© university of new hampshire interoperability laboratory gigabit ethernet and 10 gigabit ethernet...

© UNIVERSITY of NEW HAMPSHIRE INTEROPERABILITY LABORATORY

Gigabit Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet and 10 Gigabit Ethernet signaling10 Gigabit Ethernet signaling

Eric Lynskey

ECE 734: Sept. 29 and Oct. 2, 2003

UNIVERSITY of NEW HAMPSHIRE

INTEROPERABILITY LABORATORY

Gigabit and 10 Gigabit Ethernet SignalingECE734, Sept. 29 and Oct. 2, 2003

Speaker IntroductionSpeaker IntroductionSpeaker IntroductionSpeaker Introduction

• BS in EE from UNH in 2000

• Currently MS student in EE

• Employed at IOL since Fall 1997

• Have been active in FEC, GEC, 10GEC, EFM

• Interest in physical layer and optical communications

• BS in EE from UNH in 2000

• Currently MS student in EE

• Employed at IOL since Fall 1997

• Have been active in FEC, GEC, 10GEC, EFM

• Interest in physical layer and optical communications

• Voting member of IEEE 802.3

• An editor of IEEE 802.3ae

• Contact Information

• Phone is 862-3499

• Email is [email protected]

• Voting member of IEEE 802.3

• An editor of IEEE 802.3ae

• Contact Information

• Phone is 862-3499

• Email is [email protected]




Presentation Goals (mine):Presentation Goals (mine):Presentation Goals (mine):Presentation Goals (mine):

• Talk about high speed networking technologies– 1 Gigabit Ethernet (copper and fiber)

– 10 Gigabit Ethernet (copper, fiber, and more copper)

– Analog and digital signaling characteristics of each

• Provide you with some practical experience and knowledge

• Generate discussion and questions

• Talk about high speed networking technologies– 1 Gigabit Ethernet (copper and fiber)

– 10 Gigabit Ethernet (copper, fiber, and more copper)

– Analog and digital signaling characteristics of each

• Provide you with some practical experience and knowledge

• Generate discussion and questions




Presentation Goals (yours):Presentation Goals (yours):Presentation Goals (yours):Presentation Goals (yours):

•To learn about high speed networking – System considerations

– Design issues

– Interesting engineering problems

•To get some potential thesis topics

•To get involved in the discussion

•To learn about high speed networking – System considerations

– Design issues

– Interesting engineering problems

•To get some potential thesis topics

•To get involved in the discussion




Happy Birthday EthernetHappy Birthday EthernetHappy Birthday EthernetHappy Birthday Ethernet

• Invented in May of 1973 by Bob Metcalfe while working for Xerox PARC.

• Invented in May of 1973 by Bob Metcalfe while working for Xerox PARC.

“So in 1973, while searching for a word to describe the medium that would be everywhere, that would be passive and would serve as a medium for the propagation of electromagnetic waves into particular data packets, we took that word [Ethernet] that had fallen into disuse and called it the ether network.”




History of Ethernet StandardsHistory of Ethernet StandardsHistory of Ethernet StandardsHistory of Ethernet Standards

• Sept 1990, 10BASE-T

• June 1995, 100BASE-TX

• June 1998, 1000BASE-X (gigabit over fiber)

• June 1999, 1000BASE-T (gigabit over copper)

• June 2002, 10GBASE-R/LX4 (10gig over fiber)

• ???? 2004, 10GBASE-CX4 (10gig over twinax)

• ???? 200?, 10GBASE-T (10gig over UTP)

• Sept 1990, 10BASE-T

• June 1995, 100BASE-TX

• June 1998, 1000BASE-X (gigabit over fiber)

• June 1999, 1000BASE-T (gigabit over copper)

• June 2002, 10GBASE-R/LX4 (10gig over fiber)

• ???? 2004, 10GBASE-CX4 (10gig over twinax)

• ???? 200?, 10GBASE-T (10gig over UTP)




802 overview and architecture802 overview and architecture802 overview and architecture802 overview and architecture




Ethernet frame formatEthernet frame formatEthernet frame formatEthernet frame format




802.3z Architecture802.3z Architecture802.3z Architecture802.3z Architecture




The PCSThe PCSThe PCSThe PCS

• Translates the data to be sent into a form suitable for the media (encode/decode)– Zero DC content (DC Balanced)

– Rich transition density for clock recovery

– Error detection

• Adds control characters such as start of packet, end of packet

• Performs inverse on the receive side

• Translates the data to be sent into a form suitable for the media (encode/decode)– Zero DC content (DC Balanced)

– Rich transition density for clock recovery

– Error detection

• Adds control characters such as start of packet, end of packet

• Performs inverse on the receive side




The PMAThe PMAThe PMAThe PMA

• Serializes and deserializes (SERDES) parallel data to/from serial data

• Serial data is then sent to PMD

• PMA may scramble/descramble data to suppress frequency content, or encode data, or increase transition density (long runs of unbroken 1s or 0s may look like DC signal over a short term)

• Serializes and deserializes (SERDES) parallel data to/from serial data

• Serial data is then sent to PMD

• PMA may scramble/descramble data to suppress frequency content, or encode data, or increase transition density (long runs of unbroken 1s or 0s may look like DC signal over a short term)




Ethernet EncodingsEthernet EncodingsEthernet EncodingsEthernet Encodings

•Fast Ethernet 802.3u– 4B/5B and scramble

•Gigabit Ethernet 802.3z– 8B/10B

•Gigabit Ethernet 802.3ab– Convolutional encoder, Viterbi decoder, scramble

•10Gigabit Ethernet 802.3ae– 8B/10B– 64B/66B and scramble

•Fast Ethernet 802.3u– 4B/5B and scramble

•Gigabit Ethernet 802.3z– 8B/10B

•Gigabit Ethernet 802.3ab– Convolutional encoder, Viterbi decoder, scramble

•10Gigabit Ethernet 802.3ae– 8B/10B– 64B/66B and scramble




The PMDThe PMDThe PMDThe PMD

•Takes the serial data stream(s) from the PMA and drives them onto the media, may require electrical to optical conversion, etc.

•When receiving, the PMD may utilize channel equalization techniques to counter distortion of the received signal and error correction techniques to restore damaged bits.

•PMD receiver will use a phase lock-loop (PLL) to recover the transmit clock

•Takes the serial data stream(s) from the PMA and drives them onto the media, may require electrical to optical conversion, etc.

