Formation of cyclone and anticyclone in JupiterA battle of great red spot and red storm

ABBhattacharya BRaha

Department of Physics University ofKalyani Kalyani 741235 (INDIA)E-mail bhattacharyaasitbarangmailcom

The formation of Jupiter and its different regions including its great red spot are firstoutlined The boundaries of the zones and belts of the planet display complex turbulenceand vortex phenomenon and the structure as a whole is dominated by the behavior of fluidmechanics These characteristic patterns have been considered at length The principle forthe formation of cyclones in the Northern and Southern hemisphere is explained Theenergy needed to power all the turbulence in the atmosphere of Jupiter is produced by theheat released from the planets core The Great Red Spot an anticyclone storm situated at22deg south of Jupiters equator and the red storm properties are examined considering theassociated environmental factors and possible encountering The storms and lightningexperienced on Jupiter have also been compared to those on Earth

Abstract

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Corresponding authorsName amp Address

ABBhattacharyaDepartment of Physics University ofKalyani Kalyani 741235 (INDIA)E-mail bhattacharyaasitbarangmailcom

Key Words

Red storm Jupiter Cyclones Great red spot Lightning

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Journal of

Physics ampAstronomy

WWWMEHTAPRESSCOM

Mehtapress 2014 JPhyAst

Print-ISSN 2320-6756Online-ISSN 2320-6764

Received February 28 2014Accepted May 25 2014

INTRODUCTION

Jupiter is the largest planet in our Solar Systemwith radius 113 Earth radii mass equivalent to 317Earth masses and mean density 13 gmcc close tothat of water New Horizons is a NASA roboticspacecraft mission launched on January 19 2006 di-rectly into an Earth-and-solar-escape trajectory withan Earth-relative velocity of about 1626 kms In thispaper the formation of cyclone in Jupiter as viewedthrough the spacecraft New Horizons are first sum-marized The boundaries of the zones and belts ofthe planet are considered focusing the characteristicpatterns[1] The principle for the formation of cyclonesin the Northern and Southern hemisphere is exam-ined looking at meteorological parameters like tem-perature and pressure at the core of Jupiter and at itstop Jupiters Great Red Spot (GRS) is an atmosphericstorm that has been strong in Jupiters southern Hemi-sphere for at least 400 years Both the Great Red Spotand the red storm properties associated with the planetare analyzed besides environmental factors and prob-able encountering

JUPITER FINDINGS THROUGH NEWHORIZONS

New Horizons Long Range Reconnaissance Im-ager (LORRI) was able to take first photographs ofJupiter on September 4 2006 The spacecraft began fur-ther investigation of the Jovian system in December2006[2] While at Jupiter New Horizons instrumentsmade refined determinations of the orbits of Jupitersinner moons especially Amalthea The probes cam-eras found volcanoes on Io and studied all four Galileanmoons in detail It also made long-distance studies ofthe outer moons Himalia and Elara Imaging of theJovian system started on September 4 2006[3] The craftalso observed Jupiters Little Red Spot and the planetsmagnetosphere and tenuous ring system[4] Figure 1shows Jupiter through infrared camera

New Horizons further provided the first close-upexamination of Oval BA a storm character that hasinformally become familiar as the Little Red Spotowing to the red appearance of the storm It was still awhite spot when the spacecraft Cassini flew by Wehave presented in Figure 2 (a) the enhanced view of

id8901734 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer - a great PDF creator - httpwwwpdfmachinecom httpwwwbroadguncom

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Jupiters Little Red Spot by the New Horizons spaceprobe while Figure 2 (b) exhibits New Horizons im-age of Jupiters Himalia

ATMOSPHERIC FEATURES ANDFORMATION OF CYCLONES

Different gases have different condensation tem-peratures Hydrogen compounds condense at tempera-tures less than 150K while condensation of rocks takesplace at temperatures between 500-1300K and metalsat 1000-1600K The frost line is the distance in the so-lar nebula from the protostar where ices like hydro-gen compounds can condense whereas only metals androcks can condense inside this line Jovian planets areformed though a mechanism called accretion In factaccretion is the process when microscopic solid par-ticles are condensed and grown into planets These mi-croscopic particles are attached together through elec-trostatic forces and not through gravitational attrac-tion because these particles are very small But as theygrow in mass their gravitational forces will increase

Figure 1 Jupiter as viewed through infrared camera identify-ing volcanoes on Io [httpenwikipediaorgwikiFileNH_Jupiter_IRjpg]

and eventually accelerate their growth further For-mations of Jovian planets are created beyond the frostline causing availability of ices to create them The for-mation of Jupiter including other Jovian worlds be-gan with the build-up of ice-covered dust in the outercold solar nebula Figure 3 shows the block diagramof the formation of Jovian planets The figure clearlyshows how the gases condense into icy particles arefinally formed into Jovian planets after coming outthrough different steps

The photograph 4 reveals interestingly the forma-

tion of a Jovian planet which is essentially formed bygoing through four different steps as indicated in thefigure

Due to gravity the heavier elements sink to thecore of proto-Jupiter and hence expected the core re-gion to be rocky and the lighter elements (H and He)remain in the atmosphere The exterior of Jupiter isdetermined by its brightly colored latitudinal zonesOwing to differential rotation the equatorial zonesand belts rotate faster than the higher latitudes andpoles

(a) (b)

Figure 2 (a) Enhanced view of Jupiters Little Red Spot by the New Horizons space probe (b) New Horizons image of JupitersHimalia [httpplutojhuapledusocview_obsphp]

Figure 3 The block diagram of the formation of Jovian planets

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In Figure 5 we have exhibited the different regionsof the Jupiter including its great red spot The bandedstructure of Jupiters atmosphere consists of a seriesof lighter-colored zones and darker belts crossing theplanet The intensity and latitude of both the zonesand belts vary during the year but the general patternis always present These variations cause convectivemotion in the planets atmosphere The zones lie aboveupward-moving convective currents in Jupiters atmo-sphere while the belts are the downward part of thecycle as reproduced in Figure 6

The stream breaks up into individual elementsknown as eddies which are responsible to develop cy-clones[56] Cyclones are developed basically due to theCoriolis effect where the lower latitudes travel fasterthan the higher latitudes and thus producing a net spinon a pressure zone On Jupiter the cyclones are re-gions of local high or low pressure spun in such a fash-ion The direction of the spin differs in the two hemi-

