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Acute CareCLINICAL DECISION MAKING

© Rehab Resources, Inc. 2017

Objectives•Based on chart review and evaluation of patient, the learner will be able to determine if continued skilled OT is appropriate or not.

•The learner will be able to analyze lab values and determine if it is safe to treat or not based on information gathered.

•The learner will effectively communicate with the multi-disciplinary team his/her recommendations for the safest discharge plan based on a multitude of factors.

•The learner will develop a comfortable level with management of lines in ICU.

Core Competencies in Acute Care•Developed by a task force of 6 PTs in 2015 for any diagnosis in acute care across the lifespan

•Recognizes acute care is medically complex requiring high level clinical decisions in a rapid and dynamic changing environment

•Goal to assist in providing safe, efficient and effective care by defining required knowledge, behaviors and actions of clinicians with unique and overlapping skills

•Developed not only for the clinicians, supervisors and educators – developed PRIMARILY for the patients receiving care

•Will discuss the 5 competencies (which are interconnected) with an emphasis on clinical decision making with a focus on ICU and lab values

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Core Competencies in Acute Care

Core Competency #1 – Clinical Decision Making

• Clinical decision making is thinking about course of action and ability to anticipate outcome based on previous experience and knowledge of best practice

• Focus is that all behaviors, actions and skills are guided by best evidence

• Ability to shift and change thinking in medically complex and challenging environments

• Goal to be competent and confident in decision making, as well as collaboration with the medical team

• Selection of best measures to determine if OT appropriate for patient and assist in discharge planning

•This competency is the foundation of all the other competencies

• From Felicia Foci, OT student, after acute care fieldwork – trust your gut and don’t ignore it!

Core Competency #1 – Clinical Decision Making examples

• Observe details of patient history, evaluation and environment

•Determine based on chart review if patient would benefit from OT services at that time and if not, the ability to communicate the rationale to the medical team

• Assess patient throughout session and adjust intervention based on patient response

• Utilize best practice and evidence to predict level of improvement to determine goals, discharge plans and prognosis

• Identifying personal factors, co-morbidities and participation restrictions/activity limitations of patient

• Later in presentation will use lab values to demonstrate importance of clinical decision making

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#1 – Clinical Decision MakingTriage System

• Algorithm developed to determine who needs skilled therapy services in acute care

• Reduced number of inappropriate therapy evaluations by 29%

• Average number of patients per day reduced from 18.9 to 12.1 in one academic hospital and from 15.1 to 12.8 in another academic hospital, which results in increased skilled care for the patients that would benefit the most

• Missed visits decreased from 24% to 2% in one institution and 4% to 0.8% in the other

Date of download: 3/9/2017 © 2010 American Physical Therapy Association

From: Development of a Unique Triage System for Acute Care Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy Services: An Administrative Case Report

Decision tree for acute care referrals for therapy. D/C=discharge, OT=occupational therapy, PT=physical therapy, SLP=speech and language pathology, SNF=skilled nursing facility.

Core Competency #2 - Communication examples

• Ability to communicate with the medical team, especially the patient and family•Alter communication style based on needs of patient• Communicate clinical decision making in regards to reason for evaluation and\or continuing, withholding or discontinuing treatment •Maintain professional communication especially in difficult situations• From OT student after acute care fieldwork – patient involvement. Explain to the patient what you are doing and how it links to occupations (her example – ROM assessment for grocery shopping).

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Core Competency #3 – Safety examples

• Create and maintain safe environment

• Awareness of precautions

• Communication with health care team of activity outside of therapy

• Determination if movement would compromise medical stability

• Infection control

• Responding to an emergent situation

• Management of lines – will discuss more in depth with ICU equipment, also from OT student after acute care fieldwork – communicate to patient you are organizing/securing lines and plan where lines will be at end of session to prevent tangles

Core Competency #4 – Patient Management examples

• Importance of thorough chart review

• Ability to document clinical decision making for continuing or discontinuing services

• Ability to document rationale for holding treatment

• Documentation to support reimbursement and in a court of law

• Communication to other clinicians who may be treating patient in hospital or when transferred to a different level of care

• Determine when need to communicate with another discipline orally prior to written communication

• From OT student after acute care fieldwork – add detail to documentation to communicate to next therapist who may be treating patient, more details about patient/family education and psychosocial concerns.