•When receiving, the PMD may utilize channel equalization techniques to counter distortion of the received signal and error correction techniques to restore damaged bits.

•PMD receiver will use a phase lock-loop (PLL) to recover the transmit clock




Ethernet Physical SignalingEthernet Physical SignalingEthernet Physical SignalingEthernet Physical Signaling

•Ethernet (10BASE-T) - Manchester Encoding

•Fast Ethernet (100BASE-TX) – MLT-3

•Fast Ethernet (100BASE-FX) – NRZI

•Gigabit Ethernet (1000BASE-T) – 4D PAM5

•Optical Gigabit and 10 Gigabit – NRZ

•Ethernet (10BASE-T) - Manchester Encoding

•Fast Ethernet (100BASE-TX) – MLT-3

•Fast Ethernet (100BASE-FX) – NRZI

•Gigabit Ethernet (1000BASE-T) – 4D PAM5

•Optical Gigabit and 10 Gigabit – NRZ




NRZ Data streamNRZ Data streamNRZ Data streamNRZ Data stream




1000BASE-SX Signaling1000BASE-SX Signaling1000BASE-SX Signaling1000BASE-SX Signaling




NRZ Eye DiagramsNRZ Eye DiagramsNRZ Eye DiagramsNRZ Eye Diagrams




1000BASE-SX Eye Diagram1000BASE-SX Eye Diagram1000BASE-SX Eye Diagram1000BASE-SX Eye Diagram




1000BASE-T Signaling1000BASE-T Signaling1000BASE-T Signaling1000BASE-T Signaling

2.89 2.9 2.91 2.92 2.93 2.94 2.95 2.96 2.97

x 104

-0.08

-0.06

-0.04

-0.02

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

1000Base-T Data




802.3z Objectives802.3z Objectives802.3z Objectives802.3z Objectives




PHY Block DiagramPHY Block DiagramPHY Block DiagramPHY Block Diagram




Fiber optic channel diagramFiber optic channel diagramFiber optic channel diagramFiber optic channel diagram




Operating RangesOperating RangesOperating RangesOperating Ranges




Different fiber typesDifferent fiber typesDifferent fiber typesDifferent fiber types




Total internal reflectionTotal internal reflectionTotal internal reflectionTotal internal reflection

n1

n2

Core

Cladding

Light lost in cladding(angle of incidence < critical angle)

a

c

Total internal reflection(angle of incidence > critical angle)

=Angle of incidence

=Angle of reflection

=Angle of refraction




Fiber attenuation curveFiber attenuation curveFiber attenuation curveFiber attenuation curve

• Transmission windows– 850nm

– 1300nm

– 1550nm

• Transmission windows– 850nm

– 1300nm

– 1550nm




DispersionDispersionDispersionDispersion




Laser TransmitterLaser TransmitterLaser TransmitterLaser Transmitter




Laser ReceiverLaser ReceiverLaser ReceiverLaser Receiver




The Ten Bit Interface (TBI)The Ten Bit Interface (TBI)The Ten Bit Interface (TBI)The Ten Bit Interface (TBI)




ReceiverReceiverReceiverReceiver

•The receiver recovers the link partner’s transmit clock from the received data stream via a phase locked loop (PLL).– This clock is then used to sample the incoming

data at the correct times.

– If the timing is off, the received data will be incorrectly interpreted.

•The receiver recovers the link partner’s transmit clock from the received data stream via a phase locked loop (PLL).– This clock is then used to sample the incoming

data at the correct times.

– If the timing is off, the received data will be incorrectly interpreted.




De-SerializationDe-SerializationDe-SerializationDe-Serialization

• The de-serializer samples the serial waveform at 1.25GHz, and assembles a 10 bit parallel words to be transmitted up to the PCS

• The de-serializer samples the serial waveform at 1.25GHz, and assembles a 10 bit parallel words to be transmitted up to the PCS




TransmitterTransmitterTransmitterTransmitter

•The PMA receives 10 bit words from the PCS at 125 MHz– The PMA must Serialize this 10 bit word, and

transmit at 10 times 125 MHz, therefore 1.25 GHz•Works in the same fashion as the de-serializer, just in

the opposite way

•Could use 20bit words and work at 62.5MHz

•The PMA receives 10 bit words from the PCS at 125 MHz– The PMA must Serialize this 10 bit word, and

transmit at 10 times 125 MHz, therefore 1.25 GHz•Works in the same fashion as the de-serializer, just in

the opposite way

•Could use 20bit words and work at 62.5MHz




COMMA ReceptionCOMMA ReceptionCOMMA ReceptionCOMMA Reception

• A COMMA is a string of 7 bits inside of a 10 bit word, used for alignment– COMMA + = b’0011111

– COMMA – = b’1100000

• Upon reception of a COMMA, the PMA must realign the current code group (10 bit word) boundary – To realign the code group, the PMA may delete or modify

up to four code groups in order to align the correct receive clock and the code group containing the COMMA

• COMMAs are transmitted during IDLE periods

• A COMMA is a string of 7 bits inside of a 10 bit word, used for alignment– COMMA + = b’0011111

– COMMA – = b’1100000

• Upon reception of a COMMA, the PMA must realign the current code group (10 bit word) boundary – To realign the code group, the PMA may delete or modify

up to four code groups in order to align the correct receive clock and the code group containing the COMMA

• COMMAs are transmitted during IDLE periods




PCS Block PCS Block DiagramDiagramPCS Block PCS Block DiagramDiagram




Purpose of the PCSPurpose of the PCSPurpose of the PCSPurpose of the PCS

•The PCS also encodes each octet of data using 8B/10B encoding

•The 1000BASE-X PHY, unlike the 10BASE-T PHY, is always generating signaling even when a frame is not being transmitted. The PCS must fit data being passed down from the GMII into this signaling

•The PCS ensures the integrity of the channel through the synchronization process

•The PCS also encodes each octet of data using 8B/10B encoding

•The 1000BASE-X PHY, unlike the 10BASE-T PHY, is always generating signaling even when a frame is not being transmitted. The PCS must fit data being passed down from the GMII into this signaling

•The PCS ensures the integrity of the channel through the synchronization process




Thank you Fibre Channel Thank you Fibre Channel -8B/10B Encoding-8B/10B EncodingThank you Fibre Channel Thank you Fibre Channel -8B/10B Encoding-8B/10B Encoding

•The 1000BASE-X PCS uses 8B/10B encoding, which was originally design to be used for Fibre Channel