Figure 4 Formation of a Jovian planet [httpwwwphysicsucedu~hansonASTROLECTURENOTESF04OUTERDEBRISPage15html]

Figure 5 The different regions of the Jupiter including its great red spot (httpabyssuoregonedu~jsast121lectureslec19html)

Figure 6 Jupiters convection pattern showing the cool mate-rial sinks and warm material rises on either sides of the planetscenter (httpwispphysicswisceduastro104lecture20lec20_printhtml)

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spheres where clockwise spin is in the North andcounter-clockwise spin is in the South In the Northbrown ovals are low pressure cyclonesstorms whilein the South white ovals are high pressure cyclonesstorms Both of them can last on the order of tens ofyears The well known Great Red Spot is a large highpressure storm which lasted over 600 years

The principle for the formation of cyclones in theNorthern and Southern hemisphere is shown in Fig-ure 7 In the formation of storms on Earth the energyto power comes from sunlight But Jupiter being toofar from the Sun it receives very little energy Theenergy required to power all the turbulence in the at-mosphere of Jupiter is produced by the heat releasedfrom the planets core In fact Jupiter has a very smallsolid core owing to its highly flattened shape and alsobecause it has a very high rotation rate

The difference in the appearance between zonesand belts is owing to the differences in the opacity ofthe clouds Ammonia concentration is higher in zoneswhich is responsible to the appearance of denser cloudsof ammonia ice at higher altitudes This in turn leadsto their lighter color On the contrary in belts cloudsare thinner and are located at lower altitudes The up-

per troposphere is colder in zones and warmer in belts[7]The origin of Jupiters banded structure is not yet wellknown though it may be similar to that of EarthsHadley cells The simplest interpretation is that whenair enriched in ammonia it raises in zones Due to ex-pansion and cooling it forms high and dense cloudsThe North Equatorial Belt (NEB) is one of the mostactive belts on the planet which is characterized byanticyclonic white ovals and cyclonic barges This isalternately called as brown ovals

THE GREAT RED SPOT AND THE REDSTORM

The Great Red Spot (GRS) is an anticyclone stormsituated at 22deg south of Jupiters equator Earth Obser-vations from Earth establish a minimum storm lifetimeof 183 years to 348 years[910] The storm is sufficientlylarge and observable through Earth-based telescopes Theactual spot has been observed continually since 1878[11]An infrared image of GRS taken by the ground basedVery Large Telescope is shown in Figure 8(a) while thevisible wavelength image of red storm as observed inJupiters southern hemisphere is shown in Figure 8(b)

Figure 7 Principle for the formation of cyclones and anticyclone respectively in the Northern and Southern hemisphere [httpwwwnhnouedu~jefferyastroastleclec015html]

Figure 8 (a) Infrared wavelength images of the Great Red Spot and (b) the visible wavelength images of Red Storm (httphubblesiteorgnewscenterarchivereleases200619image)

(a) (b)

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In Figure 5 we have exhibited the different regionsof the Jupiter including its great red spot The bandedstructure of Jupiters atmosphere consists of a seriesof lighter-colored zones and darker belts crossing theplanet The intensity and latitude of both the zonesand belts vary during the year but the general patternis always present These variations cause convectivemotion in the planets atmosphere The zones lie aboveupward-moving convective currents in Jupiters atmo-sphere while the belts are the downward part of thecycle as reproduced in Figure 6

The stream breaks up into individual elementsknown as eddies which are responsible to develop cy-clones[56] Cyclones are developed basically due to theCoriolis effect where the lower latitudes travel fasterthan the higher latitudes and thus producing a net spinon a pressure zone On Jupiter the cyclones are re-gions of local high or low pressure spun in such a fash-ion The direction of the spin differs in the two hemi-

Figure 4 Formation of a Jovian planet [httpwwwphysicsucedu~hansonASTROLECTURENOTESF04OUTERDEBRISPage15html]

Figure 5 The different regions of the Jupiter including its great red spot (httpabyssuoregonedu~jsast121lectureslec19html)

Figure 6 Jupiters convection pattern showing the cool mate-rial sinks and warm material rises on either sides of the planetscenter (httpwispphysicswisceduastro104lecture20lec20_printhtml)

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spheres where clockwise spin is in the North andcounter-clockwise spin is in the South In the Northbrown ovals are low pressure cyclonesstorms whilein the South white ovals are high pressure cyclonesstorms Both of them can last on the order of tens ofyears The well known Great Red Spot is a large highpressure storm which lasted over 600 years

The principle for the formation of cyclones in theNorthern and Southern hemisphere is shown in Fig-ure 7 In the formation of storms on Earth the energyto power comes from sunlight But Jupiter being toofar from the Sun it receives very little energy Theenergy required to power all the turbulence in the at-mosphere of Jupiter is produced by the heat releasedfrom the planets core In fact Jupiter has a very smallsolid core owing to its highly flattened shape and alsobecause it has a very high rotation rate

The difference in the appearance between zonesand belts is owing to the differences in the opacity ofthe clouds Ammonia concentration is higher in zoneswhich is responsible to the appearance of denser cloudsof ammonia ice at higher altitudes This in turn leadsto their lighter color On the contrary in belts cloudsare thinner and are located at lower altitudes The up-

per troposphere is colder in zones and warmer in belts[7]The origin of Jupiters banded structure is not yet wellknown though it may be similar to that of EarthsHadley cells The simplest interpretation is that whenair enriched in ammonia it raises in zones Due to ex-pansion and cooling it forms high and dense cloudsThe North Equatorial Belt (NEB) is one of the mostactive belts on the planet which is characterized byanticyclonic white ovals and cyclonic barges This isalternately called as brown ovals

THE GREAT RED SPOT AND THE REDSTORM

The Great Red Spot (GRS) is an anticyclone stormsituated at 22deg south of Jupiters equator Earth Obser-vations from Earth establish a minimum storm lifetimeof 183 years to 348 years[910] The storm is sufficientlylarge and observable through Earth-based telescopes Theactual spot has been observed continually since 1878[11]An infrared image of GRS taken by the ground basedVery Large Telescope is shown in Figure 8(a) while thevisible wavelength image of red storm as observed inJupiters southern hemisphere is shown in Figure 8(b)

