overview of waste …
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KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Research Center of the Helmholtz Association
INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY
www.kit.edu
OVERVIEW OF WASTE INCINERATION
TECHNOLOGIES
Jürgen Vehlow
IEA Bioenergy Workshop ExCo 71
May 21, Cape Town, South Africa
www.ieabioenergytask36.org
J. Vehlow -- INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY (2013) www.ieabioenergytask36.org
primary goals of thermal waste treatment
inertisation
mass and volume reduction
environmental compatibility
control of pollutants
side conditions
resource recovery
energy (≈ 50 % biogenic) materials (building materials, metals)
J. Vehlow -- INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY (2013) www.ieabioenergytask36.org
incineration of residual MSW in %
<10 <25 <50 <75 <90 >90
J. Vehlow -- INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY (2013) www.ieabioenergytask36.org
process chain of thermal waste treatment
thermal process
energy recovery
air pollution control
residue management
J. Vehlow -- INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY (2013) www.ieabioenergytask36.org
thermal processes
combustion oxygen surplus products: flue gas, ash/slag)
gasification incomplete combustion products: syngas (CO + H2) / slag
pyrolysis oxygen free products: pyrolysis gas, - oil, - coke
J. Vehlow -- INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY (2013) www.ieabioenergytask36.org
types of combustion furnaces
grate
MSW RDF/SRF biomass
fluidised bed
pretreated MSW RDF/SRF biomass
rotary kiln/post comb.
hazardous waste
J. Vehlow -- INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY (2013) www.ieabioenergytask36.org
1874 ‘Destructor’ in Nottingham 1875 + London, Manchester, ... 1900 60 plants
first waste incineration plants in the UK
J. Vehlow -- INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY (2013) www.ieabioenergytask36.org
reciprocating grate
grate types
roller grate reverse acting grate
J. Vehlow -- INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY (2013) www.ieabioenergytask36.org
combustion chambers
with
different grates
roller grate
reciprocating grate
reverse acting grate
J. Vehlow -- INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY (2013) www.ieabioenergytask36.org
waste incinerators
F - Chartres I - Brescia
DK - Esbjerg J – Saitama J – Maishima (Osaka)
J. Vehlow -- INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY (2013) www.ieabioenergytask36.org
fluidised bed
incinerators
bubbling
circulating
revolving
J. Vehlow -- INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY (2013) www.ieabioenergytask36.org
energy recovery
combustion process
boiler
ener
gy
waste
flue gas
losses
steam generation
(η=75-90%)
steam utilisation / district heating
power production
energy utilisation/ conversion
24 - 30%
60 - 75%
≈ 50% biogenic
CHP >60%
J. Vehlow -- INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY (2013) www.ieabioenergytask36.org
energy efficient plants
source: J. Martin
J. Vehlow -- INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY (2013) www.ieabioenergytask36.org
APC (air pollution control)
removal of
dust
acid gases
HCl, HF, SO2
NOx
dioxins
Hg
J. Vehlow -- INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY (2013) www.ieabioenergytask36.org
dedusting devices
fabric filter
collector plate
collector plate
30 – 100 KV spray-electrode wires
dust-free gas
raw gas
precipitated fly ash
electrostatic precipitator (1 – 10 mg/m3)
raw gas
dust-free gas
filter ash
filter bag
bag cleaning by compressed air jet
compressed air
supporting metal wire cage
fabric filter (<1 mg/m3)
electrostatic precipitator
cleaned gas
ash particles
raw gas
cyclone (50 – 100 mg/m3)
J. Vehlow -- INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY (2013) www.ieabioenergytask36.org
wet scrubbing with liquid effluents
treatment
filter ash 7 - 15 kg
salts 12 -18 kg
ESP scrubber acid neutral
to sewer
(residue data per Mg of MSW)
J. Vehlow -- INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY (2013) www.ieabioenergytask36.org
wet scrubbing without liquid effluents
treatment
salts 12 - 18 kg
ESP scrubber acid neutral
filter ash 7 - 15 kg
fabric filter
spray drier
(residue data per Mg of MSW)
J. Vehlow -- INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY (2013) www.ieabioenergytask36.org
(semi) dry scrubbing
fly ash + salts
+ reagent surplus 30 – 60 kg
fabric filter spray drier
T < 160 °C
Ca(OH)2 / CaCO3
(residue data per Mg of MSW)
J. Vehlow -- INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY (2013) www.ieabioenergytask36.org
carbon adsorption • fixed or moving bed • entrained flow
oxidation catalyst ad/absorption by polymers
dioxin abatement
NOx abatement
SCR (selective catalytic reduction)
SNCR (selctive non-catalytic reduction
J. Vehlow -- INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY (2013) www.ieabioenergytask36.org
MSWI Bielefeld (Germany)
source: K. Koch, 10.01.07
13 Kombi-Kat 14 Analytik
15 Kamin
ESP 1 ESP 2
spray dryer (scrubber effluents)
acid / neutral scrubber
DeNOx catalyst
aerosol precipitator
fabric filter
APC
J. Vehlow -- INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY (2013) www.ieabioenergytask36.org
MSWI Lauta (Germany)
fabric filter
spray dryer district heating turbine
waste pit
grate activated
carbon
APC
J. Vehlow -- INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY (2013) www.ieabioenergytask36.org
alternatives
to conventional
waste incineration
J. Vehlow -- INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY (2013) www.ieabioenergytask36.org
one and two stage thermal processes
waste Input
size reduction
pre-
treatment
1st thermal process
grate combustion
fluidised bed combustion
2nd thermal process
gasification
pyrolysis
combustion (chamber)
combustion (chamber)
storage / mixing
J. Vehlow -- INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY (2013) www.ieabioenergytask36.org
pyrolysis plant Burgau (30,000 tons/a)
CaCO3
cyclone
boiler
Kamin
turbine
waste
combustion chamber
pyrolysis coke
J. Vehlow -- INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY (2013) www.ieabioenergytask36.org
shaft furnace gasification : Nippon Steel
status: Nippon Steel: 28 plants, 57 lines, 6 400 Mg/d total: 47 plants, 93 lines, 8 400 Mg/d
J. Vehlow -- INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY (2013) www.ieabioenergytask36.org
fluidised bed gasification : Ebara TIFG/TwinReg
status: 1. pilot 1995 (300 kg/h), 2. pilot 1999 (1 Mg/h), Aomori 2000 12 plants, 21 lines, 3 100 Mg/d
J. Vehlow -- INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY (2013) www.ieabioenergytask36.org
JFE/NKK Thermoselect
status: 5 plants, 12 lines, 1 725 000 Mg/a
J. Vehlow -- INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY (2013) www.ieabioenergytask36.org
Mitsui Environmental Systems R21 (lic. Siemens)
status: MES: 7 plants, 15 lines, 1 840 Mg/d Takuma: 4 plants, 7 lines, 518 Mg/d
J. Vehlow -- INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY (2013) www.ieabioenergytask36.org
status of thermal waste treatment
energy recovery becomes a key parameter growing interest in metal recovery alternative processes (Japan ↔ Europe) R&D need for small, efficient, and economic plants for
emerging and developing countries
WtE by waste incineration is in many countries practised as inertising pre-treatment prior to final disposal
meanwhile an environmentally compatible process still opposed in some areas
outlook