•8B/10B encoding maps each octet of data in a frame to one of two possible 10bit code_groups

•8B/10B ensures that there is a density of transitions from 1 to 0 and vice-versa

•8B/10B encoding also allows for the creation of special code_groups

•The 1000BASE-X PCS uses 8B/10B encoding, which was originally design to be used for Fibre Channel

•8B/10B encoding maps each octet of data in a frame to one of two possible 10bit code_groups

•8B/10B ensures that there is a density of transitions from 1 to 0 and vice-versa

•8B/10B encoding also allows for the creation of special code_groups




Code GroupsCode GroupsCode GroupsCode Groups

• Data Code-Groups– Each possible octet value is mapped to two

possible 10bit code-groups. Which code-group it maps to depends upon the current running disparity

• Special Code-Groups– Special code-groups do not map to a specific

octet value

– Each special code-group has a unique meaning within the PCS

• Data Code-Groups– Each possible octet value is mapped to two

possible 10bit code-groups. Which code-group it maps to depends upon the current running disparity

• Special Code-Groups– Special code-groups do not map to a specific

octet value

– Each special code-group has a unique meaning within the PCS




Sample of PCS codesSample of PCS codesSample of PCS codesSample of PCS codes




What is 1000BASE-T?What is 1000BASE-T?What is 1000BASE-T?What is 1000BASE-T?

• A member of the Gigabit Ethernet family of standards.

• Supports the CSMA/CD media access control protocol.

• Supports full-duplex data transfer at 1000Mbps.

• Supports up to 100m of 4-pair unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable.

• Maintains a bit error rate (BER) better than 10-10.

• Meets or exceeds FCC Class A requirements.

• A member of the Gigabit Ethernet family of standards.

• Supports the CSMA/CD media access control protocol.

• Supports full-duplex data transfer at 1000Mbps.

• Supports up to 100m of 4-pair unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable.

• Maintains a bit error rate (BER) better than 10-10.

• Meets or exceeds FCC Class A requirements.




Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cablecableUnshielded twisted pair (UTP) Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cablecable




The category systemThe category systemThe category systemThe category system

• TIA/EIA-568-A defines a performance rating system for UTP cable and connecting hardware:– Category 3 performance is defined up to 16MHz.

– Category 4 performance is defined up to 20MHz.


• 1000BASE-T requires category 5 or better performance.

• TIA/EIA-568-A defines a performance rating system for UTP cable and connecting hardware:– Category 3 performance is defined up to 16MHz.



• 1000BASE-T requires category 5 or better performance.




Performance parameters for Performance parameters for UTP cableUTP cablePerformance parameters for Performance parameters for UTP cableUTP cable•DC resistance

•characteristic impedance and structural return loss

•attenuation

•near-end crosstalk (NEXT) loss

•propagation delay

•DC resistance

•characteristic impedance and structural return loss

•attenuation

•near-end crosstalk (NEXT) loss

•propagation delay




Performance parameters for Performance parameters for UTP connecting hardwareUTP connecting hardwarePerformance parameters for Performance parameters for UTP connecting hardwareUTP connecting hardware•DC resistance

•attenuation

•NEXT loss

•return loss

•DC resistance

•attenuation

•NEXT loss

•return loss




AttenuationAttenuationAttenuationAttenuation• Electrical signals lose power while travelling along

imperfect conductors.• This loss, or attenuation, is a function of conductor

length and frequency.• The frequency dependence is attributed to the skin

effect.• Skin Effect:

– AC currents tends to ride along the skin of a conductor.– This skin becomes thinner with increasing frequency.– A thinner skin results in a higher loss.

• Attenuation increases up to 0.4% per degree Celsius above room temperature (20oC).

• Electrical signals lose power while travelling along imperfect conductors.

• This loss, or attenuation, is a function of conductor length and frequency.

• The frequency dependence is attributed to the skin effect.

• Skin Effect:– AC currents tends to ride along the skin of a conductor.– This skin becomes thinner with increasing frequency.– A thinner skin results in a higher loss.

• Attenuation increases up to 0.4% per degree Celsius above room temperature (20oC).




Attenuation vs. frequencyAttenuation vs. frequencyAttenuation vs. frequencyAttenuation vs. frequency




Near-end crosstalk (NEXT) lossNear-end crosstalk (NEXT) lossNear-end crosstalk (NEXT) lossNear-end crosstalk (NEXT) loss

• Crosstalk:– Time-varying currents in one wire tend to induce time-

varying currents in nearby wires.

• When the coupling is between a local transmitter and a local receiver, it is referred to as NEXT.

• NEXT increases the additive noise at the receiver and degrades the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

• Crosstalk:– Time-varying currents in one wire tend to induce time-

varying currents in nearby wires.

• When the coupling is between a local transmitter and a local receiver, it is referred to as NEXT.

• NEXT increases the additive noise at the receiver and degrades the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).




NEXT loss vs. frequency (pair NEXT loss vs. frequency (pair A)A)NEXT loss vs. frequency (pair NEXT loss vs. frequency (pair A)A)




ReflectionsReflectionsReflectionsReflections

• When a circuit looks into an electrically long cable, it sees the characteristic impedance of that cable.

• Characteristic impedance is defined by the structure of the cable.– An unshielded twisted pair has a characteristic impedance

of 100.

• Maximum Power Transfer Theorem:– maximum power is transferred from a source to its load

only when the source and load impedances are matched.

• When the source and load impedances are not matched, where does the rest of the power go?– Answer: back to the source (a reflection)

• When a circuit looks into an electrically long cable, it sees the characteristic impedance of that cable.

• Characteristic impedance is defined by the structure of the cable.– An unshielded twisted pair has a characteristic impedance

of 100.

• Maximum Power Transfer Theorem:– maximum power is transferred from a source to its load

only when the source and load impedances are matched.

• When the source and load impedances are not matched, where does the rest of the power go?– Answer: back to the source (a reflection)




Return lossReturn lossReturn lossReturn loss

•The reflection coefficient is the ratio of the reflected voltage to the incident voltage.

•The return loss is the magnitude of the reflection coefficient expressed in decibels.

•The reflection coefficient is the ratio of the reflected voltage to the incident voltage.

•The return loss is the magnitude of the reflection coefficient expressed in decibels.