Core Competency #5 – Discharge Planning examples

• Ability to communicate discharge recommendation to medical team, including patient and family

• Determine destination and continuity of care in light of: safety/cognition, assistance available, PLOF, regulations/payment, environment

• Goal of cost containment and optimizing patient outcomes•One study stated therapist used 4 areas to determine: function/disability, patient’s plan, patient’s ability to participate in care and patient’s life context

• From OT student after acute care fieldwork – “Recommend and advocate!” to prevent discharge to unsafe environment

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# 5 – Discharge PlanningAcute RehabRED LIGHT

• Inability to participate

• Unwillingness to participate

• Poor rehabilitation potential

• Dementia

• Doesn’t need 2 therapy disciplines

• Acute illness

• Procedure or work up pending

# 5 – Discharge PlanningAcute RehabYELLOW LIGHT

• Possible poor rehabilitation potential

• Mild dementia or chronic cognitive impairment

• Unclear benefit for acute rehab as compared to sub-acute rehab

• Unclear safe discharge plan

• Insurance denial

• Severe behavioral disorder

• Not one of 13 impairment categories approved by CMS

# 5 – Discharge PlanningAcute RehabGREEN LIGHT

1. Medical necessity• Medical condition requiring consistent physician supervision • Able to tolerate 3 hours of therapy daily• Able to actively participate• Significant potential for improvement within 7-14 days• Discharge plan

2. Diagnosis code – CVA, SCI, congenital deformity, amputation, major multiple trauma, hip fracture, brain injury, neurological disorders, burns, arthritis, vasculitis, severe or advanced OA, TJR

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ICULine Management

• Count number of lines at beginning and end of treatment• Pre-plan movement• Detangle lines• No tension on line•Prevent occulsion

ICU Line Management

IV

• No contraindication to activity

• Ask nurse if can disconnect

• Accidental pull out > pressure and tell nursing

Catheter

• Drain tube before moving

• Clamp if put above bladder

ICULine Management

Chest tube

• No contraindications to movement – can roll

• Keep pleuravac upright

• DC suction only if allowed by nursing

• Mediastinal – CABG, Pleural – Pneumothorax (suction keeps lung inflated)

Drains – Vacuum Evacuation, such as JP (Jackson-Pratt)

• Keep compressed

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ICULine Management

Central line

• Tunneled – 24 hour decreased activity at site of placement after surgically implanted

Arterial Access

• Pulmonary – watch PA pressure and watch transducer position to R atrium (1” below = 2 mmHg decrease in BP, 1” above = 2 mmHg increase in BP

ICULine Management

Telemetry

• Brown – chocolate (heart)

• Smoke (Black) above fire (Red)

• Clouds (White) above grass (Green)

Image –

http://lifeinthefastlane.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/5-electrode-ECG.jpg

ICUVentilator

• Normal breathing air pulled into lungs but ventilator PUSHES air into lungs

• Note point of attachment and how secured (should have one finger play between)

• Watch vitals

• Alarms

• Neutral head position

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Ventilator - Neurologic CriteriaNot comatose

Patient response to verbal stimulation

3/5 correct response: ◦ Open/ close your eyes◦ Look at me◦ Open your mouth and put out your tongue◦ Nod your head◦ Raise your eyebrows when I have counted up to 5

Ventilator -Respiratory CriteriaRequires only moderate ventilator support

◦PEEP ≤10 cmH2O and FiO2 ≤60%◦No absolute limit with regards to FIO2/ PEEP (Morris et al)

On assist-control ventilation for at least 30 minutes prior (treat before spontaneous breathing trials)

Oxygen Saturation >88%

Ventilator - Circulatory CriteriaAbsence of orthostatic hypotension

Absence of catecholamine drips (vasopressor infusion)

Had no increase in the dose of any vasopressor infusion (used for the management of hypotension/ shock) for at least 2 hours

Systolic BP >90mmHg or <200mmHg; MAP >65mmHg or <110 mmHg

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Monitor As You Go- Red FlagsVentilator Asynchrony