Figure 7 Principle for the formation of cyclones and anticyclone respectively in the Northern and Southern hemisphere [httpwwwnhnouedu~jefferyastroastleclec015html]

Figure 8 (a) Infrared wavelength images of the Great Red Spot and (b) the visible wavelength images of Red Storm (httphubblesiteorgnewscenterarchivereleases200619image)

(a) (b)

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spheres where clockwise spin is in the North andcounter-clockwise spin is in the South In the Northbrown ovals are low pressure cyclonesstorms whilein the South white ovals are high pressure cyclonesstorms Both of them can last on the order of tens ofyears The well known Great Red Spot is a large highpressure storm which lasted over 600 years

The principle for the formation of cyclones in theNorthern and Southern hemisphere is shown in Fig-ure 7 In the formation of storms on Earth the energyto power comes from sunlight But Jupiter being toofar from the Sun it receives very little energy Theenergy required to power all the turbulence in the at-mosphere of Jupiter is produced by the heat releasedfrom the planets core In fact Jupiter has a very smallsolid core owing to its highly flattened shape and alsobecause it has a very high rotation rate

The difference in the appearance between zonesand belts is owing to the differences in the opacity ofthe clouds Ammonia concentration is higher in zoneswhich is responsible to the appearance of denser cloudsof ammonia ice at higher altitudes This in turn leadsto their lighter color On the contrary in belts cloudsare thinner and are located at lower altitudes The up-

per troposphere is colder in zones and warmer in belts[7]The origin of Jupiters banded structure is not yet wellknown though it may be similar to that of EarthsHadley cells The simplest interpretation is that whenair enriched in ammonia it raises in zones Due to ex-pansion and cooling it forms high and dense cloudsThe North Equatorial Belt (NEB) is one of the mostactive belts on the planet which is characterized byanticyclonic white ovals and cyclonic barges This isalternately called as brown ovals

THE GREAT RED SPOT AND THE REDSTORM

The Great Red Spot (GRS) is an anticyclone stormsituated at 22deg south of Jupiters equator Earth Obser-vations from Earth establish a minimum storm lifetimeof 183 years to 348 years[910] The storm is sufficientlylarge and observable through Earth-based telescopes Theactual spot has been observed continually since 1878[11]An infrared image of GRS taken by the ground basedVery Large Telescope is shown in Figure 8(a) while thevisible wavelength image of red storm as observed inJupiters southern hemisphere is shown in Figure 8(b)

Figure 7 Principle for the formation of cyclones and anticyclone respectively in the Northern and Southern hemisphere [httpwwwnhnouedu~jefferyastroastleclec015html]

Figure 8 (a) Infrared wavelength images of the Great Red Spot and (b) the visible wavelength images of Red Storm (httphubblesiteorgnewscenterarchivereleases200619image)

(a) (b)

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The GRS rotates counterclockwise with a periodof about six Earth days[12] The spot is sufficiently largeto contain two or three planets the size of Earth In-frared data have indicated that the Great Red Spot iscolder and higher in altitude in comparison to most ofthe other clouds on the planet[13] The cloud tops ofthe GRS are nearly 8 km above the surroundingclouds[13] and it is spatially confined by a modest east-ward jet stream to its south and a very strong west-ward one to its north[14] Astronomers in 2010 im-aged the GRS in the far infrared and observed that itscentral reddest region is warmer than its surround-ings by about 3 to 4 K The warm air mass is situatedin the upper troposphere in the pressure range of 200500 mbar and the warm central spot slowly counter-rotates causing a weak subsidence of air in the centerof GRS[15] The observations exhibit that the reddestcolor of the Great Red Spot corresponds to a warmcore within the comparatively cold storm system Im-ages reveal dark lanes at the edge of the storm wheregases are descending into the deeper regions of the

planet These types of data provide a sense of the cir-culation patterns within the Solar Systems best-knownstorm system

The Great Red Spots reddish color has not yetbeen determined properly but is assumed in generalthat the color may be due to the complex organic mol-ecules red phosphorus and sulphur compound TheGreat Red Spot (GRS) varies greatly in hue from al-most brick-red to pale salmon or even white The red-dest central region is warmer than the surroundingsindicating that the Spots color is affected by environ-mental factors[15]

Red storm in Jupiters southern hemisphere offi-cially named as Oval BA looks to some extent similarin form to the Great Red Spot and so affectionatelyreferred to as The Little Red Spot or Red Spot Jror simply Red Jr Formation of three white ovalstorms that subsequently merged into Oval BA can betraced to 1939 when the South Temperate Zone wasrent by dark features This effectively split the zoneinto three long sections which was labeled by Jovian

Figure 9 Formation of Oval BA from three white ovals [Credit NASAESA]

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observer Elmer J Reese[16] as the dark sections ABCD and EF The rifts expanded into the white ovalsFA BC and DE[13] out of which Ovals BC and DEmerged in 1998 forming Oval BE Further BE andFA merged together forming Oval BA[17] Figure 9reveals the formation of Oval BA from three whiteovals This feature in the South Temperate Belt wasfirst found in 2000 after the collision of three smallwhite storms which has intensified since then[17]

Storms and lightning

The storms experienced on Jupiter are largely simi-lar to thunderstorms on Earth They show themselvesthrough bright clumpy clouds about 1000 km in sizeThey appear from time to time in the belts cyclonicregions particularly within the strong westward (ret-rograde) jets[8] In contrast to vortices these storms areshort-lived phenomena whose strongest one may existfor several months However their average lifetime isonly about 34 days[8] These storms are believed to bedue to moist convection within Jupiters troposphereStorms are found tall convective columns (plumes)They carry wet air from the depths to the upper partof the troposphere where it condenses in clouds A

typical value of the vertical extent of Jovian storms isabout 100 km They extend from a pressure level ofabout 57 bar where the base of a hypothetical watercloud layer is located to as high as 0205 bar[17]

Always the storms on Jupiter are associated withlightning The imaging of the night side hemisphereof Jupiter as obtained by the spacecrafts Galileo andCassini revealed regular light flashes in Jovian beltsand near the locations of the westward jets This isparticularly true at 51degN 56degS and 14degS latitudes[8]On Jupiter lighting strikes are on an average a fewtimes more powerful than those on Earth though theyare less frequent However the light power emittedfrom a given area is similar to that on Earth[8] A fewflashes have been identified in Polar Regions makingJupiter the second planet after Earth to show polarlightning[1819] Figure 10 shows lightning on Jupitersnight side as imaged by the Galileo orbiter in 1997The storms occurred some 50 to 75 kilometers beneaththe outer cloud layer with lightning strikes hundredsof times more powerful than those on Earth Eachcolumn shows a different storm The images weretaken with exposures of 90 seconds with a two-minuteinterval between them