Echo vs. frequencyEcho vs. frequencyEcho vs. frequencyEcho vs. frequency




Far-end crosstalk (FEXT) lossFar-end crosstalk (FEXT) lossFar-end crosstalk (FEXT) lossFar-end crosstalk (FEXT) loss

• Crosstalk coupling between a local receiver and remote transmitters.

• FEXT– the ratio of voltage output by the remote transmitter to the

voltage present at the local receiver.• Equal-level far-end crosstalk (ELFEXT)

– the ratio of the voltage arriving at other local receivers to the voltage present at the local receiver

– ELFEXT Loss = (FEXT Loss – channel attenuation)

• Crosstalk coupling between a local receiver and remote transmitters.

• FEXT– the ratio of voltage output by the remote transmitter to the

voltage present at the local receiver.• Equal-level far-end crosstalk (ELFEXT)

– the ratio of the voltage arriving at other local receivers to the voltage present at the local receiver

– ELFEXT Loss = (FEXT Loss – channel attenuation)




FEXT loss vs. frequency (pair FEXT loss vs. frequency (pair A)A)FEXT loss vs. frequency (pair FEXT loss vs. frequency (pair A)A)




Alien crosstalkAlien crosstalkAlien crosstalkAlien crosstalk

• Horizontal cable runs are usually pulled in bundles.– for example, an office may require 2 voice grade cables and 2

data grade cables.– rather than pulling each of the four cables separately, they are

bundled together and pulled at that same time.

• Coupling between cables in the bundle increases as the bundle gets tighter.

• Horizontal cable runs are usually pulled in bundles.– for example, an office may require 2 voice grade cables and 2

data grade cables.– rather than pulling each of the four cables separately, they are

bundled together and pulled at that same time.

• Coupling between cables in the bundle increases as the bundle gets tighter.




Noise EnvironmentNoise EnvironmentNoise EnvironmentNoise Environment




Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) marginmarginSignal-to-noise ratio (SNR) Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) marginmargin• SNR is related the bit error rate (BER).

– a higher SNR allows you to maintain a lower BER

• SNR margin– the amount of additional signal loss or noise

that the system can tolerate before the BER increases above a given level.

• The system described to this point has a negative SNR margin for a BER of 10-10.

• SNR is related the bit error rate (BER).– a higher SNR allows you to maintain a lower

BER

• SNR margin– the amount of additional signal loss or noise

that the system can tolerate before the BER increases above a given level.

• The system described to this point has a negative SNR margin for a BER of 10-10.




Improving SNR marginImproving SNR marginImproving SNR marginImproving SNR margin

• Some noise components can be cancelled.– digital signal processing (DSP) techniques can be used to

create adaptive filters– adaptive filters can be used to cancel inter-symbol

interference (ISI), echo, NEXT, and FEXT– ISI cancellers, or adaptive equalizers, are currently used in

100BASE-TX applications– echo and NEXT are easier to cancel because the source

symbols are readily available– alien crosstalk cannot be cancelled because the source

symbols cannot be reliably represented

• Further increase SNR margin by imposing additional cabling guidelines.

• Some noise components can be cancelled.– digital signal processing (DSP) techniques can be used to

create adaptive filters– adaptive filters can be used to cancel inter-symbol

interference (ISI), echo, NEXT, and FEXT– ISI cancellers, or adaptive equalizers, are currently used in

100BASE-TX applications– echo and NEXT are easier to cancel because the source

symbols are readily available– alien crosstalk cannot be cancelled because the source

symbols cannot be reliably represented

• Further increase SNR margin by imposing additional cabling guidelines.




1000BASE-T design principles1000BASE-T design principles1000BASE-T design principles1000BASE-T design principles

• Begin with existing Fast Ethernet technology, type 100BASE-TX – Supports full-duplex transmission at 100Mbps.

– Supports up to 100m of 4-pair category 5 UTP cable (uses 2 pairs, one to transmit and one to receive).

– 4B5B block encoding and MLT-3 encoding result in the transfer of 3-level symbols at 125Mbd.

– Complete digital signal processing (DSP) implementations are commonplace.

• Begin with existing Fast Ethernet technology, type 100BASE-TX – Supports full-duplex transmission at 100Mbps.

– Supports up to 100m of 4-pair category 5 UTP cable (uses 2 pairs, one to transmit and one to receive).

– 4B5B block encoding and MLT-3 encoding result in the transfer of 3-level symbols at 125Mbd.

– Complete digital signal processing (DSP) implementations are commonplace.




Five steps to 1000BASE-TFive steps to 1000BASE-TFive steps to 1000BASE-TFive steps to 1000BASE-T

• Start with 4B5B encoding (125Mbps).• Transmit on all four twisted pairs simultaneously

(500Mbps).– technology derived from Fast Ethernet, type 100BASE-T4

• Simultaneously transmit and receive on each twisted pair (500Mbps full-duplex).– technology derived from Fast Ethernet, type 100BASE-T2

• Use 5-level symbols rather than 3-level symbols and encode 2 bits per symbol (1000Mbps full-duplex).– incurs 6dB SNR penalty relative to 100BASE-TX

• Use forward error correction (FEC) to recover 6dB.

• Start with 4B5B encoding (125Mbps).• Transmit on all four twisted pairs simultaneously

(500Mbps).– technology derived from Fast Ethernet, type 100BASE-T4

• Simultaneously transmit and receive on each twisted pair (500Mbps full-duplex).– technology derived from Fast Ethernet, type 100BASE-T2

• Use 5-level symbols rather than 3-level symbols and encode 2 bits per symbol (1000Mbps full-duplex).– incurs 6dB SNR penalty relative to 100BASE-TX

• Use forward error correction (FEC) to recover 6dB.




The 1000BThe 1000BASEASE-T Solution-T SolutionThe 1000BThe 1000BASEASE-T Solution-T Solution

•Transmit & receive on same pairs simultaneously!– Taken from 100BASE-T2

– Use hybrid to isolate signals at the transceiver

– Allows full duplex

•Transmit & receive on same pairs simultaneously!– Taken from 100BASE-T2

– Use hybrid to isolate signals at the transceiver

– Allows full duplex

© UNIVERSITY of NEW HAMPSHIRE INTEROPERABILITY LABORATORY

Gigabit Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet and 10 Gigabit Ethernet signaling10 Gigabit Ethernet signaling

Eric Lynskey

ECE 734: Sept. 29 and Oct. 2, 2003




Fiber typesFiber typesFiber typesFiber types

•Fiber’s form and 3 basic types•Fiber’s form and 3 basic types




Fiber Core sizesFiber Core sizesFiber Core sizesFiber Core sizes

• Multimode 50-200 micron in diameter

• Two most common are 62.5 and 50 micron

• Single mode – to be single mode, diameter must be no more than ~6 times the wavelength. Thus for 1330-1550 nm light, diameter must be 7 – 9 micron.