Concern for airway device integrity

RR (<5 or >40 breaths/min) or excessive RR increase(>20 breaths/ min)

BP (< 90mmHg or >200 mmHg) or MAP (<65mmHg or >110 mmHg)

HR (<40 bpm or >130 bpm) or excessive HR increase

Patient being physically combative or patient distress

ICUReasons to discontinue treatment

1. Oxygen saturation <88% - unless order to titrate (will discuss more later)

2. Drop in MAP

3. HR greater than maximum heart rate (220-age/60-80%)

4. Change in heart rhythm

5. Increased accessory muscle use for breathing

6. Respiration rate increase 20 breaths per minute above resting respirations

7. Extreme fatigue or pallor

8. Patient requesting to stop

ICU - General goals for treatmentOptimize patient sedation and analgesia practices to decrease delirium and permit for physical rehabilitation while maintaining patient comfort

◦ Schedule time with RN for “sedation vacation” ◦ Bolus administration vs. continuous IV drip (e.g. tPA bolus for stroke)

Increase the frequency of PT/OT consultation to improve patients’ functional mobility in the ICU◦ Establishing/ disseminating simple guidelines (what are they?)

Modifying standardized admission orders for default activity level from “bed rest” to “as tolerated”

Consult to physiatrist and neurologist

Maintain critical lines and airway (schedule time with RN, RT)

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ICU Outcomes to Early MobilityFewer days on ventilatorFewer ICU LOS daysFewer Hospital LOS daysFaster return to more complete functional independence

Other areas for Clinical Decision Making

• Imaging

• Spinal instability

• Pharmacology

Lab ValuesTO GUIDE SAFE THERAPY INTERVENTIONS


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Objectives

1. Participant will be able to describe purpose of lab values.

2. Participant will be able to identify normal and abnormal lab values.

3. Participant will be able to analyze lab values and determine if it is safe to treat the patient.


Defining Lab Values“Generally, statistically and biologically significant qualitative and/or quantitative measurements of cellular and clinical components of the body. The values derived from such measurements are based on averages of a survey of presumably healthy persons. The concept of individual normal values is based on an acceptable response (comparable with known evidence of health or disease) of an individual to a known alteration of cellular and/or chemical components or systems.” (2)


Defining Lab Values cont.

“Laboratory values reflect the overall health of an individual. They are generally used for diagnostic purposes, or for monitoring the effects of medications or other medical treatments.” (3)


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Lab tests are also used for screening purposes, such as teenager lipid profile. (13)

Lab tests are used to confirm a diagnosis based on clinical presentation. (13)



Need to understand acute versus chronic change in value: With an acute change, the body has less time to compensate so interventions more conservative. (1)


How do we determine “Normal Values”?

Normal values are typically determined based on 95% of healthy people in a certain group. For many tests, normal ranges vary depending on your age, gender, race and other factors (such as body size, muscle mass). (3,5)

Normal values vary between labs due to the method used to test. (13)© Rehab Resources, Inc. 2017

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Abnormal Lab Values

Abnormal is any value that is outside the reference range. (3)

If lab value is outside the reference range, need to consider risk of intervention versus the benefit of increased mobility. Therefore, it is beneficial to consult medical team. (1)


Abnormal Lab Values cont.

When a value is in the critical range, as opposed to high or low abnormal value, typically therapy should be deferred. (3)

A lab value can be abnormal/inaccurate due to fluids (such as patient is dehydrated) or drugs (NSAIDs can affect kidney or liver tests). Therefore, it is important to watch trends and compare to patient’s baseline. (13)


Anticoagulation Therapy for Venous Thromboembolism (19)

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INR (International Normalized Ratio)

Used to determine adequacy of blood coagulation system - normal or prolonged time to clot (13)

Therapeutic range 2-3 (up to 4.5 for recurrent embolism)


INR (International Normalized Ratio) cont.

INR > 4Edge of bed, bed mobility, ROM, ankle pumps.No resistive exercise.

INR > 5Hold exercise. Evaluate if appropriate to perform bed mobility, edge of bed.

INR > 6Consider bed rest.