Figure 10 Lightning on Jupiters night side imaged by the Galileo orbiter in 1997 (httpapodnasagovapodap971216html)

ENCOUNTER AMONG GREAT RED SPOTOVAL BA AND BABY RED SPOT

An interesting feature in the South Temperate BeltOval BA was first seen in 2000 after the collision ofthree small white storms and has increasing since thenIn August 2005 Oval BA slowly began to turn red[20]

Christopher Go discovered the color change on Feb-ruary 2006 and found that it had reached the sameshade as the Great Red Spot[20] Based on this factNASA writer Phillips suggested that it be called RedSpot Jr or Red Jr[21] A team of astronomers inApril 2006 thought that Oval BA might converge withthe GRS that year as they observed the storms throughthe Hubble Space Telescope[21] The storms pass each

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other about every two years but their passings in 2002and 2004 did not produce any new findings Simon-Miller of the Goddard Space Flight Center predictedthe storms would have their closest passing in 2006[18]

and in fact the two storms were photographed on July20 2006 when they were passing each other by theGemini Observatory without converging[22]

Oval BA is gradually getting stronger accordingto findings made with the Hubble Space Telescope in2007 Also the wind speeds have reached 618 km h-1

which is nearly the same as in the Great Red SpotThis is in reality far stronger than any of the progeni-tor storms[2324] In July 2008 its size was about thediameter of Earth nearly half the size of the GreatRed Spot [25] (httpwwwsciencedailycomreleaseshtm)

The South Tropical Little Red Spot (LRS) is nick-named as the Baby Red Spot by NASA[26] This popu-larly called Baby Red Spot encountered the GRS in

late June to early July 2008 In the course of a collisionthe smaller red spot was shredded into pieces The rem-nants of the Baby Red Spot first orbited and therebyconsumed by the GRS The last of the remnants hav-ing a reddish color was identified by the astronomersbut had disappeared by mid-July The remaining piecesfurther collided with the GRS which finally mergedwith the bigger storm The rest of the pieces of theBaby Red Spot had completely disappeared by August2008[26] During this period of encountering Oval BAwas present nearby but played no significant role todestruct the Baby Red Spot[26] Figure 11 reveals anencounter that happened for a short period in June2008 among Oval BA Great Red Spot and Baby RedSpot The three natural-color Jupiter images shown inthe figure were made from data acquired on May 15June 28 and July 8 2008 by the Wide Field PlanetaryCamera 2 (WFPC2) Each of the images covers 58 de-grees of Jovian latitude and 70 degrees of longitude

The time series marked in the figure reveal the pas-sage of the Red Spot Jr in a band of clouds below theGreat Red Spot The Oval BA or the so called RedSpot Jr first appeared on Jupiter in early 2006 when apreviously white storm was converted to the appear-ance of red But this was not true for the baby redspot which appeared in the same latitudinal band asthe GRS In course of time the baby red spot wentcloser to the GRS as evident from the picture sequenceuntil it is caught up in the anticyclonic spin of the GRSFrom the final image recorded on July 8 2008 it ap-pears that the baby red spot has been deformed withpale in color and has been spun to the right of the GRS

CONCLUSION

The reason why Oval BA turned red is not yet

Figure 11 Oval BA (bottom) Great Red Spot (top) and Baby Red Spot (middle) during a brief encounter on May 15 June 28 andJuly 8 2008 the arrow in right hand image indicates that the baby red spot was deformed (pale color) and has been spun to the rightof the GRS (httphubblesiteorgnewscenterarchivereleases200827image)

clearly understood According to a 2008 investigationby Peacuterez-Hoyos the most likely mechanism may bean upward and inward diffusion of either a coloredcompound or a coating vapor which may interact sub-sequently with high energy solar photons at the upperlevels of Oval BA Others believe those small stormsand their associated white spots on Jupiter turn redwhen the winds become sufficiently powerful for draw-ing certain gases from deeper within the atmospherecausing a change of color when those gases are exposedto sunlight[27] It may be mentioned that the Oval BAshould not be confused with the South Tropical LittleRed Spot (LRS) another major storm on Jupiter In-terestingly the new storm previously a white spot inHubble images turned red in May 2008 which wasclearly analyzed and found that characteristics are dis-similar from Oval BA[2829]

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks are due to the Kalyani University PURSEProgram for financial support in this work B Raha isthankful to CSIR for awarding her SRF NET Fellow-ship

REFERENCES

[1] ABBhattacharya BRaha Inflation of the observeduniverse as a function of time International Journal ofApplication or Innovation in Engineering amp Manage-ment 2 22-28 (2013)

[2] Jupiter Ahoy Plutojhuapledu Retrieved October 27(2008)

[3] AAlexander New Horizons Snaps First Picture ofJupiter The Planetary Society (2006)

[4] (a) Fantastic Flyby NASA Science NASA May 1(2007) (b) MBlanc RKallenbach NVErkaev Solarsystem magnetospheres Space Science Reviews 116227298 (2005)

[5] PMali KKSingh ABBhattacharya RSingh Studiesof severe thunderstorm characteristics in ChhotaNagpur region of India using GCM outputs and its as-sociation with radar reflactivity Journal of Meteorol-ogy UK 32 183-192 (2007)

[6] RDas RGuha SDe ABBhattacharya Some aspectsof acoustic and electromagnetic radiations during premonsoon lightning by R Bhattacharya Journal of Me-teorology UK 34 255-263 (2009)

[7] APIngersoll TEDowling PJGierasch GSOrtonPLRead AS Lavega APShowman AASimon-Miller ARVasavada Dynamics of Jupiters Atmo-sphere Cambridge Cambridge University Press(2004)

[8] ARVasavada AShowman Jovian atmospheric dy-namics An update after Galileo and Cassini Reportson Progress in Physics 68 19351996 (2005)

[9] Staff Jupiter Data Sheet SPACEcom Imaginova(2007)