• Mismatching core sizes can be done, but in general is bad.

• Multimode 50-200 micron in diameter

• Two most common are 62.5 and 50 micron

• Single mode – to be single mode, diameter must be no more than ~6 times the wavelength. Thus for 1330-1550 nm light, diameter must be 7 – 9 micron.

• Mismatching core sizes can be done, but in general is bad.




Modal DispersionModal DispersionModal DispersionModal Dispersion

• A flashy name to describe how in a multimode fiber, the multiple paths arrive at the end of the fiber at different times.

• This multi-path delay causes a ‘small’ input pulse to smear into a ‘wide’ output pulse, degrading the rate at which those data pulses can be sent down the fiber (degrading the bandwidth).

• Note that a multimode step index fiber has high modal dispersion, as a result, such fiber is not typically used today.

• Graded index fiber varies the index of refraction of the fiber from the center of the fiber out to its edge. The result is that the modes traveling the longer sinusoidal paths actually propagate faster than the modes traveling the shorter, straighter paths – thus, arriving at the same time at the output.

• A flashy name to describe how in a multimode fiber, the multiple paths arrive at the end of the fiber at different times.

• This multi-path delay causes a ‘small’ input pulse to smear into a ‘wide’ output pulse, degrading the rate at which those data pulses can be sent down the fiber (degrading the bandwidth).

• Note that a multimode step index fiber has high modal dispersion, as a result, such fiber is not typically used today.

• Graded index fiber varies the index of refraction of the fiber from the center of the fiber out to its edge. The result is that the modes traveling the longer sinusoidal paths actually propagate faster than the modes traveling the shorter, straighter paths – thus, arriving at the same time at the output.




Chromatic DispersionChromatic DispersionChromatic DispersionChromatic Dispersion

• Effects all fiber types, but is primary limiting factor of long haul single mode connections.

• As mentioned earlier, EM waves propagate at different speeds in different media. Simply put, EM waves at different frequencies propagate at different speeds, even in the same media! In general, this is referred to as group delay, but in optics it is commonly referred to as chromatic dispersion.

• This spreading of different colors smears the transmitted pulses just as with modal dispersion.

• Effects all fiber types, but is primary limiting factor of long haul single mode connections.

• As mentioned earlier, EM waves propagate at different speeds in different media. Simply put, EM waves at different frequencies propagate at different speeds, even in the same media! In general, this is referred to as group delay, but in optics it is commonly referred to as chromatic dispersion.

• This spreading of different colors smears the transmitted pulses just as with modal dispersion.




DispersionDispersionDispersionDispersion




Reality CheckReality CheckReality CheckReality Check

• Assume BER of 10-12 and bit rate of 1Gbps– 1 out of every 1012 bits will be in error – Transmitting 109 bits per second– On average, 1 error every 17 minutes

• What about 100Mbps?– 1 error every 3 hours

• What about 10Gbps? – 1 error every 100 seconds

• 1000BASE-T has BER of 10-10

– 1 error every 10 seconds

• Assume BER of 10-12 and bit rate of 1Gbps– 1 out of every 1012 bits will be in error – Transmitting 109 bits per second– On average, 1 error every 17 minutes

• What about 100Mbps?– 1 error every 3 hours

• What about 10Gbps? – 1 error every 100 seconds

• 1000BASE-T has BER of 10-10

– 1 error every 10 seconds




Test and MeasurementTest and MeasurementTest and MeasurementTest and Measurement

•Bandwidth– Scope and probing solutions– Sampling rates

•Return Loss•Differential vs. Single ended•Equipment availability and

accuracy/repeatability

•Lots and lots of money $$$$

•Bandwidth– Scope and probing solutions– Sampling rates

•Return Loss•Differential vs. Single ended•Equipment availability and

accuracy/repeatability

•Lots and lots of money $$$$




802.3ae Architecture802.3ae Architecture802.3ae Architecture802.3ae Architecture




10 Gigabit Ethernet Objectives10 Gigabit Ethernet Objectives10 Gigabit Ethernet Objectives10 Gigabit Ethernet Objectives

• Preserve the 802.3/Ethernet frame format at the MAC Client service interface.

• Support full-duplex operation only. Support a speed of 10.000 Gb/s at the MAC/PLS service interface

• Provide Physical Layer specifications which support link distances of:

– At least 300m over installed MMF

– At least 65 m over MMF

– At least 2 km over SMF



• Preserve the 802.3/Ethernet frame format at the MAC Client service interface.

• Support full-duplex operation only. Support a speed of 10.000 Gb/s at the MAC/PLS service interface

• Provide Physical Layer specifications which support link distances of:

– At least 300m over installed MMF

– At least 65 m over MMF







10 Gigabit optical PMD’s10 Gigabit optical PMD’s10 Gigabit optical PMD’s10 Gigabit optical PMD’s

•Set of 4 PMDs (Physical Media Dependent) to optimize balance between distance objectives, cost and application.




LAN PHYLAN PHYLAN PHYLAN PHY• Plain old Ethernet

• Transmits/Receives MAC frames at 10.000Gbps

• Allows easy/simply speed scaling/aggregating of 10 1-Gbps links

• Can drive 2m to 40km depending on PMD

• Useful for:– Campus backbones (connect Gig E switches together)

– Dark Fiber runs

– Computer Rooms

– SANs, etc…

• Plain old Ethernet

• Transmits/Receives MAC frames at 10.000Gbps

• Allows easy/simply speed scaling/aggregating of 10 1-Gbps links

• Can drive 2m to 40km depending on PMD

• Useful for:– Campus backbones (connect Gig E switches together)

– Dark Fiber runs

– Computer Rooms

– SANs, etc…




WAN PHYWAN PHYWAN PHYWAN PHY• Transmit/Receive MAC Frames at 9.29419 Gig

SONET/SDH OC-192c Data rate compatible• Take coded (via 64b/66b) MAC frames and place

in the payload section of SONET frame and transmit onto SONET at OC-192c speeds (9.95328)

• For what purpose?– Make use of the existing SONET Photonic Network– Predominate optical infrastructure in North America,

