country or a territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power

Paternalism policy of treating subject people as if they were children, providing their needs but not their rights

Assimilation a policy in which a nation forces or encourages a subject people to adopt its institutions and customs

European nations used various forms of colonial control

How did the British control Nigeria & other British colonies?

Indirectly by allowing existing rulers to govern under British authority and local chiefs to manage daily affairs

What method of management did the French use with their colonies?

Direct control through policies of paternalism and assimilation

African societies tried to resist European attempts at colonization

How did Algeria’s resistance to French rule differ from the East Africans’ resistance to German rule?

Algeria used active resistance but East Africans used a spiritual (religious) defense that included a belief that magic would protect them

Why was Ethiopia able to successfully resist European rule?

Emperor Menelik II took advantage of European rivalries to create a supply of weapons. He declared war and defeated the Italians.

SHOW SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA - Part 1

19.2 Decolonization 1945-65

1. What was the difference between a colony and a sphere of influence?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What benefits did the Western imperialist nations get from their colonies and spheres of influence?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. How did World War II affect the power of Western imperialist nations?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What does self-determination mean?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. How did the principles of the Atlantic Charter conflict with imperialism?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. What did the Western nations assume about the new nations?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Why were the new nations poor and dependent?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. What did both the US and the USSR want from the new nations? What did they want differently?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

19.2. Post World War II Decolonization Factors

The following factors led to the decline of colonialism in the post-WW II period: - premises of the Atlantic Charter - colonial nationalist movements - cost of maintaining colonies - views towards colonialism by the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R.

The collapse of colonialism after WW II was spurred on by a variety of factors. Certainly the European colonial powers (with the exception of France, Portugal and the Netherlands) were arriving at the realization that self government must be granted to their colonial possessions. The pace at which independence was granted was slow at best and varied between the various colonial powers. Europeans continued to deal with their colonies in a paternalistic manner and believed that independence should only be granted slowly and only when the European powers felt their colonies were ready. This led to two different roads to independence – through peaceful negotiation or through violent resistance and confrontation.

Notwithstanding, most colonial powers were committed to giving their colonies self-government - but why the change of heart?

The premise of the Atlantic Charter

The Atlantic Charter was signed in 1941 by the United States and Great Britain. The agreement promoted and called for the self-determination of all peoples at the conclusion of WW II. The Atlantic Charter was also the blueprint for the new United Nations in their approach to the post-war world. It is ironic that this agreement was signed by Sir Winston Churchill who was a British imperialist to the core, but philosophically and morally, imperialism was no longer acceptable to most Britain’s and Europeans who were becoming more open-minded and liberal. Colonial troops were fighting and dying for their colonial powers and there was an argument to be made that they deserved their independence in exchange for this service.

Colonial nationalist movements

Nationalism in Europe’s colonies was present ever since the Europeans had arrived but it had only led to sporadic revolts and resistance. Ironically it was the Europeans who provided the training for the nationalist leaders in their colonies. Most post-war nationalist leaders had received a formal education in European Universities and it was here that they developed their ideas and their abilities to challenge their colonial rulers. Some nationalist leaders also served in the military or police of their colonial rulers and turned what they had learned against the colonial system. Throughout the 1940’s and 50’s leaders emerged in both Asia and Africa who united and directed opposition against their colonial masters, peacefully or violently, until independence was granted.

Cost of maintaining colonies

The promotion of colonial self-determination by Europeans was not without self interest. The war had virtually bankrupted many European powers and the few resources that they had available to them at the

wars conclusion, were to be directed to their own reconstruction and not towards supporting costly colonies. Most colonies had become financial sinkholes and this certainly fueled the drive towards self-government.

Views towards colonialism by the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R

The United States supported independence movements for several reasons:

● Having won their on independence from their British colonial masters it was natural for Americans to support a colonial nation that was under the thumb of a colonial master. It also coincided with America’s desire to spread democracy and self-determination.

● The desire to spread democracy and self-determination also coincided with America’s desire to win the hearts and minds of newly independent nations during the Cold War. If the United States was seen as the champion of colonial self government, these nations would be sympathetic to democracy as a political system and capitalism as the economic system of choice.

● The United States believed that the adoption of a free market economic system by newly independent nations would benefit America in two ways. First it would provide American industry with access to cheap raw materials and it would gain access to new export markets. Second, the adoption of a free market economic system would preclude the ex-colonies from becoming adherents of communism.

The Soviet Union supported independence movements for these reasons:

● Communism is based on the idea of oppression of the working individual. Marxist-Leninist doctrine advocated revolution of the oppressed in all societies and certainly colonial citizens fit this description.

● It saw support for colonial independence movements as a way of weakening European powers.● It attempted to associate any economic association with the United States as simply colonialism

in another form, in other words, economic colonialism, as practiced by the western democracies was no different than the political colonialism practiced by the Europeans.

One thing is certain, without the support of the US and the USSR it would have been more difficult for African states to break free from European domination.

Identify on a map the major colonial powers in the immediate years after World War II.

1. Which continents were the most heavily colonized in 1945?

2. Which European countries had the greatest number of colonies?

3. What were the racial and ethnic differences between the colonial powers and the colonized regions?

4. What might these racial and ethnic differences have implied about Europeans’ attitudes towards the colonized people?

1. In what decade most of the African nations become independent?

2. Which colonizer had the largest empire?

3. List 5 nations that had anti-colonial revolts or wars after World War II.

SHOW SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA - Part 2

19.2: African Imperialism and Decolonization Summary

Reflect on the colonization and decolonization of Africa covered in this section and complete the following table to help illustrate your understanding of territorial expansion and contraction factors

Expansion Factors Contraction Factors

Economic

Political

Cultural / Religious

19.2: African Imperialism and Decolonization Summary

Reflect on the colonization and decolonization of Africa covered in this section and complete the following table to help illustrate your understanding of territorial expansion and contraction factors

Expansion Factors Contraction Factors

Economic

Need for industrial resources

Desire for overseas markets

Cost of colonies post WW2

PoliticalPower

Prestige

Post WW2 decolonization movements

Atlantic Charter

Changing ideological ideas about peoples’ right to engage in political self-determination

Cultural / Religious

Enlighten new cultures (cultural superiority)

Spread religious ideas and beliefs

Ideological change

Rise of cultural relativism (principle of regarding the beliefs, values, and practices of a culture from the viewpoint of that culture itself)

Reaction to “the white man’s burden

19.3 The Legacy of Colonial RuleRead page 584 to complete the following.

European colonial rule greatly transformed African society

1. How did the Africans benefit from colonial rule?

2. What were the negative consequences of colonial rule for the African continent?

KEY

European colonial rule greatly transformed African society

1. How did the Africans benefit from colonial rule?

Reduced warfare

Improved sanitation

New schools and hospital were built increasing lifespans and literacy

African products valued on international market (though most of the financial gains made by Europeans not Africans)

Modernization (railroads, dams, and telephone lines built)

2. What were the negative consequences of colonial rule for the African continent?

Africans lost their lands and thousands lost their lives to disease (smallpox), resistance warfare, and famine due to cash crop farming

Traditional cultures destroyed as leaders replaced, and people forced to find new ways to support themselves as traditional ways of life destroyed

The political division of once unified people due to Europeans drawing artificial borders to their colonies that divided people creating problems when these nations became independent