[10] Anonymous The Solar System The Planet Jupiter The Great Red Spot Department of Physics amp As-tronomy University of Tennessee (httpcsep10physutkeduastr161 lectjupiter redspot)(2000)

[11] Great Red Spot Article Free Pass (httpwwwbritannicacomEBcheckedtopic)

[12] BASmith LASoderblom TVJohnson et al TheJupiter system through the eyes of Voyager 1 Science204 951972 (1979)

[13] JHRogers The Giant Planet Jupiter Cambridge Cam-bridge University Press (1995)

[14] RBeebe Jupiter the Giant Planet 2nd Edition Wash-ington Smithsonian Books (1997)

[15] LNFletcher GSOrton OMousis et al Thermalstructure and composition of Jupiters Great Red Spotfrom high-resolution thermal imaging Icarus 208 306328 (2010)

[16] EJReese HGSolberg Recent measures of the lati-tude and longitude of Jupiters red spot Icarus 5 266273 (1966)

[17] ASanchez-Lavega GSOrton RMorales et al Themerger of two giant anticyclones in the atmosphere ofJupiter Icarus 149 491495 (2001)

[18] KHBaines AASimon-Miller GSOrtonHAWeaver ALunsford TWMomary JSpencerAFCheng et al Polar lightning and Decadal-Scalecloud variability on Jupiter Science 318 226229 (2007)

[19] CYGo Wde Pater MLockwood SAsay-Davis IdePater MWong et al Evolution of the Oval BA During20042005 Bulletin of the American Astronomical So-ciety 38 495 (2006)

[20] TPhillips Jupiters New Red Spot NASA (2006)[21] TPhillips Huge Storms Converge ScienceNASA

(2006)[22] PMichaud Gemini Captures Close Encounter of

Jupiters Red Spots Gemini Observatory (2006)[23] MBuckley Storm Winds Blow in Jupiters Little Red

Spot Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory(2008)

[24] BSteigerwald Jupiters Little Red Spot Growing Stron-ger NASA Goddard Space Center (2006)

[25] Diffusion Caused Jupiters Red Spot Junior To ColourUp ScienceDaily September 26 (2008)

[26] JHRogers The collision of the Little Red Spot andGreat Red Spot Part 2 British Astronomical Associa-tion (2008)

[27] HFountain On Jupiter a Battle of the Red Spots Withthe Baby Losing The New York Times (2008)

[28] DShiga Third red spot erupts on Jupiter New Scien-tist (2008)

[29] ABBhattacharya BRaha Particle Physics as Build-ing Blocks of the Universe Lap Lambert AcademicPublishing Germany (2013)

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observer Elmer J Reese[16] as the dark sections ABCD and EF The rifts expanded into the white ovalsFA BC and DE[13] out of which Ovals BC and DEmerged in 1998 forming Oval BE Further BE andFA merged together forming Oval BA[17] Figure 9reveals the formation of Oval BA from three whiteovals This feature in the South Temperate Belt wasfirst found in 2000 after the collision of three smallwhite storms which has intensified since then[17]

Storms and lightning

The storms experienced on Jupiter are largely simi-lar to thunderstorms on Earth They show themselvesthrough bright clumpy clouds about 1000 km in sizeThey appear from time to time in the belts cyclonicregions particularly within the strong westward (ret-rograde) jets[8] In contrast to vortices these storms areshort-lived phenomena whose strongest one may existfor several months However their average lifetime isonly about 34 days[8] These storms are believed to bedue to moist convection within Jupiters troposphereStorms are found tall convective columns (plumes)They carry wet air from the depths to the upper partof the troposphere where it condenses in clouds A

typical value of the vertical extent of Jovian storms isabout 100 km They extend from a pressure level ofabout 57 bar where the base of a hypothetical watercloud layer is located to as high as 0205 bar[17]

Always the storms on Jupiter are associated withlightning The imaging of the night side hemisphereof Jupiter as obtained by the spacecrafts Galileo andCassini revealed regular light flashes in Jovian beltsand near the locations of the westward jets This isparticularly true at 51degN 56degS and 14degS latitudes[8]On Jupiter lighting strikes are on an average a fewtimes more powerful than those on Earth though theyare less frequent However the light power emittedfrom a given area is similar to that on Earth[8] A fewflashes have been identified in Polar Regions makingJupiter the second planet after Earth to show polarlightning[1819] Figure 10 shows lightning on Jupitersnight side as imaged by the Galileo orbiter in 1997The storms occurred some 50 to 75 kilometers beneaththe outer cloud layer with lightning strikes hundredsof times more powerful than those on Earth Eachcolumn shows a different storm The images weretaken with exposures of 90 seconds with a two-minuteinterval between them

Figure 10 Lightning on Jupiters night side imaged by the Galileo orbiter in 1997 (httpapodnasagovapodap971216html)

ENCOUNTER AMONG GREAT RED SPOTOVAL BA AND BABY RED SPOT

An interesting feature in the South Temperate BeltOval BA was first seen in 2000 after the collision ofthree small white storms and has increasing since thenIn August 2005 Oval BA slowly began to turn red[20]

Christopher Go discovered the color change on Feb-ruary 2006 and found that it had reached the sameshade as the Great Red Spot[20] Based on this factNASA writer Phillips suggested that it be called RedSpot Jr or Red Jr[21] A team of astronomers inApril 2006 thought that Oval BA might converge withthe GRS that year as they observed the storms throughthe Hubble Space Telescope[21] The storms pass each

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other about every two years but their passings in 2002and 2004 did not produce any new findings Simon-Miller of the Goddard Space Flight Center predictedthe storms would have their closest passing in 2006[18]

and in fact the two storms were photographed on July20 2006 when they were passing each other by theGemini Observatory without converging[22]

Oval BA is gradually getting stronger accordingto findings made with the Hubble Space Telescope in2007 Also the wind speeds have reached 618 km h-1

which is nearly the same as in the Great Red SpotThis is in reality far stronger than any of the progeni-tor storms[2324] In July 2008 its size was about thediameter of Earth nearly half the size of the GreatRed Spot [25] (httpwwwsciencedailycomreleaseshtm)