Europe, and China– Avoid use of costly features of SONET – Optics, 1ppm

Stratum Clock, and many management features

• Transmit/Receive MAC Frames at 9.29419 Gig SONET/SDH OC-192c Data rate compatible

• Take coded (via 64b/66b) MAC frames and place in the payload section of SONET frame and transmit onto SONET at OC-192c speeds (9.95328)

• For what purpose?– Make use of the existing SONET Photonic Network– Predominate optical infrastructure in North America,

Europe, and China– Avoid use of costly features of SONET – Optics, 1ppm

Stratum Clock, and many management features




PHY NomenclaturePHY NomenclaturePHY NomenclaturePHY Nomenclature

• Wavelength: S=850nm L=1310nm E=1550nm

• PMD Type: – R=Serial LAN using 64B/66B coding (LAN Application)

– W=Serial WAN – SONET OC-192c compatible speed/framing

– X4=WDM LAN (4 wavelengths on 1 fiber)

• 10GBASE-LX4

• 10GBASE-SR / -LR / -ER

• 10GBASE-SW / -LW / -EW

• XGMII, XAUI

• Wavelength: S=850nm L=1310nm E=1550nm

• PMD Type: – R=Serial LAN using 64B/66B coding (LAN Application)

– W=Serial WAN – SONET OC-192c compatible speed/framing

– X4=WDM LAN (4 wavelengths on 1 fiber)

• 10GBASE-LX4

• 10GBASE-SR / -LR / -ER

• 10GBASE-SW / -LW / -EW

• XGMII, XAUI




Reconciliation SublayerReconciliation SublayerReconciliation SublayerReconciliation Sublayer




MAC Data MappingMAC Data MappingMAC Data MappingMAC Data Mapping




XGMII SignalingXGMII SignalingXGMII SignalingXGMII Signaling

• 32-bit wide data bus– NRZ

– Unencoded

– Logically broken into 4 lanes

• 1.5 Volt HSTL signals

• 156.25 MHz Clocking– 1/64th the data rate

– Sample on both rising and falling edges of clock

• Limited to 7cm

• 32-bit wide data bus– NRZ

– Unencoded

– Logically broken into 4 lanes

• 1.5 Volt HSTL signals

• 156.25 MHz Clocking– 1/64th the data rate

– Sample on both rising and falling edges of clock

• Limited to 7cm




10Gig Serial PCS10Gig Serial PCS10Gig Serial PCS10Gig Serial PCS




PCS block diagramPCS block diagramPCS block diagramPCS block diagram




10 Gig Serial10 Gig Serial10 Gig Serial10 Gig Serial

• Take two 32-bit streams from XGMII and combine to make a single 64-bit stream

• Encode the bit stream using look up table

• Scramble 64-bit stream and add overhead bits to make 66 bits

• Break this into 16-bit blocks that go over 16-bit wide electrical interface into transceiver

• Serialize and transmit at 10.3125 Gbps optically on one wavelength (850, 1310, 1550 using NRZ)

• Take two 32-bit streams from XGMII and combine to make a single 64-bit stream

• Encode the bit stream using look up table

• Scramble 64-bit stream and add overhead bits to make 66 bits

• Break this into 16-bit blocks that go over 16-bit wide electrical interface into transceiver

• Serialize and transmit at 10.3125 Gbps optically on one wavelength (850, 1310, 1550 using NRZ)




64B/66B Encoder64B/66B Encoder64B/66B Encoder64B/66B Encoder




64B/66B PCS64B/66B PCS64B/66B PCS64B/66B PCS




ScramblerScramblerScramblerScrambler

•G(x) = 1 + x^39 + x^58•G(x) = 1 + x^39 + x^58




Receive synchronizationReceive synchronizationReceive synchronizationReceive synchronization

• 64 bits are scrambled, but 2 overhead bits added– Need to know the 66-bit boundary to unscramble

• Any two consecutive bits can take on 4 values– (0,0), (0,1), (1,0), or (1,1)

– On average, all of these patterns will occur for any periodic observation of the bit stream (ex. Every 66 bits)

• Use two synchronization bits (0,1) or (1,0) in front of every 64 scrambled bits– Only place you are guaranteed not to have (1,1) or (0,0)

– Search incoming bit stream to lock on to 66-bit boundaries

• 64 bits are scrambled, but 2 overhead bits added– Need to know the 66-bit boundary to unscramble

• Any two consecutive bits can take on 4 values– (0,0), (0,1), (1,0), or (1,1)

– On average, all of these patterns will occur for any periodic observation of the bit stream (ex. Every 66 bits)

• Use two synchronization bits (0,1) or (1,0) in front of every 64 scrambled bits– Only place you are guaranteed not to have (1,1) or (0,0)

– Search incoming bit stream to lock on to 66-bit boundaries




Serial PMA and PMDSerial PMA and PMDSerial PMA and PMDSerial PMA and PMD

•Take scrambled 66-bit data and break it into 16-bit blocks – Takes advantage of previously defined high

speed 16-bit interface that was used by SONET technologies

• Sixteen bit data is then serialized and converted to optical signal at 10.3125 Gbps before being transmitted on the fiber

•Take scrambled 66-bit data and break it into 16-bit blocks – Takes advantage of previously defined high

speed 16-bit interface that was used by SONET technologies

• Sixteen bit data is then serialized and converted to optical signal at 10.3125 Gbps before being transmitted on the fiber




10 and 1 gigabit multimode10 and 1 gigabit multimode10 and 1 gigabit multimode10 and 1 gigabit multimode




10 Gigabit single mode 10 Gigabit single mode 10 Gigabit single mode 10 Gigabit single mode




10GBASE-LR eye diagram10GBASE-LR eye diagram10GBASE-LR eye diagram10GBASE-LR eye diagram•10.3125 Gbps optical

•10.3125 Gbps differential electrical before entering optical module




10 Gigabit vs. 1 Gigabit 10km10 Gigabit vs. 1 Gigabit 10km10 Gigabit vs. 1 Gigabit 10km10 Gigabit vs. 1 Gigabit 10km




10 Gigabit vs. 1 Gigabit 90km10 Gigabit vs. 1 Gigabit 90km10 Gigabit vs. 1 Gigabit 90km10 Gigabit vs. 1 Gigabit 90km




10 Gig Parallel (WDM)10 Gig Parallel (WDM)10 Gig Parallel (WDM)10 Gig Parallel (WDM)

•Take 32-bit stream and break into four 8-bit streams (remember the 4 lanes?)

