Everything

You

Always

Wanted

To

Know

About

Spanish II . . . .

And

So

Much

More!

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00000Table of Contents

Body Parts .................................................................................................. 3

Ordinal Numbers ....................................................................................... 3

Possessive Adjectives ................................................................................ 4

Pronouns

Direct Object.................................................................................. 5

Indirect Object................................................................................ 6

Question Words.......................................................................................... 7

Verbs, Present tense

Yo –go verbs.................................................................................... 8 /9

Idioms 10

IR and IR A....................................................................................... 10

SABER vs CONOCER...................................................................... 11

SER vs ESTAR................................................................................. 12

Stem-changing: e>ie and o>ue...................................................... 13

TENER and TENER QUE.................................................................. 14

Third person.................................................................................... 15

Verbs, Present Progressive......................................................................... 15 /16

Verbs, Preterite tense

Regular verbs.................................................................................. 16/17

-GAR, -CAR, -ZAR verbs................................................................... 17/18

DAR and VER................................................................................... 18

SER and IR....................................................................................... 18

Reflexive verbs ………………………………………………………………………….. 19

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00000Body Parts

Las Partes del cuerpo

Los ojos – the eyes la cabeza – the head los dedos – the fingers

La boca – the mouth la espalda – the back el codo – the elbow

La lengua – the tongue los dientes – the teeth la rodilla – the knee

Las orejas – the ears los pies – the feet el tobillo – the ankle

La nariz – the nose el brazo – the arm los dedos – the toes

La garganta – the throat la mano – the hand el pie – the foot

El corazón – the heart la pierna – the leg la muñeca – the wrist

* Always use the articles with the parts of the body. DO NOT use the possessive adjectives with these nouns!!

00000Ordinal Numbers

* Ordinal numbers are used to show place value or position** There are only 10 Ordinal numbers in Spanish.

Primero (primer before a singular masculine noun)

Segundo

Tercero (tercer before a singular masculine nour)

Cuarto

Quinto

Sexto

Séptimo

Octavo

Noveno

Décimo

Último

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*** Ordinal numbers are adjectives. They must agree in gender and number with the noun they describe:

El segundo hijo

El segunda hija

**** There are two exceptions to this rule:

Primero and tercero become ‘primer’ and ‘tercer’ before a masculine, singular noun:

La primera nieta

El primer nieto

***** Ordinal numbers precede the nouns they describe:

El segundo piso

La tercera hamburguesa

****** Ordinal numbers can be abbreviated just as in English.

El primer piso

El 10 piso

La tercera casa

La 3a casa

00000Los Adjectivos posesivos

my – mi (s) our – nuestro (s) / nuestra (s)

your – tu (s) your – vuestro (s) / vuestra (s)

his / her / your – su (s) their / your – su (s)

o Used to show possession Es mi libro it is my book.

o Possessive Adjectives precede the noun ¿Estudias tú español? Do you study Spanish?

o Possessive Adjectives must agree in number Eduardo tiene su libro y sus cuadernos.

with the noun. Eduardo has his book and his notebooks

o Nuestro and vuestro must agree in number Nuestro papá and está aquí y nuestra mamá está en

and gender with their noun. Casa.

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00000Direct Object Pronouns

A Direct Object [DO] is a word or phrase in a sentence that tells “who” or “what” receives the action of a transitive verb:

I write my homework. Yo escribo mi tarea.S V DO noun S V DO noun

A Direct Object Pronoun replaces the DO noun.

I write it. Yo la escribo.

The Direct Object Pronouns are:

Me me us nos

You te you os

Him lo them los

Her la them las

You (ud) lo / la you (uds) los / las

It lo / la

There are two rules concerning the placement of Direct Object Pronouns in Spanish:

1. Directly before a conjugated verb or negative command:

Yo la escribo.

No la escribas Ud.

2. Attached to an infinitive, gerund (Participle) or affirmative command:

Yo voy a escribirla.

Yo estoy escribiéndola.

¡Escríbala Ud!

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00000Indirect Object Pronouns

An Indirect Object (IO) is a word or phrase that tells “to/for whom” or “to/for what” receives the Direct Object:

I give her my homework. Yo le doy mi tarea.S B IO DO S IO V DO

The Indirect Object Pronouns are:

To/for me me to/for us nos

To/for you te to/for you os

To/for him le to/for them les

To/for her le to/for them les

To/for you (ud) le to/for you (uds) les

To/for It le

There are two rules concerning the placement of Direct Object Pronouns in Spanish:

1. Directly before a conjugated verb or negative command:

Yo le doy la tarea.

No le dés Ud. la tarea.