The South Tropical Little Red Spot (LRS) is nick-named as the Baby Red Spot by NASA[26] This popu-larly called Baby Red Spot encountered the GRS in

late June to early July 2008 In the course of a collisionthe smaller red spot was shredded into pieces The rem-nants of the Baby Red Spot first orbited and therebyconsumed by the GRS The last of the remnants hav-ing a reddish color was identified by the astronomersbut had disappeared by mid-July The remaining piecesfurther collided with the GRS which finally mergedwith the bigger storm The rest of the pieces of theBaby Red Spot had completely disappeared by August2008[26] During this period of encountering Oval BAwas present nearby but played no significant role todestruct the Baby Red Spot[26] Figure 11 reveals anencounter that happened for a short period in June2008 among Oval BA Great Red Spot and Baby RedSpot The three natural-color Jupiter images shown inthe figure were made from data acquired on May 15June 28 and July 8 2008 by the Wide Field PlanetaryCamera 2 (WFPC2) Each of the images covers 58 de-grees of Jovian latitude and 70 degrees of longitude

The time series marked in the figure reveal the pas-sage of the Red Spot Jr in a band of clouds below theGreat Red Spot The Oval BA or the so called RedSpot Jr first appeared on Jupiter in early 2006 when apreviously white storm was converted to the appear-ance of red But this was not true for the baby redspot which appeared in the same latitudinal band asthe GRS In course of time the baby red spot wentcloser to the GRS as evident from the picture sequenceuntil it is caught up in the anticyclonic spin of the GRSFrom the final image recorded on July 8 2008 it ap-pears that the baby red spot has been deformed withpale in color and has been spun to the right of the GRS

CONCLUSION

The reason why Oval BA turned red is not yet

Figure 11 Oval BA (bottom) Great Red Spot (top) and Baby Red Spot (middle) during a brief encounter on May 15 June 28 andJuly 8 2008 the arrow in right hand image indicates that the baby red spot was deformed (pale color) and has been spun to the rightof the GRS (httphubblesiteorgnewscenterarchivereleases200827image)

clearly understood According to a 2008 investigationby Peacuterez-Hoyos the most likely mechanism may bean upward and inward diffusion of either a coloredcompound or a coating vapor which may interact sub-sequently with high energy solar photons at the upperlevels of Oval BA Others believe those small stormsand their associated white spots on Jupiter turn redwhen the winds become sufficiently powerful for draw-ing certain gases from deeper within the atmospherecausing a change of color when those gases are exposedto sunlight[27] It may be mentioned that the Oval BAshould not be confused with the South Tropical LittleRed Spot (LRS) another major storm on Jupiter In-terestingly the new storm previously a white spot inHubble images turned red in May 2008 which wasclearly analyzed and found that characteristics are dis-similar from Oval BA[2829]

JOPA 3(3) 2014

FP 104

Full Paper

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks are due to the Kalyani University PURSEProgram for financial support in this work B Raha isthankful to CSIR for awarding her SRF NET Fellow-ship

REFERENCES

[1] ABBhattacharya BRaha Inflation of the observeduniverse as a function of time International Journal ofApplication or Innovation in Engineering amp Manage-ment 2 22-28 (2013)

[2] Jupiter Ahoy Plutojhuapledu Retrieved October 27(2008)

[3] AAlexander New Horizons Snaps First Picture ofJupiter The Planetary Society (2006)

[4] (a) Fantastic Flyby NASA Science NASA May 1(2007) (b) MBlanc RKallenbach NVErkaev Solarsystem magnetospheres Space Science Reviews 116227298 (2005)

[5] PMali KKSingh ABBhattacharya RSingh Studiesof severe thunderstorm characteristics in ChhotaNagpur region of India using GCM outputs and its as-sociation with radar reflactivity Journal of Meteorol-ogy UK 32 183-192 (2007)

[6] RDas RGuha SDe ABBhattacharya Some aspectsof acoustic and electromagnetic radiations during premonsoon lightning by R Bhattacharya Journal of Me-teorology UK 34 255-263 (2009)

[7] APIngersoll TEDowling PJGierasch GSOrtonPLRead AS Lavega APShowman AASimon-Miller ARVasavada Dynamics of Jupiters Atmo-sphere Cambridge Cambridge University Press(2004)

[8] ARVasavada AShowman Jovian atmospheric dy-namics An update after Galileo and Cassini Reportson Progress in Physics 68 19351996 (2005)

[9] Staff Jupiter Data Sheet SPACEcom Imaginova(2007)

[10] Anonymous The Solar System The Planet Jupiter The Great Red Spot Department of Physics amp As-tronomy University of Tennessee (httpcsep10physutkeduastr161 lectjupiter redspot)(2000)

[11] Great Red Spot Article Free Pass (httpwwwbritannicacomEBcheckedtopic)

[12] BASmith LASoderblom TVJohnson et al TheJupiter system through the eyes of Voyager 1 Science204 951972 (1979)

[13] JHRogers The Giant Planet Jupiter Cambridge Cam-bridge University Press (1995)

[14] RBeebe Jupiter the Giant Planet 2nd Edition Wash-ington Smithsonian Books (1997)

[15] LNFletcher GSOrton OMousis et al Thermalstructure and composition of Jupiters Great Red Spotfrom high-resolution thermal imaging Icarus 208 306328 (2010)

[16] EJReese HGSolberg Recent measures of the lati-tude and longitude of Jupiters red spot Icarus 5 266273 (1966)

[17] ASanchez-Lavega GSOrton RMorales et al Themerger of two giant anticyclones in the atmosphere ofJupiter Icarus 149 491495 (2001)

[18] KHBaines AASimon-Miller GSOrtonHAWeaver ALunsford TWMomary JSpencerAFCheng et al Polar lightning and Decadal-Scalecloud variability on Jupiter Science 318 226229 (2007)

[19] CYGo Wde Pater MLockwood SAsay-Davis IdePater MWong et al Evolution of the Oval BA During20042005 Bulletin of the American Astronomical So-ciety 38 495 (2006)

[20] TPhillips Jupiters New Red Spot NASA (2006)[21] TPhillips Huge Storms Converge ScienceNASA

(2006)[22] PMichaud Gemini Captures Close Encounter of

Jupiters Red Spots Gemini Observatory (2006)[23] MBuckley Storm Winds Blow in Jupiters Little Red

Spot Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory(2008)

[24] BSteigerwald Jupiters Little Red Spot Growing Stron-ger NASA Goddard Space Center (2006)