•8B/10B encode each of the 4 lanes

•Serialize and transmit at 3.125 Gbps optically on four separate wavelengths simultaneously

•Take 32-bit stream and break into four 8-bit streams (remember the 4 lanes?)

•8B/10B encode each of the 4 lanes

•Serialize and transmit at 3.125 Gbps optically on four separate wavelengths simultaneously




WDM OverviewWDM OverviewWDM OverviewWDM Overview

• WDM (wave division multiplexing)– You can also have Dense, Coarse WDM

– C/D depends on number of wavelengths

• Refers to the (de)multiplexing of multiple wavelengths over a single fiber

• One laser for each wavelength

• Why send one multi-gig stream over a fiber when you can send multiple?

• WDM (wave division multiplexing)– You can also have Dense, Coarse WDM

– C/D depends on number of wavelengths

• Refers to the (de)multiplexing of multiple wavelengths over a single fiber

• One laser for each wavelength

• Why send one multi-gig stream over a fiber when you can send multiple?




WWDM Basics WWDM Basics WWDM Basics WWDM Basics

•In General, a WDM system has the following main parts: Transmitter, Receiver, (De)Multiplexer, Amplifier, and Channel.

•In General, a WDM system has the following main parts: Transmitter, Receiver, (De)Multiplexer, Amplifier, and Channel.

M ultip lexer D em ultip lexerA m plifie r

A m plifie rC hanne lT ransm itte r

Lasers R ece iver




System Block DiagramSystem Block DiagramSystem Block DiagramSystem Block Diagram

Electrical toOptical and

MUX

Optical toElectrical and

DeMUX

1

1

SMF or MMFClause 48

PCSMAC

TXC

TXD

RXD

RXC

4

32

32

48B/10BDecode

8B/10BEncode

XGMII




PHY Block DiagramPHY Block DiagramPHY Block DiagramPHY Block Diagram




Operating RangesOperating RangesOperating RangesOperating Ranges

•1 Gbps data rate

•1.25 Gbps bit rate

•10 Gb/s data rate

•12.5 Gb/s bit rate

•Really 4 x 3.125 Gb/s




XAUI ArchitectureXAUI ArchitectureXAUI ArchitectureXAUI Architecture




Clause 47 – XGMII ExtenderClause 47 – XGMII ExtenderClause 47 – XGMII ExtenderClause 47 – XGMII Extender

• XGXS (XGMII Extender Sublayer) and XAUI (10 Gigabit Attachment Unit Interface)

• Cl 47 uses the PCS defined in clause 48 and defines the electrical specifications for its use on circuit boards.

• Purpose – Extend XGMII reach from ~3in to ~20in (50cm)

• Specifies driver and receiver characteristics (eye diagram, differential amplitude, skew, return loss, jitter)

• Uses only 16 I/O pins instead of XGMII’s 74 I/O pins. (4 lanes differential, TX and RX = 4*2*2)

• XGXS (XGMII Extender Sublayer) and XAUI (10 Gigabit Attachment Unit Interface)

• Cl 47 uses the PCS defined in clause 48 and defines the electrical specifications for its use on circuit boards.

• Purpose – Extend XGMII reach from ~3in to ~20in (50cm)

• Specifies driver and receiver characteristics (eye diagram, differential amplitude, skew, return loss, jitter)

• Uses only 16 I/O pins instead of XGMII’s 74 I/O pins. (4 lanes differential, TX and RX = 4*2*2)




XAUI pin and clock reductionXAUI pin and clock reductionXAUI pin and clock reductionXAUI pin and clock reduction




XAUI points of interestXAUI points of interestXAUI points of interestXAUI points of interest

•Reduce pin count

•Increase length

•Unencoded to 8B/10B encoded

•Move from single-ended to differential

•Ability to have DC balanced signal

•1600 mV peak to peak differential

•AC coupling on receiver

•Reduce pin count

•Increase length

•Unencoded to 8B/10B encoded

•Move from single-ended to differential

•Ability to have DC balanced signal

•1600 mV peak to peak differential

•AC coupling on receiver




XAUI eye diagramsXAUI eye diagramsXAUI eye diagramsXAUI eye diagrams

After 50cm electrical channel

Before 50cm electrical




Some current researchSome current researchSome current researchSome current research

•Backplanes – Material

– Connectors

•Electrical signals do not behave in the GHz range

•Large amount of work in characterizing high speed connectors, board layout, designs, what types of signals to send over them, etc…

•Backplanes – Material

– Connectors

•Electrical signals do not behave in the GHz range

•Large amount of work in characterizing high speed connectors, board layout, designs, what types of signals to send over them, etc…




10GBASE-CX410GBASE-CX410GBASE-CX410GBASE-CX4




10GBASE-CX4 (almost here)10GBASE-CX4 (almost here)10GBASE-CX4 (almost here)10GBASE-CX4 (almost here)




CX4 ConceptsCX4 ConceptsCX4 ConceptsCX4 Concepts

• Transmitter– XAUI compatible transmitter– Specified amount of pre-distortion

• Receiver with Equalization– XAUI compatible receiver– Unspecified amount of equalization– Based on 15m channel characteristics

• IB4X Connector• 8 Pair Twinax Cable

– Specs for return loss, insertion loss, delay skew, etc…

• Transmitter– XAUI compatible transmitter– Specified amount of pre-distortion

• Receiver with Equalization– XAUI compatible receiver– Unspecified amount of equalization– Based on 15m channel characteristics

• IB4X Connector• 8 Pair Twinax Cable

– Specs for return loss, insertion loss, delay skew, etc…




CX4 ConnectorCX4 ConnectorCX4 ConnectorCX4 Connector




Test SetupTest SetupTest SetupTest Setup




De-emphasis example 1De-emphasis example 1De-emphasis example 1De-emphasis example 1




De-emphasis example 2De-emphasis example 2De-emphasis example 2De-emphasis example 2




Effect of packagesEffect of packagesEffect of packagesEffect of packages




10GBASE-T (the future)10GBASE-T (the future)10GBASE-T (the future)10GBASE-T (the future)

•10 Gbps over Category 5e UTP cable (100 MHz)

•Distances up to 100m

•Upgrade from 1000BASE-T

•10 Gbps over Category 5e UTP cable (100 MHz)

•Distances up to 100m

•Upgrade from 1000BASE-T

10GBASE-TTransceiver

10GBASE-TTransceiver

MAC MAC

Cat 5e UTP(4 pairs)

Wallplate orpatch panel

Wallplate orpatch panel

Up to 90mUp to 5m Up to 5m




Channel CapacityChannel CapacityChannel CapacityChannel Capacity

•Shannon Theory (Information Theory)– Channel’s BW, and Signal-to-Noise ratio (S/N)

yield the theoretical (and absolute) maximum data transmission rate for that channel.