2. Attached to an infinitive, gerund (Participle) or affirmative command:

Yo voy a darle la tarea.

Yo estoy dándole la tarea.

¡Déle Ud la tarea!

In Spanish, when both the Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns are used, the Indirect Object Pronoun precede the Direct Object Pronoun.

I am giving you it (homework). Yo te la doy.

I am giving her it (homework) Yo le la doy. becomes Yo se la doy to prevent the double “L”

allilteration sound.

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00000Question words

¿Qué? What?

¿de qué? From what?

¿con qué? With what?

¿para qué? For what (purpose)?

¿Quién? (¿Quiénes?) who?

¿a quién? (¿a quiénes?) whom?

¿Cómo? How?

¿Cuál? (¿Cuáles?) which?

¿Dónde? Where?

¿adónde? To where?

¿de dónde? From where?

¿Cuándo? When?

¿Cuánto (a)? how much?

¿Cuántos (as)? How many?

¿Por qué? Why?

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00000Yo –go verbs

These verbs have various unique spelling changes in their conjugations. But they all have one thing in common –

the first person singular form (yo) of the present tense ends in –go.

TENER

Yo tengo nosotros tenemos

Tú tienes vosotros tenéis

Él/ella/ud tiene ellos/ellas/uds tienen

VENIR

Yo vengo nosotros venimos

Tú vienes vosotros venís

Él/ella/ud viene ellos/ellas/uds vienen

PONER

Yo pongo nosotros ponemos

Tú pones vosotros ponéis

Él/ella/ud pone ellos/ellas/uds ponen

SALIR

Yo salgo nosotros salimos

Tú sales vosotros salís

Él/ella/ud sale ellos/ellas/uds salen

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HACER

Yo hago nosotros hacen

Tú haces vosotros hacéis

Él/ella/ud hace ellos/ellas/uds hacen

TRAER

Yo traigo nosotros traemos

Tú traes vosotros traéis

Él/ella/ud trae ellos/ellas/uds traen

OÍR

Yo oigo nosotros oímos

Tú oyes vosotros oís

Él/ella/ud oye ellos/ellas/uds oyen

DECIR

Yo digo nosotros decimos

Tú dices vosotros decís

Él/ella/ud dice ellos/ellas/uds dicen

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Idioms

Hacer la maleta to pack the suitcase

Hacer un viaje to make (take) a trip

Hacer cola to make a line; to stand in line

Hacer un picnic to go on a picnic

Poner la mesa to set the table

Salir en to leave in (on)

Salir de to leave (from)

Salir para to leave for . .

Venir en to come in (on)

00000IR and IR A

Yo voy nosotros vamos

Tú vas vosotros váis

Él/ella/us va ellos/ellas/uds van

Uses for IR and IR A

To show motion towards a place

¿Adónde vas?

To tell what will happen in the near future

Mañana voy a comer

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00000SABER vs CONOCER

SABER :

o To know a fact or information

o To know how to do something

Yo sé nosotros sabemos

Tú sabes vosotros sabéis

Él/ella/ud sabe ellos/ellas/uds saben

1. Yo sé que pasa en la historieta. I know what happens in the story.

2. José sabe a qúe hora empieza la clase. José knows what time the class starts.

3. Sabemos bailar bien. We know how to dance well.

CONOCER:

o To know people (to be acquainted with people)

o To be acquainted with something / someplace

o To know abstract ideas

Yo conozco nosotros conocemos

Tú conoces vosotros conocéis

Él/ella/ud conoce ellos/ellas/uds conocen

1. Yo conozco a mi profesora. I know my teacher.

2. Elena conoce a la Sra Ramos. Elena knows (is acquainted with) Sra Ramos

3. ¿Conoces los cuadros de Pablo Picasso? Do you know (are you acquanted with / familiar

with) the paintings of Pablo Picasso?

4. Conocemos la literatura de los mayas. We know (are familiar with) Mayan literature.

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00000The uses of SER and ESTAR

SER

Yo soy nosotros somos

Tú eres vosotros sois

Él/ella/ud es ellos/ellas/uds son

ESTAR

Yo estoy nosotros estamos

Tú estás vosotros estáis

Él/ella/ud es ellos/ellas/uds están

Reasons for using each

SER: for the uses of SER, think of the word CNOTE ( a hundred dollar bill):

C characteristics Ana es inteligente. Luís es alto. La casa es verde.

N nationality Raúl es Peruano.

O origin Rosalita es de Chile

T telling time Es la una y veinte. Son las dos y media.

E equivilence (what something is). Mi amigo es médico.