PATIENT EXAMPLEDate INR Dr note

03/06/17 Admission 4.6 (R TKR 02/27/17)

03/07/17 (Tuesday) 4.9 Ortho Dr states may begin PT at end of week depending on INR

03/08/17 4.5 Ortho Dr note “He would like to begin mobilizing.”

Order – “Begin gentle mobilization around the room with walker assisted ambulation, WBAT on right leg. Gentle ROM exercises of R knee.”

Activity level – “Bed to chair transfers. May ambulate around the room and use bathroom with walker.”

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PATIENT EXAMPLE cont’d

• PT evaluation 03/08/17• Admitted due to Dx of cellulitis then popliteal DVT• Precautions – bleeding, fall risk• Nursing stated therapy could see patient• Subjective – “I told the Dr I want therapy”• No MMT due to high INR• Limited gait to bathroom and back• Only QS, SLR, heel slides for 10 reps• Educated patient – limited exercises to perform once more that day due to supra-therapeutic, stated understanding

• Each treatment increased reps and number of exercises • Discharged home with home PT on Friday

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

Components of all the formed elements of venous blood: WBC, RBC, Hgb and Hct.

Evaluates the immune system and inflammatory responses, as well as bleeding.


Complete Blood Count (CBC) cont.

Increased Hct increases blood viscosity, which may limit blood flow to essential organs, such as the brain, or increase likelihood of blood clots.


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Intervention

WBC: <5,000 with fever = no exercise but can do positioning/breathing techniques, >5,000 = light exercise progressed to resistive exercise as patient tolerates



Intervention

Decreased RBC (anemia) - frequent rest breaks and monitor vital signs

Increased RBC (polycythemia) - consider hold due to increased risk of stroke or blood clot.

(1,7, 13)



InterventionHgb:

<8 = No exercise but can do essential ADLs8-10 = Light exercise (1-2 pounds), essential ADLs, assistance as needed for safety, light aerobics>8 = Resistive exercise, ambulation and self care as tolerated


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InterventionHct:

<25% = No exercise but can do essential ADLs, assistance as needed for safety25-35% = Light exercise (1-2 pounds), essential ADLs, assistance as needed for safety, light aeorbics>35% = Resistive exercise as tolerated, ambulation and self care as tolerated, aerobics (1)


“THE GENTLE GIANT”• Height 6’6”

• Weight 410#

• Motorcyle accident

• Chart review – CT abdomen on 09/11/16: “There is a small amount of what appears to be blood in the posterior retroperitoneum. 2 areas of small hematomas left mesentery.”

“THE GENTLE GIANT”Date Hgb Hct Therapy

09/11 13.1 40 (Admitted)

09/12 10.5 31 Evaluation – transfer to chair only due to pain level.

09/13 8.7 26 Walk to bathroom, rest then back = 10’ x 2.

09/14 8.1 24 Walk 60’ with RW and chair follow.

09/15 7.9 24 Therapy gym for one step and second person assist.

09/16 7.5 22 Therapy HELD. CT scan – At least Grade 2 splenic injury.

09/17 8.6 26 Different therapist – walk 12’, limited by RN and trauma to in room only (09/18 50’).

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

11-Sep 12-Sep 13-Sep 14-Sep 15-Sep 16-Sep 17-Sep

Chart Title

Hgb Hct

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Retrospective Study – Hgb• Purpose – Objectify adverse events in acute care related to hemoglobin level <8 g/dl

• Completed by chart review of 4 months of PT

• Adverse event defined during activity as: systolic BP >200 mmHg, pulse ox < 90%, systolic BP drop more than 10 mmHg below resting, orthostatic response, HR increase >120 BPM

• Total of 3314 sessions

• 3236 with Hgb >8 g/dl – 13.8% adverse event

• 78 with Hgb <8 g/dl – 6.4% adverse event

• Conclusion – Due to low % adverse event, failure to support “no exercise/contraindicated” <8 g/dl. Recommendation – use caution.