[25] Diffusion Caused Jupiters Red Spot Junior To ColourUp ScienceDaily September 26 (2008)

[26] JHRogers The collision of the Little Red Spot andGreat Red Spot Part 2 British Astronomical Associa-tion (2008)

[27] HFountain On Jupiter a Battle of the Red Spots Withthe Baby Losing The New York Times (2008)

[28] DShiga Third red spot erupts on Jupiter New Scien-tist (2008)

[29] ABBhattacharya BRaha Particle Physics as Build-ing Blocks of the Universe Lap Lambert AcademicPublishing Germany (2013)

JOPA 3(3) 2014

FP 103

Full Paper

other about every two years but their passings in 2002and 2004 did not produce any new findings Simon-Miller of the Goddard Space Flight Center predictedthe storms would have their closest passing in 2006[18]

and in fact the two storms were photographed on July20 2006 when they were passing each other by theGemini Observatory without converging[22]

Oval BA is gradually getting stronger accordingto findings made with the Hubble Space Telescope in2007 Also the wind speeds have reached 618 km h-1

which is nearly the same as in the Great Red SpotThis is in reality far stronger than any of the progeni-tor storms[2324] In July 2008 its size was about thediameter of Earth nearly half the size of the GreatRed Spot [25] (httpwwwsciencedailycomreleaseshtm)

The South Tropical Little Red Spot (LRS) is nick-named as the Baby Red Spot by NASA[26] This popu-larly called Baby Red Spot encountered the GRS in

late June to early July 2008 In the course of a collisionthe smaller red spot was shredded into pieces The rem-nants of the Baby Red Spot first orbited and therebyconsumed by the GRS The last of the remnants hav-ing a reddish color was identified by the astronomersbut had disappeared by mid-July The remaining piecesfurther collided with the GRS which finally mergedwith the bigger storm The rest of the pieces of theBaby Red Spot had completely disappeared by August2008[26] During this period of encountering Oval BAwas present nearby but played no significant role todestruct the Baby Red Spot[26] Figure 11 reveals anencounter that happened for a short period in June2008 among Oval BA Great Red Spot and Baby RedSpot The three natural-color Jupiter images shown inthe figure were made from data acquired on May 15June 28 and July 8 2008 by the Wide Field PlanetaryCamera 2 (WFPC2) Each of the images covers 58 de-grees of Jovian latitude and 70 degrees of longitude

The time series marked in the figure reveal the pas-sage of the Red Spot Jr in a band of clouds below theGreat Red Spot The Oval BA or the so called RedSpot Jr first appeared on Jupiter in early 2006 when apreviously white storm was converted to the appear-ance of red But this was not true for the baby redspot which appeared in the same latitudinal band asthe GRS In course of time the baby red spot wentcloser to the GRS as evident from the picture sequenceuntil it is caught up in the anticyclonic spin of the GRSFrom the final image recorded on July 8 2008 it ap-pears that the baby red spot has been deformed withpale in color and has been spun to the right of the GRS

CONCLUSION

The reason why Oval BA turned red is not yet

Figure 11 Oval BA (bottom) Great Red Spot (top) and Baby Red Spot (middle) during a brief encounter on May 15 June 28 andJuly 8 2008 the arrow in right hand image indicates that the baby red spot was deformed (pale color) and has been spun to the rightof the GRS (httphubblesiteorgnewscenterarchivereleases200827image)

clearly understood According to a 2008 investigationby Peacuterez-Hoyos the most likely mechanism may bean upward and inward diffusion of either a coloredcompound or a coating vapor which may interact sub-sequently with high energy solar photons at the upperlevels of Oval BA Others believe those small stormsand their associated white spots on Jupiter turn redwhen the winds become sufficiently powerful for draw-ing certain gases from deeper within the atmospherecausing a change of color when those gases are exposedto sunlight[27] It may be mentioned that the Oval BAshould not be confused with the South Tropical LittleRed Spot (LRS) another major storm on Jupiter In-terestingly the new storm previously a white spot inHubble images turned red in May 2008 which wasclearly analyzed and found that characteristics are dis-similar from Oval BA[2829]

JOPA 3(3) 2014

FP 104

Full Paper

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks are due to the Kalyani University PURSEProgram for financial support in this work B Raha isthankful to CSIR for awarding her SRF NET Fellow-ship

REFERENCES

[1] ABBhattacharya BRaha Inflation of the observeduniverse as a function of time International Journal ofApplication or Innovation in Engineering amp Manage-ment 2 22-28 (2013)

[2] Jupiter Ahoy Plutojhuapledu Retrieved October 27(2008)

[3] AAlexander New Horizons Snaps First Picture ofJupiter The Planetary Society (2006)

[4] (a) Fantastic Flyby NASA Science NASA May 1(2007) (b) MBlanc RKallenbach NVErkaev Solarsystem magnetospheres Space Science Reviews 116227298 (2005)

[5] PMali KKSingh ABBhattacharya RSingh Studiesof severe thunderstorm characteristics in ChhotaNagpur region of India using GCM outputs and its as-sociation with radar reflactivity Journal of Meteorol-ogy UK 32 183-192 (2007)

[6] RDas RGuha SDe ABBhattacharya Some aspectsof acoustic and electromagnetic radiations during premonsoon lightning by R Bhattacharya Journal of Me-teorology UK 34 255-263 (2009)

[7] APIngersoll TEDowling PJGierasch GSOrtonPLRead AS Lavega APShowman AASimon-Miller ARVasavada Dynamics of Jupiters Atmo-sphere Cambridge Cambridge University Press(2004)

[8] ARVasavada AShowman Jovian atmospheric dy-namics An update after Galileo and Cassini Reportson Progress in Physics 68 19351996 (2005)

[9] Staff Jupiter Data Sheet SPACEcom Imaginova(2007)

[10] Anonymous The Solar System The Planet Jupiter The Great Red Spot Department of Physics amp As-tronomy University of Tennessee (httpcsep10physutkeduastr161 lectjupiter redspot)(2000)

[11] Great Red Spot Article Free Pass (httpwwwbritannicacomEBcheckedtopic)

[12] BASmith LASoderblom TVJohnson et al TheJupiter system through the eyes of Voyager 1 Science204 951972 (1979)

[13] JHRogers The Giant Planet Jupiter Cambridge Cam-bridge University Press (1995)