ESTAR: for the uses of ESTAR, think of the phrase True Love Forever, where the first letter of each word indicates a use of ESTAR:

T temporary condition. Ana está enferma.

L location. El libro está en la mesa.

F feelings Luisa está triste.

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These two verbs CANNOT be interchanged without changing the meaning of the sentence.

La manzana es verde. The apple is green. (it’s its normal color – like a Granny Smith apple).La manzana está verde. The apple is green. (it’s not ripe – not ready to eat)Ana es lista. Ana is clever.Ana está lista. Ana is ready.Héctor está loco. Héctor is crazy. (He doesn’t know what he’s talking about)Héctor es loco. Héctor is crazy. (He need psychological treatment)Felipe es aburrido. Felipe is boring.Felipe está aburrido. Felipe is bored.La chica es rubia. The blonde girl. (the girl is blonde – that is her natural hair color)La chica está rubia. The blonde girl. (the girl is not naturally blonde – she dyes her hair)

00000Stem-changing verbs

Some verbs change the vowel in their stem in the Present tense

The endings for the verbs do not change!

These verbs change in every person except the NOSOTROS and VOSOTROS forms

There are 3 kinds of verbs that make this change:

o > ue stem-changers

e > ie stem-changers

e > i stem-changers

o > ue stem-changers

DORMIR

Yo duermo nosotros dormimos

Tú duermes vosotros dormís

Él/ella/ud duerme ellos/ellas/uds duermen

e > ie stem-changers

PERDER

Yo pierdo nosotros perdemos

Tú pierdes vosotros perdéis

Él/ella/ud pierde elloa/ellas/uds pierden

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e > i stem-changers

PEDIR

Yo pido nosotros pedimos

Tú pides vosotros pedís

Él/ella/ud pide ellos/ellas/uds piden

00000TENER and TENER QUE

TENER

Yo tengo nosotros tenemos

Tú tienes vosotros tenéis

Él/ella/ud tiene ellos/ellas/uds tienen

Used to show possession Yo tengo un perro.

Used to show age. ¿Cuántos años tiene Luisa?

Used to talk about what you have to do. Ana tiene que estudiar.

Used in Idiomatic expressions

Tener hambre to be hungry (to have hunger) (tengo much hambre – I am very

hungry)

Tener sed to be thirsty

Tener calor to be warm / hot

Tener frío to be cold

Tener sueño to be sleepy

Tener prisa to be in a hurry

Tener razón to be right

Tener cuidado to be careful

Tener suerte to be lucky

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00000Third person verbs

Aburrir to be boring to / to boreInteresar to be interesting to / to interestGustar to be pleasing to / to likeEncantar to be enchanted with / to loveDoler (o>ue) to be painful to / to hurt

These verbs have a real and a translatable meaning These are a special type of verb that are only ever conjugated in the 3rd person (“it” and “they”) The subject follows the verb Indirect Object Pronouns must be used with these verbs

Me to me nos to usTe to you (familiar) os to you (used in parts of Spain)Le to him / to her / to you (Ud) les to them / to you (Uds)

EX: I like sports (really means . . . ) Sports are pleasing to me.Me gustan los deportes

Does music interest you? (really means . . . ) Is music interesting to you?¿Te interesa la música?

00000The Present Progressive tense (El Presente Progresivo)

The Present Progressive in Spanish is used to describe what someone is doing right now !! The Pres Prog is formed with ESTAR as the helping verb + the Present Participle (Gerund)

Formation of the Present Participle-ar verbs

Take the infinitive hablarDrop the –ar hablAdd –ando hablando

use the correct conjugated form of ESTAR in the Present to show who is doing the actionI am speaking Spanish. Estoy hablando español.

-er verbs

Take the infinitive comerDrop the j-er comAdd –iendo comiendo

Use the correct conjugated form of ESTAR

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We are eating tacos. Estamos comiendo tacos.

-ir verbs

Take the infinitive vivirDrop the –ir vivAdd -iendo viviendo

Use the correct conjugated form of ESTARYou are living here. Estás viviendo aquí.

There are some verbs that have an irregular Present Participle. Verbs that in a vowel followed by –er or –ir have irregular participles because in the participle you would have an “i” between 2 vowels. When this occurs, the “i” is changed to “y”.