(15)

Blood transfusions

• Hgb <6 g/dl – recommended except in exceptional circumstances

• Hgb 6-7 g/dl – generally indicated

• Hgb 7-8 g/dl – consider for postop patients after clinical assessment if stable cardiovascular status

• Hgb 8-10 g/dl – not indicated except certain circumstances (such as anemia with symptoms, continued bleeding, ischemia in coronary disease)

• Hgb >10 g/dl – not indicated except in exceptional circumstances

Decision to transfuse should not be based on a single criteria - hemoglobin level AND each patient history and symptoms (such as weakness, fatigue, dizziness, dyspnea, decreased exercise tolerance, mental status change, feeling faint). Also consider benefits versus risks, cause of blood loss and co-morbidities.

(14)

PlateletsMajor line of defense from bleeding by formation of plugs inblood vessels – indicator of ischemia and end organ inflammationIntervention

<10,000 and/or temperature >100.5 degrees = No exercise, hold therapy10,000-20,000 = Light exercise (no PROM, but light AROM permitted)>20,000 = Resistive exercise

Decreased platelets associated with acute kidney injury post-operatively(1, 13,16)


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Arterial Blood Gases

Assess the gas exchange functioning of the cardiopulmonary system (oxygenation, ventilation).

Indicates presence or degree of hypoxia at rest.

Includes pH, PCO2, HCO2, PO2 (measurement of oxygenation), and O2Sat.

(1, 13)© Rehab Resources, Inc. 2017

Arterial Blood Gases cont.


Results in acid-base disorders as follows: respiratory acidosis (CO2 retention), respiratory alkalosis (CO2 excretion), metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis.

(1, 13)

Arterial Blood Gases cont.

Main focus in therapy is O2 Sat. As saturation drops below 90%, partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood rapidly decreases. Less than 84%, hemoglobin’s ability to carry oxygen greatly impaired.

Study showed use of third or fourth digit (middle or ring finger) gives most accurate readings for pulse oximetry.

(1, 13)


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O2 Saturation cont.

Intervention

Keep oxygen on during treatment. (1)

Maintain saturation greater than 90-92% for activity if possible. Modify treatment plan by rest breaks, upright posture and education in pursed lip/diaphragmatic breathing which moves CO2 out of lungs so increased oxygen can enter. (1)


O2 Saturation cont.

InterventionIf there is an order to titrate oxygen to keep saturations above 90-92%, increase oxygen until reach that O2 sat level then reduce back to original liters.

COPD patients due to destroyed alveolar septum have air trapping, decreased gas exchange and CO2 retention. (6, 13)


O2 Saturation cont.

Intervention


Flow rate FiO2

Room air 21% O2

1 L/Min 24% O2

2 L/Min 28% O2

3 L/Min 32% O2

4 L/Min 36% O2

5 L/Min 40% O2

6 L/Min 44% O2

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MAP (Mean Arterial Pressure) Normal values - 70 to 105 mmHgIt is a mathematical calculation of the systolic and diastolic bloodpressure due to ⅔ of the cardiac cycle are in diastole.

It is an indicator of tissue perfusion of coronary arteries, brain andkidneys.

Adequate tissue perfusion >60.

Therefore, recommendation not to treat if less than 60 MAP.(11, 12)


Cardiac MarkersCPK-MB

Creatine Phosphokinase - found in cardiac muscle

Released into circulation after MI; it rises 4-6 hours after acute MI, peaks in 12-24 hours and returns to normal in 48-72 hours

CPK can also be elevated to 1,000-5,000 after trauma indication acute compartment syndrome (17)

Creatinine only increase can indicate rhabdomyolysis (troponin can be elevated also)


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Cardiac Markers cont.

CPK-MB cont.Intervention

Contraindicated until levels begin to decrease, then continue as patient tolerates with close monitoring of vitals and frequent rest breaks.

If patient has dysrhythmia, angina or hypotension (as examples), consider holding treatment. (1,7)


Cardiac Markers cont.

TroponinPreferred test for myocardial injury since they are the contractile proteins of the myofibril

Rises 4-6 hours post injury and remain elevated for a week or more (good late marker)

Can be false positive if kidney dysfunction (13)

All cardiac lab tests must be used in conjunction with history, clinical exam and EKG for diagnosis of MI.