•Noiseless channel– Maximum data rate = 2H log2 (V) bits/sec

•Channel with noise– Maximum data rate = H log2 (1 + S/N) bits/sec

•H is bandwidth, V is number of discrete levels in signal

•Shannon Theory (Information Theory)– Channel’s BW, and Signal-to-Noise ratio (S/N)

yield the theoretical (and absolute) maximum data transmission rate for that channel.

•Noiseless channel– Maximum data rate = 2H log2 (V) bits/sec

•Channel with noise– Maximum data rate = H log2 (1 + S/N) bits/sec

•H is bandwidth, V is number of discrete levels in signal




What makes Shannon limits?What makes Shannon limits?What makes Shannon limits?What makes Shannon limits?

• NOT modulation-specific

• Signal Attenuation (assumed usable bandwidth)

•Assumed irreducible noise sources– Background

– Crosstalk• Crosstalk from other pairs in cable

• Alien crosstalk from other cables and sources

– Device noise from transceiver

• Change the assumptions and change the limit (to a point)

• NOT modulation-specific

• Signal Attenuation (assumed usable bandwidth)

•Assumed irreducible noise sources– Background

– Crosstalk• Crosstalk from other pairs in cable

• Alien crosstalk from other cables and sources

– Device noise from transceiver

• Change the assumptions and change the limit (to a point)




UTP Noise EnvironmentUTP Noise EnvironmentUTP Noise EnvironmentUTP Noise Environment




Characterization vs. Characterization vs. SpecificationSpecificationCharacterization vs. Characterization vs. SpecificationSpecification

• Cat 5/5e cables must be high quality with minor structural variations to meet standard requirements.

• 100 MHz limit imposed by standard– Not a physical limitation of the cable

• Cable properties stable beyond 500 MHz– Depends mainly on transmission line geometry and

construction materials

• Minor structural variations and connector discontinuities affect channel transmission, but not catastrophically

• Cat 5/5e cables must be high quality with minor structural variations to meet standard requirements.

• 100 MHz limit imposed by standard– Not a physical limitation of the cable

• Cable properties stable beyond 500 MHz– Depends mainly on transmission line geometry and

construction materials

• Minor structural variations and connector discontinuities affect channel transmission, but not catastrophically




Insertion Loss: spec vs. realityInsertion Loss: spec vs. realityInsertion Loss: spec vs. realityInsertion Loss: spec vs. reality




NEXT: spec vs. realityNEXT: spec vs. realityNEXT: spec vs. realityNEXT: spec vs. reality




It can be done, but how?It can be done, but how?It can be done, but how?It can be done, but how?

•Bandwidth required 400-500 MHz

•40+ dB Echo and NEXT reduction

•20+ dB FEXT reduction

•Lots of power

•Lots of signal processing (DSP)

•Shannon says “Not Impossible, just hard”

•Bandwidth required 400-500 MHz

•40+ dB Echo and NEXT reduction

•20+ dB FEXT reduction

•Lots of power

•Lots of signal processing (DSP)

•Shannon says “Not Impossible, just hard”




System challengesSystem challengesSystem challengesSystem challenges

•High frequency multiple twisted pair media– Line attenuation, NEXT, FEXT, Alien XT, EMI

– Cat 5e specification out to 100 MHz•Sufficient for 1000BASE-T

– Utilizing frequencies beyond cable’s initial intended objective is not new•xDSL (installation designed for 20 kHz max)

•High frequency multiple twisted pair media– Line attenuation, NEXT, FEXT, Alien XT, EMI

– Cat 5e specification out to 100 MHz•Sufficient for 1000BASE-T

– Utilizing frequencies beyond cable’s initial intended objective is not new•xDSL (installation designed for 20 kHz max)




Line code selectionLine code selectionLine code selectionLine code selection

•Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

•Evolution of 1000BASE-T– Builds on proven technology

•Lower AFE requirements– De-stressing an already stressed requirement

•Utilizing an optimal DFE achieves capacity

•Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

•Evolution of 1000BASE-T– Builds on proven technology

•Lower AFE requirements– De-stressing an already stressed requirement

•Utilizing an optimal DFE achieves capacity




Overcoming challengesOvercoming challengesOvercoming challengesOvercoming challenges

•Channel capacity is maximized with analog bandwidth of around 400 MHz

•10 Gbps is achieved with baud rate of 833 Mbaud and 3 bits/symbol on 4 pairs

•4D, 8-state Trellis code (one dimension per pair)– 6 dB coding gain relative to uncoded 10PAM

•Use massively parallel DSP for NEXT, FEXT, ECHO cancellation (1.5 Tera Ops)

•Channel capacity is maximized with analog bandwidth of around 400 MHz

•10 Gbps is achieved with baud rate of 833 Mbaud and 3 bits/symbol on 4 pairs

•4D, 8-state Trellis code (one dimension per pair)– 6 dB coding gain relative to uncoded 10PAM

•Use massively parallel DSP for NEXT, FEXT, ECHO cancellation (1.5 Tera Ops)




Ahhh…the power of DSPAhhh…the power of DSPAhhh…the power of DSPAhhh…the power of DSP




After all of thatAfter all of thatAfter all of thatAfter all of that




Before and AfterBefore and AfterBefore and AfterBefore and After




Transceiver designTransceiver designTransceiver designTransceiver design

http://www.ieee802.org/3/10GBT/public/sep03/nagahori_1_0903.pdf




ConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusions

• Coding

• Scrambling

• Optics

• Twinax copper

• UTP copper

• System challenges

• Shannon’s limits

• Coding

• Scrambling

• Optics

• Twinax copper

• UTP copper

• System challenges

• Shannon’s limits

• Current 10 GbE

• Soon to be 10GbE (CX)

• Future 10Gbe (T)

• Current 10 GbE

• Soon to be 10GbE (CX)

• Future 10Gbe (T)

© university of new hampshire interoperability laboratory gigabit ethernet and 10 gigabit ethernet...

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