[14] RBeebe Jupiter the Giant Planet 2nd Edition Wash-ington Smithsonian Books (1997)

[15] LNFletcher GSOrton OMousis et al Thermalstructure and composition of Jupiters Great Red Spotfrom high-resolution thermal imaging Icarus 208 306328 (2010)

[16] EJReese HGSolberg Recent measures of the lati-tude and longitude of Jupiters red spot Icarus 5 266273 (1966)

[17] ASanchez-Lavega GSOrton RMorales et al Themerger of two giant anticyclones in the atmosphere ofJupiter Icarus 149 491495 (2001)

[18] KHBaines AASimon-Miller GSOrtonHAWeaver ALunsford TWMomary JSpencerAFCheng et al Polar lightning and Decadal-Scalecloud variability on Jupiter Science 318 226229 (2007)

[19] CYGo Wde Pater MLockwood SAsay-Davis IdePater MWong et al Evolution of the Oval BA During20042005 Bulletin of the American Astronomical So-ciety 38 495 (2006)

[20] TPhillips Jupiters New Red Spot NASA (2006)[21] TPhillips Huge Storms Converge ScienceNASA

(2006)[22] PMichaud Gemini Captures Close Encounter of

Jupiters Red Spots Gemini Observatory (2006)[23] MBuckley Storm Winds Blow in Jupiters Little Red

Spot Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory(2008)

[24] BSteigerwald Jupiters Little Red Spot Growing Stron-ger NASA Goddard Space Center (2006)

[25] Diffusion Caused Jupiters Red Spot Junior To ColourUp ScienceDaily September 26 (2008)

[26] JHRogers The collision of the Little Red Spot andGreat Red Spot Part 2 British Astronomical Associa-tion (2008)

[27] HFountain On Jupiter a Battle of the Red Spots Withthe Baby Losing The New York Times (2008)

[28] DShiga Third red spot erupts on Jupiter New Scien-tist (2008)

[29] ABBhattacharya BRaha Particle Physics as Build-ing Blocks of the Universe Lap Lambert AcademicPublishing Germany (2013)

JOPA 3(3) 2014

FP 104

Full Paper

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks are due to the Kalyani University PURSEProgram for financial support in this work B Raha isthankful to CSIR for awarding her SRF NET Fellow-ship

REFERENCES

[1] ABBhattacharya BRaha Inflation of the observeduniverse as a function of time International Journal ofApplication or Innovation in Engineering amp Manage-ment 2 22-28 (2013)

[2] Jupiter Ahoy Plutojhuapledu Retrieved October 27(2008)

[3] AAlexander New Horizons Snaps First Picture ofJupiter The Planetary Society (2006)

[4] (a) Fantastic Flyby NASA Science NASA May 1(2007) (b) MBlanc RKallenbach NVErkaev Solarsystem magnetospheres Space Science Reviews 116227298 (2005)

[5] PMali KKSingh ABBhattacharya RSingh Studiesof severe thunderstorm characteristics in ChhotaNagpur region of India using GCM outputs and its as-sociation with radar reflactivity Journal of Meteorol-ogy UK 32 183-192 (2007)

[6] RDas RGuha SDe ABBhattacharya Some aspectsof acoustic and electromagnetic radiations during premonsoon lightning by R Bhattacharya Journal of Me-teorology UK 34 255-263 (2009)

[7] APIngersoll TEDowling PJGierasch GSOrtonPLRead AS Lavega APShowman AASimon-Miller ARVasavada Dynamics of Jupiters Atmo-sphere Cambridge Cambridge University Press(2004)

[8] ARVasavada AShowman Jovian atmospheric dy-namics An update after Galileo and Cassini Reportson Progress in Physics 68 19351996 (2005)

[9] Staff Jupiter Data Sheet SPACEcom Imaginova(2007)

[10] Anonymous The Solar System The Planet Jupiter The Great Red Spot Department of Physics amp As-tronomy University of Tennessee (httpcsep10physutkeduastr161 lectjupiter redspot)(2000)

[11] Great Red Spot Article Free Pass (httpwwwbritannicacomEBcheckedtopic)

[12] BASmith LASoderblom TVJohnson et al TheJupiter system through the eyes of Voyager 1 Science204 951972 (1979)

[13] JHRogers The Giant Planet Jupiter Cambridge Cam-bridge University Press (1995)

[14] RBeebe Jupiter the Giant Planet 2nd Edition Wash-ington Smithsonian Books (1997)

[15] LNFletcher GSOrton OMousis et al Thermalstructure and composition of Jupiters Great Red Spotfrom high-resolution thermal imaging Icarus 208 306328 (2010)

[16] EJReese HGSolberg Recent measures of the lati-tude and longitude of Jupiters red spot Icarus 5 266273 (1966)

[17] ASanchez-Lavega GSOrton RMorales et al Themerger of two giant anticyclones in the atmosphere ofJupiter Icarus 149 491495 (2001)

[18] KHBaines AASimon-Miller GSOrtonHAWeaver ALunsford TWMomary JSpencerAFCheng et al Polar lightning and Decadal-Scalecloud variability on Jupiter Science 318 226229 (2007)

[19] CYGo Wde Pater MLockwood SAsay-Davis IdePater MWong et al Evolution of the Oval BA During20042005 Bulletin of the American Astronomical So-ciety 38 495 (2006)

[20] TPhillips Jupiters New Red Spot NASA (2006)[21] TPhillips Huge Storms Converge ScienceNASA

(2006)[22] PMichaud Gemini Captures Close Encounter of

Jupiters Red Spots Gemini Observatory (2006)[23] MBuckley Storm Winds Blow in Jupiters Little Red

Spot Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory(2008)

[24] BSteigerwald Jupiters Little Red Spot Growing Stron-ger NASA Goddard Space Center (2006)

[25] Diffusion Caused Jupiters Red Spot Junior To ColourUp ScienceDaily September 26 (2008)

[26] JHRogers The collision of the Little Red Spot andGreat Red Spot Part 2 British Astronomical Associa-tion (2008)

[27] HFountain On Jupiter a Battle of the Red Spots Withthe Baby Losing The New York Times (2008)

[28] DShiga Third red spot erupts on Jupiter New Scien-tist (2008)

[29] ABBhattacharya BRaha Particle Physics as Build-ing Blocks of the Universe Lap Lambert AcademicPublishing Germany (2013)