PATIENT EXAMPLE – Per Dr note, it is definitely not a cardiac event

Date Troponin (normal <0.04 ng/mL)

2011 0.01

2012 0.08

2013 0.04

2014 0.05

11/25/16 0300

0.08

11/25/16 1350

0.25

11/26/16 0.16

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

Troponin

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Electrolytes

PotassiumAffects skeletal muscles function and nerve conduction, as well as rate and force of heart contraction.


Electrolytes cont.

Potassium cont.Intervention

<2.8 or >5.1 = hold therapy due to possibility of arrhythmia or muscle spasms, could be life threatening

Exception - Patients with CHF who can tolerate increased levels.

Consult nurse due to medications quick acting and can change quickly due to hydration status. (1,7, 13)


PATIENT EXAMPLE

5.13.9

5.6

12/7/2016 12/8/2016 12/9/2016

Potassium

12/09/16

Critical potassium at 0732

Seen in PT at 0830 – patient reports “My heart is racing” after ambulation. Informed nursing of 2 minute recovery time.

At 1304 Dr ordered treatment for hyperkalemia and remote telemetry.

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Electrolytes cont.

Sodium

Functions to transmit nerve impulses. Reflects changes in salt and water balance.

Decreased value can be due to alcohol consumption.

Numbers can also be skewed if blood glucose levels are fluctuating.

(7, 9, 13)© Rehab Resources, Inc. 2017

Electrolytes cont.

SodiumIntervention

<120 (weakness, neurological symptoms)

or >155 (seizures) are life threatening.

Therapy contraindicated.


PATIENT EXAMPLE

Date Sodium Notes

08/15/16 122 Admission

08/16 125 Evaluation

08/17 119 Refused

08/18 119 Neuro consult pending – no LE weakness, abscess L2-S1

08/19 119 Therapy note - Lethargic at times. Reports she just suddenly falls asleep. Forgetful, slightly confused, slow responses. Her speech is slightly garbled. Decreased awareness of body in space – can’t tell pillows under limbs in supine.

08/20 124 Transferred to TCU. Therapy medical downgrade.

08/22 126 Therapy re-eval. No neurological symptoms.

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Electrolytes cont.

BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen)

Measures how well the liver and kidneys are functioning. Can be influenced by GI bleeding.

InterventionIf increased, monitor for light headedness and dizziness, as well as confusion.

(7, 9, 13)


Liver Function Tests

Use standard precautions and monitor vital signs due to increased risk of infection and bleeding

(7, 9, 13)


Ammonia

If elevated - significantly effects brain function, such as confusion, delirium, seizures or coma

(7, 9, 13)

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Blood Glucose

Monitors diabetes diet and medication, as well as, altered levels of consciousness

HbA1c (Glycosylated hemoglobin) - average blood sugar level over a 2-3 month period of time prior to the test. Used to evaluate treatment of diabetes.


Blood Glucose cont.

Intervention

If low (symptoms: labile, irritable, nervous, difficulty concentrating/speaking, shaky, hungry, headache, dizziness, pallor, sweating), need sugar (juice, candy, etc). <60 will have poor tolerance to exercise and may show mental status change; notify RN.

If high (symptoms: lethargic, confused, thirsty, weak, nausea, vomiting, flushed), need immediate medical attention. >300 exercise may increase glucose levels even more; treatment contraindicated.

(7, 13)


Ejection FractionAmount of blood pumped divided by amount of bloodventricle contains

Normal is 50% or higher

InterventionMonitor vital signsProgressively increase activity as patient toleratesDo not treat if less than 20% (7,8)


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New lab test

• Lab test being developed to detect concussions

• Will measure proteins that indicate TBI

• First need to determine baseline level of proteins

(18)

Using Lab Values to Guide Safe Interventions

Know your facility guidelines/policies if applicable, as well as the individual physician who may be more aggressive or conservative in his/her approach based on his/her research or preference. (4, 5)

The goal is EITHER not over stressing unstable/fragile patients OR not under exercising stable patients who could tolerate increased physical activity (1)


Using Lab Values cont.