Leer leyendoCreer creyendoTraer trayendoOír oyendo

00000El Pretérito

o There are 2 past tenses in Spanish, the Imperfect (el Imperfecto) and the Preterite (el Pretérito)o The Preterite is used to describe an action that began and ended at a particular time in the past. Usually

one time. Used to describe a single action.o Present tense stem-changing verbs DO NOT carry over the spelling changes into the Preterite

Regular –ar verbs in the Preterite

For regular –ar verbs, start with the infinitive hablarDrop the –ar hablAdd the Preterite endings:

Yo hablé nosotros hablamos

Tú hablaste vosotros hablasteis

Él, ella, Ud habló ellos, ellas, Uds hablaron

***Notice the accents on the 1st and 3rd person singujlar forms. The accents MUST be there, or the meaning changes !!

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Regular –er verbs in the Preterite

For regular –er verbs, start with the infinitive comerDrop the –er comAdd the endings:

Yo comí nosotros comimos

Tú comiste vosotros comisteis

Él, ella, Ud comió ellos, ellas, Uds comieron

***Notice the accents again in the 1st and 3rd person singular forms!!

Regular –ir verbs in the Preterite

For regular –ir verbs, start with the infinitive vivirDrop the –ir vivAdd the same endings as for regular –er verbs:

Yo viví nosotros vivimos

Tú viviste vosotros vivisteis

Él, ella, Ud vivió ellos, ellas, Uds vivieron***Notice the accents again in the 1st and 3rd person singular forms!!

00000-gar, -car, -zar verbs in the Preterite

All verbs ending in these classifications form the first person singular (yo) with a spelling change.

-gar verbs

Start with the infinitive llegarDrop the –ar llegConjugate using the regular Preterite endings for –ar verbs EXCEPT there is a spelling change in the “yo” form. For the “yo” form, change the “G” to “GU” before adding the “E”.

Yo llegué nosotros llegamos

Tú llegaste vosotros llegasteis

Él, ella, Ud llegó ellos, ellas, Uds llegaron

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-car verbs

Start with the infinitive buscarDrop the –ar buscConjugate using the regular Preterite endings for –ar verbs EXCEPT there is a spelling change in the “yo” form. For the “yo” form, change the “C” to “QU” before adding the “E”

Yo busque nosotros buscamos

Tú buscaste vosotros buscasteis

Él, ella, Ud buscó ellos, ellas, Uds buscaron

-zar verbs

Start with the infinitive comenzarDrop the –ar comenzConjugate using the regular Preterite endings for –ar verbs EXCEPT there is a spelling change in the “yo” form. For the “yo” form, change the “Z” to “C” before adding the “E”

Yo comencé nosotros comenzamos

Tú comenzaste vosotros comenzasteis

Él, ella, Ud comenzó ellos, ellas, Uds comenzaron

00000DAR and VER in the Preterite

DAR and VER have irregular forms in the Preterite tense:

DAR VER

Di dimos vi vimos

Diste disteis viste visteis

Dio dieron vio vieron

***There are no written accents marks for DAR or VER in the Preterite.

00000SER and IR in the Preterite

SER and IR have the same conjugation in the Preterite tense:

Yo fui nosotros fuimosTú fuiste vosotros fuisteisÉl, ella, Ud fue ellos, ellas, Uds fueron

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00000Reflexive verbs

Verbs are ‘Reflexive’ when they describe an action that someone does to himself. When someone does something to someone/something else, the verb is not Reflexive

I wash the car. “wash” is not reflexive, since I am performing the action on something else,

I wash my hands. In this case, “wash” is reflexive since I am performing the action upon myself.

Some verbs that are commonly used in a reflexive manner as well as non-reflexive include:

Despertar(se) (ie) - to wake up levantar(se) – to get upLavar(se) – to wash bañar(se) – to bathe (to take a bath)Afeitar(se) – to shave poner(se) la ropa – to put on clothingMirar(se) – to look at maquillar(se) – to put on makeupCepillar(se) – to brush peinar(se) – to combSentar(se) (ie) – to sit down (to seat) desayunar(se) – to eat breakfastAcostar(se) (ue) – to go to bed llamar(se) – to call oneselfDiverter(se) (ie) – to enjoy oneself; to have a good time; to have funVestir(se) (i,i) – to dress

Some verbs will change meaning slightly when used in a reflexive manner:

Dormir (ue) – to sleep dormir(se) – to fall asleepHablar – to talk; to speak hablar(se) – to talk with (each other)

To show that a verb is used reflexively, place the appropriate Reflexive Pronoun in front of the verb, which is conjugated in the normal manner:

ME NOSTE OSSE SE

Yo despierto a mi hermano a las cinco. I wake (up) my brother at five o’clock.Yo me despierto a las cinco. I wake up (myself) at five o’clock.

Mi madre se viste temprano. My mother dresses (gets dressed) early.Mi madre viste a mi Hermana temprano. My mother dresses my sister early.

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