Modify the intervention by one or more of the following: decrease frequency of repetitions, decrease intensity of exercise/activity, increase rest breaks. (3)

Monitor the patient’s response to therapy if lab values abnormal. Consider the individual based on prior interactions. (4)


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Using Lab Values cont.“Pawlik et al states in a 2013 article that patients with acute illness “require timely and accurate assessment and modification of activity by the intervening PT (or OT) and titration of activity in response to changes in physiological status.”” (5)

Overall, use clinical judgement by thorough chart review, review of lab trends and review with clinical team then monitoring patient if you are treating! (4, 5)


Case Studies

References

1. Greenwood K, Stewart E, Milton E, et al. Core Competencies for Entry-Level Practice in Acute Care Physical Therapy. Acute Care – The Critical Edge in Physical Therapy. First Edition 2015: 1-27.

2. Smith B, Fields C, Fernandez N. Physical Therapists Make Accurate and Appropriate Discharge Recommendations for Patients Who Are Acutely Ill. Phys Ther. 2010 May; 90(5): 693-703.

3. Jones, V. Mystery Solved: Which Patients Are Good Candidates For Acute Inpatient Rehabiltation. http://getbetterhealth.com/mystery-solved-which-patients-are-good-candidates-for-acute-inpatient-rehabilitation/2014.06.16?wpmp_tp=1. June 2014.

4. Hobbs JA, Boysen JF, McGarry KA et al. Development of a Unique Triage System for Acute Care Physical and Occupational Therapy Services: An Administrative Case Report. Phys Ther. 2010 October; 90(10): 1519-1529.

5. http://lifeinthefastlane.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/5-electrode-ECG.jpg6. Sadowsky HS. Lines, Tubes, Ventilators and Diagnostic Screening for Stability vs Instability. Education

Resources Inc. http://www.resrec.com/ERI/home.php

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References cont’d7. Zanni J and Needham D. Promoting Early Mobility and Rehabilitation in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). PT in

Motion. May 2010: 32-38. 8. Kache S. Mechanical Ventilation.

www.peds.Stanford.edu/Rotations/picu/pdfs/12_mechanicalventilation.pdf9. Foci, F. 5 Skills to Master in an Acute Care Fieldwork Setting. https://www.aota.org/Education-

Careers/Students/Pulse/Archive/fieldwork/acute-care.aspx.10. Bailey P, et al. Early activity is feasible and safe in respiratory failure patients. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:139-

145.11. Morris PE, et al. Early intensive care unit mobility therapy in the treatment of acute respiratory failure. Crit

Care Med 2008; 36:2238-2243.12. Needham DM, et al. Early Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation for Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure: A

Quality Improvement Project. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2010; 91:536-42.13. Schweickert WD, et al. Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill

patients: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2009; 373:1874-82.


Lab References1. Acute Care Lab Values Interpretation Resources. APTA website.

http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.acutept.org/resource/resmgr/imported/labvalues.pdf. Published 2013. Accessed 11/17/15.

2. Normal Lab Value definition. The free dictionary website. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/values,+normal+laboratory. Published 2008. Accessed 11/30/15.

3. Demystifying Lab Values. http://occupational-therapy.advanceweb.com/Archives/Article-Archives/Demystifying-Lab-Values.aspx. Advance Healthcare Network website. Posted January 5, 2011. Accessed 11/17/15.

4. Lab Values Update. Acute Care Perspectives. Volume 13, Number 1, Spring 2004.5. The Role of Lab Values in clinical decision making and patient safety for the acutely ill patient. Physical

Therapy website. http://www.physicaltherapy.com/articles/essential-role-lab-values-and-2336. October 2,2014. Accessed 02/22/16.

6. Hillegass E, Fick A, Pawlik A et al. Supplemental Oxygen Utilization During Physical Therapy Interventions. Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Journal. June 2014; 25(2): 38-49.


Lab References cont’d7. CEU8. Cardiac considerations handout9. http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/blood-urea-nitrogen/basics/definition/prc-20020239.10. Relevance of Lab Values and Medications in Dysphagia Management. Northern Speech Services website.

http://www.northernspeech.com/dysphagia-swallow-impairment/relevance-of-lab-values-and-medications-in-dysphagia-management/. Reviewed and registered December 31, 2013. Accessed 02/22/16.

11. Mean Arterial Pressure. MD+Calc website. http://www.mdcalc.com/mean-arterial-pressure-map/. Accessed 07/26/16.

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